The Association between Cognitive Impairment and Diabetic Foot Care: Role of Neuropathy and Glycated Hemoglobin

Diabetes mellitus is associated with impairment in cognitive functions which can complicate adherence to self-care behaviors. We evaluated the incidence of cognitive impairment in patients with diabetes mellitus to determine the strength of the association between diabetic foot (a complication that occurs in about 10% of diabetic patients), adherence to the clinician’s recommendations, glycemic control, and cognitive function. A prospective study was carried out in a probabilistic sample of older patients with diabetic foot living in three nursing homes. Cognitive functions were evaluated by the MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination), the Trail Making test (TMT), and the Michigan neuropathy screening instrument (MNSI). There were no significant associations between cognitive function and neuropathy or foot alterations, although glycated hemoglobin (HB1Ac > 7%) significantly (p < 0.05) associated with MMSE and adherence to treatment in the 1 month follow-up visit. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that both HB1Ac and the MNSI score significantly (p < 0.05) discriminate subsequent adherence to treatment for foot complication, with a sensitivity of 80.0–73.3% and specificity 70.6–64.7%, respectively. Proper control of foot complications in diabetic patients involves appropriate glycemic control and less severe neuropathy, and seems to be unrelated to cognitive dysfunction, and warrants further studies in order to tailor appropriate treatments to central and peripheral nervous system disorders. Poor glycemic control (Hb1Ac level > 7%) and a neuropathy score of 5.5 in the MNSI are the best-cut off points to discriminate poor adherence to the clinician’s recommendations for self-care behaviors in people with diabetic foot complication. In this study, we observed that foot disorders were associated with impaired global cognitive function in elderly patients (aged ≥ 65). Podiatrists and physicians should consider cognitive dysfunction as an important chronic complication in the management of diabetic foot.     

Prevalence and risk factors for severity of diabetic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of diabetic neuropathy (severity wise) and associated risk factors in a population having type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: A population-based sample of 1401 persons with diabetes (identified as per the WHO criteria) underwent comprehensive eye examination including stereoscopic digital photography (45° four field) for diabetic retinopathy grading. Vibration perception threshold (VPT) measurements were done to assess neuropathy (cut off ≥ 20 V). Severity of neuropathy was graded into three groups based on VPT score as mild (20-24.99 V), moderate (25-38.99 V), and severe (≥39 V). Univariate and multivariate analyses were done to find out the independent risk factors for severity of diabetic neuropathy. Results: In the overall group, the prevalence of diabetic neuropathy was 18.84% (95% CI: 16.79-20.88). The prevalence of mild diabetic neuropathy was 5.9% (95% CI: 4.68-7.15), moderate diabetic neuropathy was 7.9% (95% CI: 6.50-9.33), and severe diabetic neuropathy was 5% (95% CI: 3.86-6.14). Increasing age per year (P < 0.0001) was a statistically significant risk factor for all - mild, moderate, and severe - types of diabetic neuropathy. For severe diabetic neuropathy, other significant risk factors were duration of diabetes mellitus (P = 0.027), macroalbuminuria (P = 0.001), and presence of diabetic retinopathy (P = 0.020). Conclusions: The results suggested that every fifth individual in a population of type 2 diabetes is likely to have diabetic neuropathy. Nearly 13% had neuropathy of moderate and severe category, making this group vulnerable for complications such as foot ulceration or lower limb amputation.     

Microbiology of diabetic foot infections in a teaching hospital in Malaysia: a retrospective study of 194 cases.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diabetes mellitus is a progressive disease with chronic complications. Foot infections are a major complication of diabetes and eventually lead to development of gangrene and lower extremity amputation. The microbiological characteristics of diabetic foot infections have not been extensively studied in Malaysia. This study investigated the microbiology of diabetic foot infections and their resistance to antibiotics in patients with diabetic foot infections treated at University of Malaya Medical Centre in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of clinical specimens taken from patients with diabetic foot infections over a 12-month period from July 1, 2004 to June 30, 2005. A total of 194 patients with positive clinical specimens were identified. The clinical specimens were cultured using standard aerobic and anaerobic microbiological techniques. Antibiotic sensitivity testing to different antimicrobial agents was carried out using the disk diffusion method. RESULTS: 287 pathogens were isolated from 194 patients, an average of 1.47 organisms per lesion. The most frequently isolated pathogens were Gram-negative bacteria (52%), including Proteus spp. (28%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (15%) and Escherichia coli (9%). Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 45% of all bacterial isolates. Staphylococcus aureus was predominant (44%) among Gram-positive bacteria, followed by Group B streptococci (25%) and Enterococcus spp. (9%). Antimicrobial susceptibility results showed that Gram-negative bacterial isolates were sensitive to imipenem and amikacin while vancomycin showed good activity against Gram-positive bacteria. CONCLUSION: The antibiogram results of this study suggest that pathogens remain sensitive to a number of widely used agents. Imipenem was equally effective against Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci.     

电流感觉阈值对糖尿病足风险的预测研究

目的应用感觉神经定量检测仪检测糖尿病足患者周围感觉神经,探讨电流感觉阈值(CPT)在糖尿病足发生风险的预测价值。方法测定48例糖尿病足(糖尿病足组)及212例未合并足病的糖尿病患者(非糖尿病足组)的正中神经、腓肠神经于2000Hz、250Hz、5Hz的CPT,并检测患者踝肱指数(ABI)及血糖等代谢指标,记录高血压、冠心病等病史及糖尿病并发症情况。结果与非糖尿病足组患者比较,糖尿病足组患者CPT明显升高,其中5Hz(P<0.01)最为明显;糖尿病足组合并高血压、冠心病、脑梗死、糖尿病肾病、糖尿病视网膜病变的发生率均高于非糖尿病足组(P<0.01);糖尿病足组较非糖尿病足组ABI明显降低,在各分度组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。ABI与5HzCPT及250HzCPT均呈负相关(r=-0.454,P<0.01;r=-0.342,P<0.05)。结论糖尿病神经病变的发生与血管病变有关,ABI低、CPT高的患者糖尿病足较单独ABI低的患者糖尿病足发生风险增加,CPT联合ABI较单独检测ABI对于糖尿病足的发生更加有预测价值。     

Analysis of plantar pressure in diabetic type 2 subjects with and without neuropathy

Diabetes is a disorder of metabolism—the way our bodies use digested food for growth and energy. The most common form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes. Abnormal plantar pressures are considered to play a major role in the pathologies of neuropathic ulcers in the diabetic foot. The purpose of this study was to examine the plantar pressure distribution in normal, diabetic type 2 with and without neuropathy subjects. Footscans were obtained using the F-Scan (Tekscan USA) in-shoe pressure measurement system. Various pedobarographic parameters such as the total plantar force, total contact area, peak pressures, percentage medial impulse (PMI), load and power ratio (PR, the ratio of high frequency power to the total power in an image) were evaluated. These parameters were subjected to ANOVA (analysis of variance) test with more than 95% confidence interval giving excellent P-values in all the categories.     

Burden and pattern of micro vascular complications in type 2 diabetes in a tertiary health institution in Nigeria

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus (DM) afflicts at least 5 million people in Nigeria, with more than 80% having type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Microvascular complications increase both morbidity and mortality inpatients with T2DM. The aims of this study were to report the burden of various microvascular complications in T2DM and to identify various factors associated with these complications in patients with T2DM attending the diabetes outpatients'' clinic.

Methods

Ninety (90) patients with T2DM who have attended diabetes clinic for at least 3 months were recruited for this study. Detailed history, physical examination and biochemical analysis was done in each of the patients. All patients underwent a detailed standard evaluation to detect diabetic retinopathy (fundoscopy), neuropathy (10g monofilament and/or diabetes neuropathy scores), and nephropathy (microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria, serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate).

Results

There was high prevalence of microvascular complications among patients with T2DM. Almost half of patients with T2DM had some form of microvascular complications; diabetic neuropathy being the commonest (69.6%),followed by nephropathy (54.5%) and retinopathy (48.9%). The factors associated with developing these complications were increasing age, duration of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia for nephropathy and neuropathy.

Conclusion

There is a high burden of microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Age, male gender, hypertension, glycaemic control, BMI and duration of diabetes, and glycaemic control were factors associated with microvasular complications.     

Decrease of macrovascular hyperemic response of blood flow in diabetics with arterial neuropathy

Summary Doppler sonographic examination of 51 diabetic subjects showed that the macrovascular hyperemic response of the pedal blood flow was negatively correlated to the duration of the disease (p<0.01). In comparison with non-diabetic controls (n=20), the response was increased by more than 210% in newly detected diabetics, but decreased by more than 20% in long-term diabetics. Vascular response was correlated also not only to the duration of the diabetes, but to peripheral neuropathy (p<0.001). The hyperemic response was reduced in patients with reduced nerve conduction time, or somatic neuropathy (142+152%,p< 0.005), and in patients with reduced arterial pulsation, or autonomic neuropathy (152+88,p< 0.005), both in comparison with non-diabetic controls (293±108%). The frequency of decreased macrovascular hyperemic response was in agreement with somatic neuropathy in 69.7% and with autonomic neuropathy in 75.8% of all patients. The results demonstrate that the macrovascular hyperemic response of blood flow in diabetic feet is already reduced at an early stage of peripheral neuropathy without peripheral vascular occlusive disease. The functional reduction of pedal blood flow may be important for the development of diabetic foot gangrene.Abbreviations PVD Peripheral vascular disease - ATR Achilles tendon reflex - RPT Pulse reappearance time - NPM Nervus peroneus motoricus - NSS Nervus suralis sensiblis     

Do patients’ beliefs about type 2 diabetes differ in accordance with complications: An investigation into diabetic foot ulceration and retinopathy

Background: Previous research has examined patients’ beliefs in diabetes and how these beliefs may affect patient outcomes. However, changes in symptoms and complications are a common feature of diabetes, and these can significantly alter the patient’s “disease experience.” However, no consideration has been given to how beliefs about diabetes vary according to the complications patients have. Purpose: The present study was designed to compare the beliefs of 22 patients with diabetic foot ulcers and 22 age- and gender-matched patients with diabetic retinopathy, and 22 age- and gender-matched controls with type 2 diabetes but without either complication. Methods: Beliefs about diabetes were assessed with the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R; Moss-Morris et al., 2002). Results: Patients with foot ulcers held a greater belief in personal control of diabetes, but perceived treatment control was lower than that of diabetic controls without serious complications (p < .05). Patients with foot ulcers also demonstrated less illness coherence than patients with retinopathy and diabetic controls (p < .01) and also perceived their diabetes to be more cyclical in nature (p < .01). Conclusion. Differences were found in diabetic patients’ beliefs according to their complications. Future interventions should consider how the complications associated with diabetes may affect patients’ beliefs and subsequent emotional and behavioral responses to the disease.     

Glycemic control and its relationship to diabetic foot ulcers

Glucosylhaemoglobin (HbA1) was estimated in 60 diabetic patients, 30 with foot ulceration and 30 without foot lesions. Peripheral neuropathy and vascular disease were commonly found in the ulcer' group. The mean HbA1 level in diabetics without ulcers was 9.77 +/- 2.34, while the corresponding level in diabetics with ulcers was 14.14 +/- 3.63. The difference in values is statistically highly significant (p less than 0.001) suggesting that foot ulcers are more likely to occur in poorly controlled diabetic patients.     

Levels of soluble adhesion molecules among normal and hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients

BACKGROUND: Hypertension and type-2 diabetes affect endothelial function, which in turn increases the expression of soluble adhesion molecules and lead to the development of vascular damage. The aim of this study was to assess soluble adhesion molecule levels among normotensive and hypertensive diabetic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Serum levels of soluble VCAM1, ICAM1 and e-selectin were measured in 80 type-2 diabetic patients, (40 normotensive and 40 hypertensive), and in 40 normotensive non-diabetic subjects by ELISA (RyDSystems Minneapolis). Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA. RESULTS: Among diabetic patients, levels of all three soluble adhesion molecules were significantly increased when compared with non-diabetic patients (p < 0.001 for all three molecules), In diabetic hypertensive patients, higher levels of ICAM1 were detected in comparison to normotensive diabetic patients (316 vs. 295 ng/ml p < 0.01), VCAM1 and e-selectin levels were not different between diabetic patients with and without hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes is associated with increased levels of soluble adhesion molecules, suggesting a role of these molecules may play in endothelial damage. ICAM1 is further increased when hypertension and diabetes are present. The latter may explain why diabetic-hypertensive patients displayed more complications than normotensive patients.     

脐血单个核细胞移植治疗糖尿病足23例☆

 背景：以自体骨髓、外周血间充质干细胞移植治疗糖尿病足,对缺血性病变及周围神经损伤所致临床症状有改善作用。目的：观察脐血单个核细胞移植治疗糖尿病足病缺血及神经损伤的疗效。对象：选取2006/2010住院行脐血单个核细胞移植治疗的糖尿病足病患者23例,脐血单个核细胞稀释后双下肢肌肉内注射,每点1~3 mL,间隔约3 cm。单个肢体移植1.23×10⁸~1.06×10⁹个,共计38条肢体。结果与结论：移植后踝肱指数升降不一,移植后6个月疼痛评分及冷感评分明显改善,间歇性跛行及皮肤温度、经皮氧分压治疗后3,6个月比较差异均有显著性意义;对神经病变损伤自觉症状评分、临床检查评分、振动觉阀值移植后6个月与移植前比较差异有显著性意义。腓浅神经、胫神经感觉神经传导速度,腓总神经、胫神经运动神经传导速度,在移植后3个月与移植前比较,差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),移植6个月与移植前相比较有升高,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。可见脐血单个核细胞可以改善糖尿病缺血性病变及周围神经病变的临床症状及客观指标。     

Statins may be useful in diabetic foot ulceration treatment and prevention

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) consist of an interaction of neuropathy, ischemia and infection. Neuropathy affects sensory, motor and autonomic pathways. Pathogenic factors for neuropathy include hyperglycemia, nonenzymatic glycosylation, oxidative stress, ischemic and hypoxic factors, nerve growth factor anomalies, activation of polyol pathway and immunologic abnormalities. All these factors are stated to contribute to microvascular disease and neural dysfunction. Peripheral neuropathy and ischemia combined with repetitive traumas can lead to diabetic foot ulceration. Fifteen percent of diabetic patients develop foot ulcers during their lifetime and nonhealing ulcers are responsible for 85% of nontraumatic lower extremity amputation. On the other hand, the treatment cost of foot disease in diabetic patients is estimated at $1 billion annually. When these conditions are considered, it is very important to design improved and novel strategies for treatment and prevention of diabetic foot disease. Lipid-lowering agents, such as statins, have been shown to prevent cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes. However, in addition, to preventing macrovascular diseases, statins may also be able to retard the progression of microvascular complications of diabetes. Statins alter the balance between vasodilatation and vasoconstriction in favor of vasodilatation by increasing nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, by downregulating endothelin 1 (ET-1) synthesis and reducing vascular response to angiotensin-2 (AT-2). These agents have been shown to augment cerebral blood flow by upregulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOs) and to reduce cerebral infarct size in a murine model of cerebral ischemia. In addition, recent in vivo and in vitro investigations have evidenced that statins have a favorable effect on diabetic peripheral neuropathy independent of its lipid-lowering effect by demonstrating restoration or preservation of microcirculation of the sciatic nerve. We hypothesized that statins can be useful for the prevention and treatment of diabetic foot. Possible mechanisms include the reduction of neuropathy and ischemia or through growth factors, the effectiveness of which has been shown for fracture healing in animal models.     

Glomerular structural changes in pregnant, diabetic, and pregnant-diabetic rats

Kidneys enlarge both during pregnancy and in diabetes. The enlargement and morphology of glomeruli was studied during pregnancy and in diabetes in order to examine possible similarities, differences, and interactions in the growth in these conditions. Morphometric investigations were performed on glomeruli in pregnant rats, in rats with 2 weeks' diabetes, and in pregnant-diabetic rats. Kidneys were enlarged 22% in the midterm pregnant rats compared with controls, 74% in diabetic rats, and a further 21% in pregnant-diabetic rats. Glomerular volume was enlarged by 26% during midterm pregnancy in normal animals. Diabetes induced an enlargement in glomerular volume of 58% and a further 18% in midterm diabetic animals due to pregnancy. Within the glomerulus, pregnancy in normal animals induced minor non-significant changes. Diabetes induced significant increase in several parameters: mesangial volume and cell volume, capillary and glomerular basement membrane volume, capillary wall surface area, foot process width, filtration slit length, and nuclear number. Pregnancy in diabetic animals induced no significant additional changes. In conclusion, kidney enlargement in pregnancy shows very few glomerular changes in either normal or diabetic animals. Enlargement of glomeruli in diabetes involves hypertrophy and hyperplasia concurrent with several morphological changes within the glomerulus.     

Sympathetic skin response in diabetic neuropathy

Autonomic neuropathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) in substantial proportion of cases and may cause definite autonomic symptoms. Because conventional electrophysiological methods do not assess the autonomic nervous system, simple reproducible tests were developed. One of them is sympathetic skin response (SSR) which provides useful information about the status of sympathetic postganglionic function. The aim of this study is to perform SSR in diabetic patients to see whether this test can be used as an electrophysiological method for the diagnosis and confirmation of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. 20 diabetic patients who had electrophysiologically confirmed polyneuropathy but showed no symptoms or signs referable to autonomic system dysfunction were included. 14 (70%) patients demonstrated abnormal SSR. 2 abnormal patterns were observed. An absent response in at least one tested lower extremity (50%) and prolonged foot with normal hand latency (20%). 6 patients (30%) demonstrated no abnormalities. Foot and hand latencies in diabetics did not differ significantly from those of normal controls (p: 0.4, p: 0.1) and no correlation could be found with latencies and duration of sickness, patient's age and HbA1c values. We believe latency measurement is an objective measure of conduction in multineural pathways and can detect subclinical involvement of sympathetic nervous system in diabetics who do not manifest symptoms or signs referable to autonomic system dysfunction.     

Role of Blink Reflex in diagnosis of subclinical cranial neuropathy in Diabetic Mellitus type II

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Peripheral Neuropathy (PN) is one of the late complications of Diabetes Mellitus. Cranial nerves III, VII and V are among the most commonly affected in diabetic patients. Traditional Electrodiagnosis (Edx) studies are useful method for diagnosis of PN and symptomatic cranial neuropathy, and may not be useful for detecting subclinical involvement of cranial nerves. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the role of Blink Reflex (BR) for early diagnosis of cranial neuropathy in diabetic patients with PN. DESIGN: A prospective study was performed on NIDDM patients with a PN. 188 subjects were included in our study in which 142 acted as healthy subjects and 46 as diabetic patients. Patients were excluded with prior history of cranial nerve lesions, stroke, and other disease with polyneuropathy or drug-induced neuropathy. Routine nerve conduction studies were performed and only patients with PN were included in this study. RESULTS: Abnormalities were found in 54.4% of patients. R1, IR2 and CR2 were prolonged relative to healthy group. Statistically there was no significant difference in R/D ratio of patients (P = 0.201). Also there was a positive correlation between R1, IR2 and CR2 latencies with duration of diabetes and severity of polyneuropathy, but not for R/D. The greatest correlation was shown in R1 latency (69.9% abnormality). CONCLUSION: BR is a non-invasive and very useful method for evaluation and diagnosis of subclinical cranial nerve involvement in diabetic patients.     

Colonic transit time in diabetic patients--comparison with healthy subjects and the effect of autonomic neuropathy

Constipation and the use of laxatives are relatively common in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, the mechanisms responsible for the constipation are unclear. Even though autonomic neuropathy is regarded as one of the important mechanisms of constipation, it requires further clarification. In addition, the colonic function in diabetic patients requires further investigation. The aim of this study was to compare the colonic transit time between patients with diabetes mellitus and healthy subjects, and correlate it to the presence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. The colonic transit time was measured by a noninvasive, radio-opaque marker method, and the presence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy was evaluated by the beat-to-beat variation and the orthostatic hypotension. Constipation was defined by the Rome II criteria. The mean total colonic transit time of the 28 diabetic patients (34.9 +/- 29.6 h, mean +/- S.D.) was significantly longer than that of the 28 healthy subjects (20.4 +/- 15.6 h, p < 0.05). Among the diabetic patients, 9/28 (32%) had constipation and 14/28 (50%) had cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. The diabetic patients with constipation showed longer total, left and recto-sigmoid colonic transit times than those without constipation. However, the mean colonic transit time of diabetic patients with and those without cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy was similar. In conclusion, other mechanisms than the mere presence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy might be more relevant to the development of constipation in patients with diabetes mellitus.     

2型糖尿病患者糖尿病足的危险因素分析

目的总结分析2型糖尿病患者糖尿病足（DF）的患病情况及相关危险因素,为临床治疗和预防DF提供依据。方法选择2型糖尿病患者189例为研究对象,根据病情分为DF组和非DF组,回顾分析其性别、年龄、病程、入院时血压、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血肌酐、尿素氮,以及尿白蛋白、糖尿病肾病、糖尿病视网膜病变、周围神经病变等因素。结果 DF所占比例为15%。DF组与非DF组相比,病程、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血肌酐、尿素氮、尿白蛋白、糖尿病肾病、糖尿病视网膜病变、周围神经病变等因素差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。其中病程、糖尿病肾病、糖尿病视网膜病变、周围神经病变进入回归模型亦有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 2型糖尿病的病程、肾病、视网膜病变、周围神经病变是DF发生的独立危险因素。     

Autopsy findings in diabetic patients: a 27-yr clinicopathologic study with emphasi on opportunistic infections and cancers

Diabetes mellitus has become a growing epidemic in the Asia-Pacific region. The aims of this study were to determine at autopsy the prevalence and characteristics of pathologic lesions in patients with diabetes mellitus. The 13,215 autopsy reports in our institution were examined for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. In patients with diabetes mellitus, the demographic data and the different pathologic lesions noted were analyzed. Diabetes mellitus was found in 820 patients (426 men and 394 women), comprising 6.2% of all autopsies. The two most common types of disease were cardiovascular diseases and infections, found in 69 and 53% of diabetic patients, respectively. Bacterial infection, in particular tuberculosis, was the most common type of infection noted. Localized and disseminated fungal infections were also common. In addition, urinary tract diseases were noted in 48%, hepatobiliary tract lesions in 42%, central nervous system disorders in 25%, and tumors in 29% of the diabetic patients. Malignant tumors were more often seen than benign tumors (18 vs 11% of patients, respectively). Many of the tumors were adenocarcinomas, and the most common neoplastic lesions were carcinomas of the lung, pancreas, liver, large intestine, stomach, and esophagus. Diabetic complications and associated diseases are common problems in this population. Adequate health care resources are needed for their prevention and treatment.     

2型糖尿病患者糖尿病足的相关危险因素分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者糖尿病足的危险因素。方法 对2004年3月至2008年1月深圳市人民医院497例2型糖尿病患者（糖尿病足组56例、非糖尿病足组441例）的临床资料和生化指标进行回顾性分析，包括病人性别、年龄、病程、体重、血压、吸烟史、高血压病史、周围神经病变、视网膜病变、外周血管病变等。然后进行多因素非条件Logistic回归分析。结果 糖尿病足组和非糖尿病足组相比．年龄、平均动脉压、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、血胆固醇、血甘油三酯、估测的肾小球滤过率（eGFR）、高血压病史、周围神经病变史、外周血管病、视网膜病变差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 周围神经病变、外周血管病变、糖尿病肾病是糖尿病足发生的独立危险因素。     

干细胞移植治疗糖尿病足

背景：以自体骨髓、脐血单个核细胞移植治疗糖尿病足,对缺血性病变及周围神经损伤所致临床症状有改善作用,对糖尿病足也有较好的疗效。脐带间充质干细胞与骨髓干细胞和脐血干细胞相比有其自身的优势。 目的：观察脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗糖尿病足病缺血及神经损伤的疗效。 方法：选取2010至2012年住院行脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗的糖尿病足病患者32例,将脐带间充质干细胞稀释后行双下肢肌肉内注射,每个注射点间隔约3 cm,每个肢体移植(5.02±1.37) ×108个。于3个月和6个月后评价其下肢缺血和下肢周围神经病变情况。并检索CNKI数据库,对国内干细胞移植治疗糖尿病足的研究状况进行分析。 结果与结论：移植后踝肱指数升降不一,移植后6个月疼痛评分及冷感评分明显改善,间歇性跛行及皮肤温度、经皮氧分压治疗后3,6个月与移植前比较差异均有显著性意义;对神经病变损伤自觉症状评分、临床检查评分、振动感觉阀值移植后6个月与移植前比较差异有显著性意义。腓浅神经、胫神经感觉神经传导速度,腓总神经、胫神经运动神经传导速度,在移植后3个月与移植前比较,差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),移植6个月与移植前相比较有升高,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。可见脐带间充质干细胞可以改善糖尿病缺血性病变及周围神经病变的临床症状及客观指标。文献分析结果发现,已有的研究中治疗结果都比较理想,多数研究中的移植方法为进行肌肉注射。