面神经在颞骨内改道以延长其可利用长度的应用解剖

目的:探讨将面神经在颞骨内改道,以延长面神经颅外段(总干)可利用长度,解决颌面部外科手术中面神经总干长度不足问题。方法:在手术显微镜下,对20例(40侧)经福尔马林固定尸体头部标本进行解剖,观测面神经在颞骨内改道后颅外段延长的可利用长度。结果:①仅作乳突段向外耳道后壁及向颞骨浅面改道,可延长面神经总干长(7.1±0.3)mm。②鼓室段及乳突段联合向外耳道后壁及向颞骨浅面改道,可延长面神经总干长(13.4±0.6)mm,经统计学处理两者有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:将面神经鼓室段及乳突段联合向外耳道后壁及颞骨浅面改道,能有效延长面神经总干长度,是解决颌面部外科手术中面神经长度不足的有效方法。     

面神经颅内段及管内段的应用解剖

目的:为颅底或中耳手术时防止伤及面神经管内段提供形态学依据,并积累中国人体质资料.方法:解剖测量15具正常人头颅标本的面神经颅内段、内耳道段、迷路段、鼓室段和乳突段长度和外径,并观察记录各段与周围结构的毗邻关系.具体观测包括三叉神经后外侧缘与面神经入内耳门处和岩大神经起点处的间隔;迷路动脉与前庭蜗神经和面神经的位置关系;膝神经节的形态和位置;岩大神经;鼓索的起始部位;面神经鼓室段与鼓膜内面的距离以及面神经乳突段与横窦和颈静脉孔间的距离等.结果:面神经颅内段、内耳道段、迷路段、鼓室段和乳突段长度依次为 (12.02±1.95)mm, (1 40±0.31)mm;(7.57±1.52)mm,(1.32±0 22)mm;(2.21±1.14)mm,(1.29±0.37)mm;外径依次为(7 .79±3.28)mm,(1.31±0.26)mm和(17.81±3.94)mm,(1 55±0.38)mm.结论:观测了面神经颅内段及管内段,各段的形态学特点及其与周围结构的毗邻关系,为颅底和颞骨(中耳、乳突等)手术时保护面神经提供了应用解剖学依据.     

骨性面神经管的应用解剖学

为适应耳科行乳突根治术和面神经减压术、面神经修补术等需要,本文用50例成人锯开的颞骨标本对骨性面神经管的鼓室段(水平段)、锥段、乳突段(垂直段)进行了观察:测量了其长度、管径、壁厚及其与颈静脉窝、前庭窗的距离:探讨了其与临床的关系。     

颈襻或胸锁乳突肌支与膈神经吻接重建呼吸功能的应用解剖

目的为颈襻或副神经胸锁乳突肌支与膈神经吻接术重建截瘫患者的自主呼吸功能提供解剖学基础.方法在15具尸体上测量了舌下神经降支、颈神经降支和副神经胸锁乳突肌支的长度、末端的宽度、厚度及神经束的数目;副神经胸锁乳突肌支的末端与膈神经汇合处之间的间距;膈神经汇合处的宽度、厚度和神经束的数目.结果舌下神经降支和颈神经降支的长度分别为(40.0±8.2)mm和(32.0±6.8)mm;平喉结处的宽、厚度分别为(1.9±0.5)mm、(0.8±0.1)mm和(1.6±0.5)mm、(0.6±0.1)mm.副神经胸锁乳突肌支的长(15.9±4.2)mm;末端宽、厚度分别为(2.3±0.7)mm和(0.9±0.2)mm.副神经胸锁乳突肌支与膈神经汇合处之间有间距者为80%,平均间距(20.2±6.3)mm.膈神经汇合处的宽、厚度分别为(2.1±0.5)mm和(1.2±0.4)mm.结论舌下神经降支、颈神经降支或副神经的部分胸锁乳突肌支的长度和末端的宽、厚度均能满足与膈神经起始处行神经端-端或端-侧吻接术,以重建膈的自主呼吸功能.     

面神经鼓乳段在斜矢状断面与HRCT上的定位及临床意义

目的　探讨面神经鼓乳段在斜矢状位最佳显示的扫描基线,为面神经鼓乳段疾病的影像诊断和耳显微外科手术治疗提供解剖学依据。 方法　利用HRCT对16例(32耳) 外观无异常的成人颅骨标本行斜矢状位扫描获得层厚为0.625 mm的HRCT图像后,再用火棉胶包埋技术将颞骨标本切制层厚为1mm的连续斜矢状断面标本,选取面神经鼓乳段显示良好的CT图片与对应的切片标本对照观测。 结果　16例（32耳）在斜矢状位均可完整显示面神经鼓乳段全程,面神经鼓乳段全长为（23.58±1.44）mm,鼓室段到外半规管的距离为（0.75±0.12）mm,面神经鼓室段到鼓室的距离为（0.34±0.08）mm,鼓室段和乳突段的夹角为（108.88±2.49）度。 结论　颞骨斜矢状位HRCT图像结合对应切片标本能良好显示面神经鼓乳段及其周围结构的解剖位置和毗邻关系,以与正中矢状面成（21.40±4.35）度为扫描基线作斜矢状位扫描显示面神经鼓乳段最佳,对颞骨的影像诊断和耳显微外科手术治疗具有重要意义。     

鼓索神经颞骨部的解剖及临床应用

目的:对鼓索神经进行解剖测量,为临床开展相关手术提供解剖学资料。方法:在20例40侧成人尸头上测量鼓索神经骨管长度、鼓索神经鼓室段长度、鼓索神经汇入处距面神经水平段垂直距离,鼓索神经与面神经垂直段、水平段夹角及鼓索神经汇入处距茎乳孔距离,观察鼓索神经与外耳道后壁及锤、砧骨之间关系。测量结果用SAS进行统计学分析。结果:鼓索神经骨管长度为9.10±2.28mm,鼓索神经鼓室段长度为10.28±2.10mm,鼓索神经汇入处距茎乳孔距离为4.97±1.14mm,鼓索神经汇入处距面神经水平段垂直距离为2.21±0.76mm,鼓索神经与面神经垂直段夹角为27.30±5.97°,鼓索神经与面神经为水平段夹角为3.73±1.66°,鼓索神经出外耳道后壁处大致与锤骨短突在同一水平,约82.5％(33侧)的标本鼓索神经出外耳道后壁处有一小骨性突起。结论:鼓索神经鼓室段与面神经水平段大致平行,锤骨短突以及外耳道后壁骨性突起可以作为鼓索神经出外耳道后壁的标志,在鼓室内,鼓索神经行于锤骨颈和砧骨长脚之间。在术中可以此为标志寻找鼓索神经。开放面神经隐窝时可以先暴露砧骨短突,然后以砧骨短突上缘和锤骨颈为标志可大致判断开放范围,防止鼓索神经损伤。     

颞骨内面神经管的解剖测量及其临床意义

目的为避免中耳手术中对面神经的损伤。方法对50例(100侧)成人尸头颞骨内面神经管进行解剖测量。结果面神经管迷路段为4.53±1.21mm,鼓室段为9.32±1.25mm,乳突段为13.25±1.53mm,面神经管总长为29.86±0.57mm。结论熟悉颞骨内面神经管的解剖结构,可避免对面神经的损伤,减少和避免面瘫的发生。     

舌下神经管及其毗邻结构的显微解剖和临床意义

目的:研究舌下神经管及其毗邻结构的显微解剖,为舌下神经管疾病的影像学诊断和手术入路的选择提供形态学数据。方法:肉眼和手术显微镜下观测30例(60侧)成人头颅干骨标本的舌下神经管及其毗邻结构。结果:舌下神经管位于枕骨髁的前上方,为一对卵圆形或圆形孔道,内口至外口的长度(8.51±0.91)mm。舌下神经管内口呈双管者5侧(8%);内口后缘与枕骨髁后缘的距离(10.07±0.75)mm,外口后缘至枕骨髁后缘(14.22±1.18)mm。左、右侧枕骨髁的前后径分别为(23.10±1.57)mm、(22.38±2.28)mm。结论:熟悉舌下神经管及其毗邻结构的解剖有利于相关疾病的影像诊断和手术入路的选择。     

内镜下鼓室窦和面神经隐窝的应用解剖学

目的:探讨硬质内镜下进行鼓室窦和面神经隐窝的应用解剖学研究,为内镜在中耳手术中的应用提供解剖学资料。方法:采用成人颞骨标本30侧(左16,右14),分别使用30°和70°内镜经外耳道观察后鼓室的结构,比较不同角度内镜下观察后鼓室的视野,在内镜下制作隐窝模型,用游标卡尺对模型进行测量。结果:测量模型得到的结果为:鼓室窦深度(2.65±1.27)mm(1.06￣5.80mm),宽度(2.45±0.67)mm(0.78￣3.64mm),面神经隐窝深度(2.11±0.42)mm(1.18￣2.94mm),宽度(2.47±0.48)mm(1.58￣3.46mm);结论:(1)对于面神经管内侧的后鼓室部分,无论使用30°或者70°内镜都可以得到很好的观察;(2)要想彻底的观察面神经骨管外侧的后鼓室部分,尤其是面神经隐窝,70°内镜优于30°内镜;(3)30°内镜在通过外耳道放入中耳腔时更容易把握方向感和深浅度;(4)2.7mm内镜在操作的方便性和视野的大小方面可以达到一个恰当的平衡。     

面神经颞骨内段显微解剖及其临床意义

目的对面神经颞骨内段进行的显微解剖,为临床手术提供解剖学参数。方法应用10%福尔马林充分固定的成人尸头标本10例20侧;漂白干颅骨10例20侧。结合手术入路对面神经及其毗邻结构进行测量和拍照。结果面神经颞骨骨质内分支分为四段,即内耳道段、迷路段、鼓室段和乳突段,分别长为(10.11±1.41)、(3.81±0.74)、(10.51±1.44)、(15.51±1.94)mm。内耳道段与位听神经伴行,鼓室段与骨迷路和中耳关系密切,经茎乳孔出颅。结论(1)经岩前入路中可利用弓状隆起和岩大神经定位。(2)经迷路入内耳道底的Bill嵴是寻找面神经内耳道段的重要标志。(3)岩大神经起点内侧5mm的垂直线是定位耳蜗方便、可靠的标志线。(4)弓状隆起和岩大神经的夹角平分线是从颅中窝寻找内耳道的最好的解剖标志。     

The role of gold weight implants in the management of paralytic lagophthalmos

Background/aimThe study aims to evaluate the usage of gold weight implants and monitor complaints and comfort of patients.Materials and methodsA hundred and ninety-one implantations performed between January 2009 and January 2019 were analyzed. Seventy-eight patients included in this study The average age of the patients was 51.3 ± 14.5 years. Forty-five (57.7%) of them were male and 33 (42.3%) female. Patient satisfaction was measured with a questionnaire containing the most common complaints related to gold weight in the literature through telephone surveys.ResultsThe average follow-up time was 74.5 months. Ninety-three-point-five percent of subjects had operational causes, among which the most widespread was acoustic neuroma (44.9%). The average time between facial paralysis and implantation was 141.1 days. Implantation was performed 26.6 days on average after acoustic neuroma surgery and 3.2 days on average after temporal zone malignancy surgery. Thirty-eight patients had their implants removed over either complication (n = 14) or recovery (n = 24). Recovery was the fastest after facial nerve decompression (mean= 4.75 ± 3.6 (2–10) months) and the slowest after 7–12 cranial nerve transfer (mean= 18.3 ± 8.2 (3–31) months). Twenty-six-point-nine percent (n = 21) of patients had complications, of which the most common was extrusion (n = 10). The overall satisfaction rate was 88.5% with the highest in visual acuity and the lowest in continuous requirement for artificial tear. ConclusionThe gold weight implantation is an effective, reversible, and easy procedure significantly reducing complaints regarding paralytic lagophthalmos. Early implementation may be beneficial for ocular complications. A dynamic facial reanimation could terminate need of implant.     

Connections between postparotid terminal branches of the facial nerve: An immunohistochemistry study

It has been assumed that connections between the postparotid terminal branches of the facial nerve are purely motor. However, the nature of their fibers remains unexplored. The aim of this study is to determine whether these connections comprise motor fibers exclusively. In total 17 connections between terminal facial nerve branches were obtained from 13 different facial nerves. Choline acetyltransferase antibody (ChAT) was used to stain the fibers in the connections and determine whether or not all of them were motor. All connections contained ChAT positive and negative fibers. The average number of fibers overall was 287 (84–587) and the average proportion of positive fibers was 63% (37.7%–91.5%). In 29% of the nerves, >75% of the fibers were ChAT+ (strongly positive); in 52.94%, 50%–75% were ChAT+ (intermediately positive); and in 17.65%, <50% were ChAT+ (weakly positive). Fibers traveling inside the postparotid terminal cranial nerve VII branch connections are not exclusively motor.     

面神经损伤的针刺效应与面神经核胆碱乙酰转移酶的关系

目的:揭示针刺促进损伤面神经再生修复的机制。方法:大耳白兔分为假手术组、模型组、西药组、传统针刺组、电针刺激组,每组又分为术后4个时间点,应用神经卡压法造成面神经损伤模型,观察各组家兔面神经核中胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)的变化。结果:术后细胞核核仁偏位,术后2、3、4周时模型组胞体肿胀,截面积均明显大于假手术组、西药组、传统针刺组、电针刺激组,尼氏体明显减少,随治疗时间延长,西药组、传统针刺组、电针刺激组均有不同程度的尼氏体增多,其中电针刺激组增多较明显。电针刺激组ChAT于各时间点均明显好于其他对照组,西药组、传统针刺组、电针刺激组均有随治疗时间延长ChAT表达增多的趋势,且有显著性差异。结论:穴位针刺可提高家兔面神经核中ChAT的表达,并对损伤面神经修复有促进作用。     

去细胞异体神经的形态结构及移植后的组织相容性

目的:为面神经缺损寻找一种理想的异体神经移植物。方法:取Wistar大鼠胫神经,经Triton X-100和脱氧胆酸钠溶液进行化学去细胞处理。将处理后的神经行组织学染色和免疫组织化学染色;并行异体移植修复面神经缺损,观察其组织相容性。结果:去细胞神经为一中空的神经基质管,其中的细胞和髓鞘成分被有效清除,神经基底膜被保留;异体移植后无明显炎症反应,无排斥和吸收反应,能引导宿主轴突和Schwann细胞增殖。结论:去细胞异体神经移植物具有良好的仿生性和组织相容性,可能用于修复面神经缺损。     

Anatomical study of the masseteric and obturator nerves: Application to face transplant and reanimation procedures

The masseteric nerve (MN) and the anterior branch of the obturator nerve (ON) that innervate the transferred gracilis muscle have proved highly efficient for reanimating paralyzed facial muscles when muscle transfer is required. Previous researchers have published the total axonal load for myelinated fibers in both nerves. However, the real motor axonal load has not been established. We performed the study on 20 MN and 13 ON. The segments of the MN and the ON were embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 10 μm, and stained following a standard immunohistochemical procedure using anti‐choline acetyltransferase to visualize the motor fibers. The MN has a higher axonal load than the ON. There were statistically significant differences between the axonal load of the proximal segment of the MN and the ON. These findings confirm that end‐to‐end anastomoses between the MN and the ON should preferably use the proximal segment. However, MN neurotomy should ideally be performed between the proximal and distal segments, preserving innervation to the deep fascicles. Our results show that the MN is ideal as a donor motor nerve for reinnervating transplanted muscle for dynamic reanimation of the paralyzed face. The neurotomy should ideally be performed between the first and second collateral branches of the MN. Clin. Anat. 32:612–617, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The nerve supply of zygomaticus major: Variability and distinguishing zygomatic from buccal facial nerve branches

The zygomaticus major (ZM) is important for the human smile. There are conflicting data about whether the zygomatic or buccal branches of the facial nerve are responsible for its motor innervation. The literature provides no precise distinction of the transition zone between these two branch systems. In this study, a definition to distinguish the facial nerve branches at the level of the body of the zygoma is proposed. In the light of this definition, we conducted an anatomical study to determine how the source of innervation of the ZM was distributed. A total of 96 fresh‐frozen cadaveric facial halves were dissected under loupe magnification. A hemiparotidectomy was followed by antegrade microsurgical dissection. Any branch topographically lying superficial to the zygoma or touching it was classed as zygomatic, and any neighboring inferior branch was considered buccal. The arborization of the facial nerve was diffuse in all cases. In 64 out of 96 specimens (67%, 95% CI: 56% to 76%), zygomatic branches innervated the ZM. Buccal branches innervated ZM in the other 32 facial halves (33%, 95% CI: 24% to 44%). There were no differences in respect of sex or facial side. All facial halves displayed additional branches, which crossed the muscle on its inner surface without supplying it. In 31 specimens, a nerve branch ran superficial to ZM in its cranial third. According to our classification, the zygomaticus major is innervated by zygomatic branches in 67% of cases and by buccal branches in 33%. Clin. Anat. 31:560–565, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Microsurgical anatomy of the facial nerve trunk

Dissection and manipulation of the facial nerve (FN) trunk between its exit from the cranial base through the stylomastoid foramen (SMF) and its bifurcation is a critical step in various otologic, plastic and neurosurgical procedures. This study demonstrates the anatomical relationships and variability of the FN trunk with emphasis on some important morphometric data, particularly with relevance to hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis (HFA). Bilateral microsurgical dissection was performed on twenty-three human cadavers fixed with formalin. The whole trunk of the FN was exposed, its diameter at the SMF and its length were measured, its branches were observed and the site of its bifurcation was determined. Anastomotic connections with other nerves and blood supply of the trunk were studied. The FN invariably emerged from the cranial base through the SMF. Its diameter upon its emergence from the foramen was 2.66 +/- 0.55 mm. Two branches consistently originated from the trunk: the posterior auricular nerve and the nerve to the digastric muscle. Less consistent were the communicating branch with the glossopharyngeal nerve and the nerve to the stylohyoid muscle. The bifurcation of the FN occurred before its penetration into the parotid gland in 15% of cases and within the gland in 85%. The length of the FN trunk was 16.44 +/- 3.2 mm. Anastomoses between the FN and other nerves were observed in one-third of the dissections. The blood supply to the FN trunk was provided by the stylomastoid artery that was identified in 91% of cases. Understanding the microsurgical anatomy of the FN trunk is essential for performing any surgical procedure in the relevant region. Surgical implications of this study are presented with emphasis on HFA surgery.     

耳大神经移植治疗面神经麻痹的应用解剖学研究

用22具成年尸体的44侧耳大神经进行了解剖观察和测量.耳大神经的平均长度为4.12cm,有2～4个分支.耳大神经的体表投影相当于胸锁乳突肌后缘中点稍下方至耳垂的连线,主干在颈外静脉后方约0.7cm.结果表明:耳大神经是用于神经移植治疗面神经麻痹较理想的神经移植物,耳大神经的体表投影、颈外静脉及下颌角是术中寻找的可靠标志.