Eye movements characteristics of Chinese dyslexic children in picture searching

Background Reading Chinese, a kind of ideogram, relies more on visual cognition. The visuospatial cognitive deficit of Chinese dyslexia is an interesting topic that has received much attention. The purpose of current research was to explore the visuopatial cognitive characteristics of Chinese dyslexic children by studying their eye movements via a picture searching test. Methods According to the diagnostic criteria defined by ICD-10, twenty-eight dyslexic children （mean age （10.12±1.42） years） were enrolled from the Clinic of Children Behavioral Disorder in the third affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. And 28 normally reading children （mean age （10.06±1.29） years）, 1：1 matched by age, sex, grade and family condition were chosen from an elementary school in Guangzhou as a control group. Four groups of pictures （cock, accident, canyon, meditate） from Picture Vocabulary Test were chosen as eye movement experiment targets. All the subjects carried out the picture searching task and their eye movement data were recorded by an Eyelink II High-Speed Eye Tracker. The duration time, average fixation duration, average saccade amplitude, fixation counts and saccade counts were compared between the two groups of children. Results The dyslexic children had longer total fixation duration and average fixation duration （F=-7.711, P 〈0.01; F=-4.520, P 〈0.05）, more fixation counts and saccade counts （F=-7.498, P 〈0.01; F=-11.040, P 〈0.01）, and a smaller average saccade amplitude （F=-29.743, P 〈0.01） compared with controls. But their performance in the picture vocabulary test was the same as those of the control group. The eye movement indexes were affected by the difficulty of the pictures and words, all eye movement indexes, except saccade amplitude, had a significant difference within groups （P 〈0.05）. Conclusions Chinese dyslexic children have abnormal eye movements in picture searching, applying slow fixations, more fixations and small and frequent saccades. Their     

脑老化的异质性:功能磁共振成像的初步对照研究

目的探索脑功能老化异质性的相关机制。方法10例成功老龄（SA）、10例常态老龄（UA）和9例轻度认知功能损害（MCI）患者进行词汇流畅性作业（VFT）的fMRI检查,比较脑激活表现。结果SA与UA均明显激活顶叶、额叶、扣带前回及枕叶,MCI除右侧额叶外激活普遍低下;SA激活强度大于UA,但差异无统计学意义,二者激活强度均高于MCI,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。SA左前额叶（尤其左侧前额叶背外侧皮质）激活显著,UA与MCI激活相对减弱,差异有统计学意义（P=0．01）。SA脑激活呈一致优势侧偏（偏侧化指数LIs=0．46）,UA和MCI脑激活总体无偏侧性（LIs分别为-0．12和-0．06）;（4）SA与UA均有显著枕叶激活,MCI激活不明显。结论脑老化过程中存在着异质性,涉及了复杂的脑功能机制;左侧前额叶背外侧皮质激活程度和偏侧化指数可作为衡量脑功能老化水平的参考指标。     

Acupuncture Effects on Levels of Excitatory Amino Acids in Brain of SAM-P/8

Atpresentthepathogenesisofseniledementiaisindefinite.Besidesthecholinergictheorymoreandmoreevidenceindicatedthatexcitatoryneurotoxicityinducedbyexcitatoryaminoacids(EAAs),especiallybyglutamicacid,playedanimportantroleinitsprocessofoccurrenceanddevelopment(').SenescenceacceleratemouseP/8(SAM--P/8)isakindofagingdementiamodelwhichtakesthedisturbanceofmemoryandstudyasitsmaincharcteristicsinbehaviourdisorderandtheatrophyofcerebralcortex,decreaseofhippocampuspyramidcellsandspongioiddegenerationof…     

Picture perception in Chinese dyslexic children: an eye-movement study

Background Currently, whether or not there is visuospatial impairments in Chinese dyslexic children is still a matter of discussion. The relatively recent application of an eye-tracking paradigm may offer an opportunity to address this issue. In China, in comparison with reading studies, there have not been nearly as many eye movement studies dealing with nonreading tasks such as picture identification and whether Chinese children with dyslexia have a picture processing deficit is not clear. The purposes of the present study were to determine whether or not there is visuospatial impairments in Chinese dyslexic children. Moreover, we attempted to discuss whether or not the abnormal eye movement pattern that dyslexic subjects show during reading of text appropriate for their age is a consequence of their linguistic difficulties. Methods An eye-link II High-Speed Eye Tracker was used to track the series of eye-movement of 19 Chinese dyslexic children and 19 Chinese normal children. All of the subjects were presented with three pictures for this eye-tracking task and 6 relative eye-movement parameters, first fixation duration, average fixation duration, average saccade amplitude, mean saccade distance, fixation frequency and saccade frequency were recorded for analysis. Results Analyzing the relative parameter among three pictures, except for the fixation frequency and the saccade frequency, other eye-movement parameters were significantly different among the three pictures （P 〈0.05）. Among the three pictures, the first fixation duration was longer, and the average fixation duration, the average saccade amplitude and the mean saccade distance were shorter from picture 2 to picture 3. Comparing all eye-movement parameter between the two groups, the scores of average saccade amplitude （P=-0.017） and the mean saccade distance （P=0.02） were less in the dyslexia group than in the normal group （P 〈0.05）, other parameters were the same in the two different groups （P 〉0.05）. Conclusions The characteristics of the pictures can significantly influence the visuospatial cognitive processing capability of the Chinese children. There is a detectable disability for the Chinese dyslexic children in the visuospatial cognitive processing： their saccade amplitude and mean saccade distance are shorter, which may be interpreted as specific for their reading disability.     

The Protective Effect of Rosuvastatin on Ischemic-Brain Injury and Its Mechanism

The statins, which lower plasma cholesterol levels, are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase inhibitors. To date, stains have developed to third generation, which include five commonly used stains: lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin and atorvastatin. Recently, a new statin, named rosuvas-tatin, was used in the third stage of clinical trial. Rosu-vastatin, in contrast to most other statins, has the more powerful capability to lower plasma cholesterol levels,…     

利用SPECT脑血流显像评价电针治疗儿童孤独症疗效

Objective:To explore the effectiveness of electro-acupuncture(EA)in the treatment of childhood autism(CA)and evaluate its effectiveness using single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT).Methods:A total of 55 CA patients(4.52±2.73 years)were enrolled in this study.All patients received EA treatments and were examined by SPECT before and after treatments.Results:Following treatment,the intracerebral multiple focal radioactivity distribution defect areas of CA patients were observed to be partially filled.Specifically,significant differences in the ratios of regional cerebral blood flow and global cerebral blood flow before(Fb)and after(Fe)EA treatment in different lesions were observed(in the left prefrontal cortex,t=5.01,P0.01;in the right prefrontal cortex,t=2.32,P0.05;in the left temporal lobe,t=4.54,P0.01;in the right temporal lobe,t=2.90,P0.05;in the left Broca's area,t=5.82,P0.01).After EA treatment,the patients exhibited symptomatic relief.Conclusion:EA is useful to treat CA and SPECT can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of this treatment.     

针刺对局灶性脑缺血大鼠缺血脑组织及血清IL-6的影响

[目的]观察针刺对局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑组织及血清白介素-6(IL-6)含量的影响。[方法]以热凝法阻断一侧大脑中动脉造成大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型,采用放免法测定大鼠脑组织及血清IL-6含量。[结果]脑缺血后3、6、12、24 h缺血组脑组织IL-6含量与正常组比较均显著增高(P<0.01),针刺后3、6、12 h脑组织中IL-6含量较同时段缺血组显著降低(P<0.01),并明显低于正常对照组(P<0.01)。脑缺血后血清中IL-6含量3 h急剧升高,3、6、12 h段缺血组血清IL-6含量与同时段假手术及正常组比较显著升高(P<0.01),治疗后3、6、12 h针刺组血清IL-6含量较同时段缺血组显著降低(P<0.01),24及48 h针刺组血清IL-6含量明显升高,与正常组及假手术组比较均有显著差异(P<0.01)。[结论]通过对IL-6的调节,发挥其抗炎、神经保护作用,促进受损神经元修复,可能针刺治疗缺血性脑卒中的作用机制之一。     

脑震荡后认知功能障碍患者内侧前额叶皮质功能连接变化的fMRI研究

目的 利用静息态功能磁共振成像探讨脑震荡综合征(PCS)患者内侧前额叶皮质功能连接变化及其意义. 方法 PCS患者27例,同期招募27例健康对照者,采集并处理静息态f-MRI数据,分别以左右侧内侧前额叶作为感兴趣区与全脑进行功能连接计算,得出PCS患者内侧前额叶与全脑功能连接有改变的脑区.结果 左侧内侧前额叶与双侧豆状核、左侧脑岛、双侧额下回眶部、右侧颞中回、额上回、额中回、额下回功能连接减弱,与左侧梭状回、左侧颞上回、左侧颞中回及左侧顶上小叶功能连接增强;右侧内侧前额叶与双侧顶下小叶、右侧距状回、左侧中央前回及中央后回功能连接减弱,与左侧海马旁回及右侧颞下回功能连接增强(P<0.05).结论 静息状态下PCS患者内侧前额叶的功能连接存在异常,可能是导致PCS患者认知障碍的原因之一.     

针刺对局灶性脑缺血大鼠缺血脑组织及血清白介素-8的影响

[目的]观察针刺对局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑组织及血清白介素8(IL-8)含量的影响。[方法]以热凝法阻断一侧大脑中动脉造成大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型,采用放免法测定大鼠脑组织及血清IL-8含量。[结果]脑缺血后各时段模型组与同时段假手术组及正常组比较脑组织及血清IL-8显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);治疗后6、12、24、48h各时段针刺组与同时段模型组比较脑组织IL-8含量明显降低(P<0.01),6、12及48h针刺组血清IL-8含量显著低于同时段模型组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。[结论]针刺可能通过抑制缺血区脑组织IL-8的合成和分泌,调节血清IL-8的含量,抑制炎性细胞的黏附及浸润,从发挥脑保护作用。     

Association of polymorphisms in the DCDC2 gene with developmental dyslexia in the Han Chinese

Background  Genetic association studies on populations of European origin have identified the DCDC2 gene as a susceptibility locus for developmental dyslexia. Here, we sought to investigate the association of DCDC2 polymorphisms with developmental dyslexia in children of Han Chinese origin.

Methods  We undertook a case-control genetic association study on 76 dyslexic children and 79 non-dyslexic matched controls. We isolated DNA from oral mucosal cell samples and genotyped two DCDC2 coding-sequence single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs2274305 and rs6456593, in each sample using SNaPshot single nucleotide extension. We compared the allele and genotype frequencies between the groups using the χ² test and analyzed the relationship between dyslexia and the polymorphism at both loci using unconditional logistic regression. We also predicted haplotypes and compared their frequencies between the two groups.

Results  The differences in the genotype distribution and the allelic genes of the two single nucleotide luci of the DCDC2 gene, rs2274305 and rs6456593, between the two dyslexic and non-dyslexic groups were statistically meaningless (P >0.05). The differences in the haplotype distributions of the DCDC2 gene between the dyslexic and normal group were statistically meaningless (P >0.05).

Conclusion  The DCDC2 gene may not be a susceptibility factor for developmental dyslexia among the Han Chinese. However, methodological issues may have prevented the detection of positive associations.

     

Study on the Regulatory Effect of Electro-acupuncture on Hegu Point （LI4） in Cerebral Response with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Objective To study, through blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI), the cerebral activated areas evoked by electro-acupuncturing (EA) the right Hegu point (LI4) or non-acupoint points on the face, and through comparing their similarities and differences, to speculate on the specific cerebral areas activated by stimulating LI4, for exploring the mechanism of its effect in potential clinical application. Methods EA was applied at volunteers’ right LI4 (of 9 subjects in the LI4 group) and facial non-acupoint points (of 5 subjects in the control group), and whole brain 3-dimensional T1 anatomical imaging of high resolution 1 × 1 × 1 mm³ used was performed with clustered stimulatory mode adopted by BOLD fMRI. Pretreatment and statistical t-test were conducted on the data by SPM2 software, then the statistical parameters were superimposed to the 3-dimensional anatomical imaging. Results Data from 3 testees of the 9 subjects in the LI4 group were given up eventually because they were unfit to the demand due to different causes such as movement of patients’ location or machinery factors. Statistical analysis showed that signal activation or deactivation was found in multiple cerebral areas in 6 subjects of LI4 group and 5 subjects of the control group (P<0.01). In the LI4 group, the areas which showed signal activation were: midline nuclear group of thalamus, left supra marginal gyrus, left supra temporal gyrus, right precuneous lobe, bilateral temporal pole, left precentral gyrus and left cerebellum; those which showed signal deactivation were: bilateral hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala body area, rostral side/audal side of cingulate gyrus, prefrontal lobe and occipital lobe as well as left infratemporal gyrus. In the control group, areas which showed signal activation were: bilateral frontal lobe, postcentral gyrus, Reil’s island lobe, primary somato-sensory cortex, cingulate gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, occipital cuneiform gyrus and/or precuneus gyrus and right brainstem; and the area that showed deactivation was left median frontal lobe. Conclusion The effects of EA LI4 in regulating cerebral activities could be displayed and recorded through BOLD fMRI, the distribution of signally deactivated area evoked by EA LI4 was similar to the known distribution of anatomical orientation of pain in brain, and closely related to the anatomic structure of limbic system, which areas are possibly the acupuncture analgesic effect’s cerebral regulating area. Furthermore, activated portion of left central anterior gyrus, which represent the movement of oral facial muscles, and the activated portion of cerebellum are possibly related with the effect of using EA LI4 in treating facial palsy and facial muscle spasm. As for the mechanism of signal deactivation of cerebral activities exhibited in the present study that is unable to be elucidated, it awaits for further research. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (No. 90209031)     

Protective effects and mechanism of total coptis alkaloids on A β25–35 induced learning and memory dysfunction in rats

Objective: To observe the effect of total coptis alkaloids (TCA) on β-amyloid peptide (Aβ25-35) induced learning and memory dysfunction in rats, and to explore its mechanism. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: the control group, the model group, the TCA low dose (60 mg/kg) group and the TCA high dose (120 mg/kg) group, 10 in each. Aβ25-35 (5μl, 2μg/μl) was injected into bilateral hippocampi of each rat to induce learning and memory dysfunction. TCA were administered through intragavage for consecutive 15 days. Morris Water Maze test was used to assess the impairment of learning and memory; concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in cerebral cortex was determined by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance to indicate the level of lipid peroxidation in brain tissues; activity of manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) in cerebral cortex was determined by xanthine-oxidase to indicate the activity of the enzyme; and NF-κB protein expression in cerebral cortex was measured by SP immunohistochemistry. Results: (1) Morris Water Maze test showed that, during the 4 consecutive days of acquisition trials, the rats in the model group took longer latency and searching distance than those in the control group (P<0.01), which could be shortened by high dose TCA (P<0.05); during the spatial probe trial on the fifth day, the rats in the model group took shorter searching time and distance on the previous flat area than those in the control group (P<0.01), which could be prolonged after TCA treatment (for low dose group, P<0.05; for high dose group, P<0.01). (2) Analysis of cerebral cortical tissues showed that, compared with the control group, MDA level got significantly increased and Mn-SOD activity decreased in the model group (both P<0.01). After having been treated with TCA, the MDA level got significantly decreased (P<0.05 and P<0.01 respectively for low and high dose group), while relative increase of Mn-SOD activity only appeared in high dose group (P<0.05). (3) Immunohistochemistry analysis showed the protein expression of NF-κB got significantly increased after modeling, while high dose TCA can significantly inhibit it. Conclusion: TCA could improve Aβ25-35 induced dysfunction of learning and memory in rats, and its protective mechanism is associated with its actions in decreasing MDA level, increasing Mn-SOD activity and inhibiting the expression of NF-κB in cerebral cortex.     

精神分裂症执行功能障碍患者工作记忆fMRI研究

目的:探讨精神分裂症执行功能障碍患者与正常人在执行双重任务工作记忆作业时大脑前额皮质区的激活特征及其异同。方法:采用无创性功能磁共振成像(fMRI)技术观察9例精神分裂症执行功能障碍患者和13名正常人在双重工作记忆作业时大脑前额皮质区激活的位置、范围和强度,用SPM99软件分析。结果:本组精神分裂症患者威斯康星卡片分类测验成绩差,工作记忆作业时反应时延长(P<0.05)。正常组在执行双重任务时激活了左、右前额叶的背外侧区、右额极区、左扣带回前部等脑区。精神分裂症执行功能障碍患者激活明显区域有双侧前额叶背外侧区和右侧腹外侧区,且比正常组范围大。精神分裂症组减正常组,有差异的激活区较为广泛,不仅有左、右前额背外侧区、腹外侧区、额内侧回,而且左、右岛叶(额盖)、右眶额回等区域也有差异,且以右额叶为主。正常组减精神分裂症组只有左背外侧区有差异。结论:精神分裂症执行功能障碍患者前额皮质区在双重任务工作记忆中激活异常。     

阅读困难儿童记忆与学习的关系研究

目的探讨阅读困难儿童的记忆特征；分析阅渎困难的记忆与学习关系：方法对长沙市两所学校的小学4-6年级，19个班级共755名学生进行筛查，确定阅渎困难儿童31名作为阅读困难组，并将阅读困难儿童同班级、同性别、年龄相差不到1岁的后一位学号的正常儿童作为对照组。对每一名人组儿童进行广泛性记忆与学习测验。结果阅读困难儿童在言语记忆量表（F=18．233，P=0．000）、视觉记忆量表（F=10．875，P=0．002）和学习记忆量表（F=19．617，P=0．000）3个维度方面较正常儿童差，9个因子中除图案记忆外，其余8个因子得分两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05或0．01）。多元逐步回归分析结果发现，成就测验成绩变异的44％可由言语记忆及句子记忆的变化来解释。数字记忆、言语学习及句子记忆3个因子对阅读困难儿童和正常儿童有鉴别作用，归类正确率为85．5％。结论阅读困难儿童存在短时记忆的损害，尤其是工作记忆损害较全面，但以语音环路最为明显．工作记忆损害对阅读困难具有特征性。     

老年与青年大鼠大脑皮质及血清总胆固醇、三酰甘油和游离脂肪酸的对比分析

目的对比分析老年和青年大鼠大脑皮质及血清总胆固醇、三酰甘油和游离脂肪酸水平的变化。方法青年组(3月龄)和老年组(22月龄)大鼠各11只,大脑皮质及血清总胆固醇采用胆固醇氧化酶法测定,三酰甘油采用磷酸甘油氧化酶法测定,游离脂肪酸采用铜试剂显色法测定。结果与青年组大鼠比较,老年组大鼠大脑皮质和血清的总胆固醇水平显著增高(P<0.05),大脑皮质的三酰甘油水平显著增高(P<0.01),而大脑皮质和血清的游离脂肪酸水平显著降低(P<0.01)。结论大脑脂质成分的改变可能是脑老化的原因之一。     

重复经颅磁刺激对产后轻中度抑郁患者脑血流动力学及初级运动区激活的影响

目的 探讨重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）治疗产后轻中度抑郁患者的效果及对脑血流动力学及初级运动区激活的影响。方法 选取2020年2月—2023年2月深圳市中医院收治的84例产后轻中度抑郁患者，以随机数表法分为对照组和研究组，每组42例。对照组给予抗抑郁药物，研究组在对照组基础上给予rTMS，治疗后8周评价疗效。对比两组抑郁病情、临床疗效、脑血流动力学指标、脑功能初级运动区激活情况、脑神经因子及不良反应。结果 两组治疗前及治疗后4、8周的汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评分比较，结果：(1)不同时间点HAMD评分比较，差异有统计学意义（F=8.013,P=0.000）；(2)两组HAMD评分比较，差异有统计学意义（F=7.429,P=0.000）；(3)两组HAMD评分变化趋势比较，差异有统计学意义（F=7.005,P=0.000）。研究组总有效率高于对照组（P <0.05）。研究组治疗前后的大脑中动脉、大脑前动脉、大脑后动脉血流速度差值均高于对照组（P <0.05）。研究组治疗前后的左、右手握拳对侧初级运动区激活体积差值均高于对照组（P <0.05）。研究组治疗前后的脑源性神经...     

益智宁神颗粒对SHR大鼠前额叶-纹状体多巴胺含量、GDNF mRNA及其蛋白表达的影响

[目的]研究益智宁神颗粒对幼龄自发性高血压(SHR)大鼠前额叶-纹状体多巴胺含量、胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)mRNA及其蛋白表达的影响。[方法]以32只幼年SHR大鼠为研究对象,采用随机区组法分为模型对照组、益智宁神组、盐酸哌甲酯组、托莫西汀组,另设8只京都(WKY)大鼠为正常对照组。按各组设计剂量连续给药4周后,取前额叶、纹状体,采用高效液相法检测多巴胺(DA)含量、逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测GDNF mRNA表达、蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)法检测GDNF蛋白表达。[结果]1)SHR各组大鼠前额叶、纹状体DA的含量均有低于WKY组的趋势,其中,益智宁神组大鼠前额叶DA含量明显高于模型对照组(P0.05);益智宁神组大鼠纹状体DA含量低于正常对照组、盐酸托莫西汀组(P0.05)。2)SHR各组前额叶、纹状体GDNF mRNA表达依次为盐酸托莫西汀组盐酸哌甲酯组益智宁神组模型对照组(P0.05)。3)SHR大鼠各组间前额叶、纹状体GDNF蛋白表达均高于WKY组;其中,益智宁神组前额叶GDNF蛋白表达与其余SHR大鼠各组无统计学差异(P0.05),其纹状体GDNF蛋白表达低于盐酸哌甲酯组(P0.05)。[结论]益智宁神颗粒能够提高SHR特定脑区DA含量、GDNF mRNA及其蛋白表达,对促进幼龄SHR大鼠特定脑区DA能神经网络成熟度具有一定的作用。     

焦虑性抑郁模型大鼠脑区单胺递质含量与神经因子表达的变化

目的 研究焦虑性抑郁模型大鼠海马、杏仁核、前额叶皮质内单胺递质的含量变化及脑内神经营养因子的表达趋势,探讨其可能的发病机制。方法 60只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、溶媒对照组、焦虑模型组、抑郁模型组、焦虑性抑郁模型组,每组12只。采用慢性束缚应激联合皮质酮注射的方法建立焦虑性抑郁大鼠模型,造模时间为21 d,造模结束后采用高架十字迷宫测试,旷场实验,强迫游泳实验评价大鼠的焦虑和抑郁样行为,HPLC-ECD法检测大鼠海马、杏仁核、前额叶皮质的单胺递质5-HT、NE、DA含量,蛋白印迹法检测大鼠各脑区神经营养因子BDNF、NT-3的含量。结果 焦虑性抑郁模型组大鼠在进入开臂的时间、次数、旷场中自主活动次数均与焦虑组相当,与对照组及抑郁组比较差异有显著性（P<0.01或P<0.05）,在强迫游泳中的不动时间显著增加,与对照组及焦虑组对比差异有显著性（P<0.01）;同时,与对照组比较,焦虑性抑郁模型组大鼠海马5-HT、杏仁核及前额叶皮质区的5-HT和NE含量均显著下降（P<0.01或P<0.05）;此外,与对照组比较,焦虑性抑郁模型组大鼠各脑区BDNF、NT-3含量显著下降（P<0.01或P<0.05）,同时与焦虑组比较,BDNF含量显著下降（P<0.05）。结论 焦虑性抑郁模型组大鼠具有显著的焦虑及抑郁样行为,其发病机制可能与脑内海马、杏仁核、前额叶皮质区域的单胺递质含量降低及神经营养因子BDNF、NT-3表达下调有关。     

Effects of Ning Shen Ling Granule (宁神灵冲剂) and dehydroepiandrosterone on cognitive function in mice undergoing chronic mild stress

Objective： To investigate the changes of spontaneous and cognitive behavior, and cholinergic M receptors in the brain of mice subjected to chronic mild stress （CMS）, and to determine the effect of Ning Shen Ling Granule （宁神灵冲剂, NSL） and dehydroepiandrosterone （DHEA） on them. Methods：CMS model mice were established by applying stress every day for 3 consecutive weeks with 7 kinds of unforeseeable stress sources, and they were medicated for 1 week beginning at the 3rd week of modeling. The changes in behavior were determined by Morris Water Maze and spontaneous movement test, and M-receptor binding activity in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus were measured by radioactive ligand assay with 3H-QNB. Results： （1） The spontaneous movement in CMS model mice was significantly reduced, with the latency for searching platform in Morris Water Maze obviously prolonged （P〈0.01）, and these abnormal changes in behavior were improved in those treated with NSL and DHEA. （2） The binding ability of M-receptor in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of CMS mice was significantly decreased as compared with those in the control group （P〈0.05）, but could be restored to the normal level after intervention with NSL or DHEA. Conclusion： The decline of spontaneous movement and spatial learning and memory ability could be induced in animals by chronic mild stress, and that may be related to the low activity of central cholinergic M-receptors. Both NSL and DHEA could effectively alleviate the above-mentioned changes.     

伴有和不伴抑郁的阿尔茨海默病患者在情感Stroop任务下脑功能激活差异的研究

目的研究阿尔茨海默病（AD）与阿尔茨海默病伴抑郁（dAD）患者在情感Stroop任务下脑功能激活区的差异,探讨情感因素对AD伴抑郁的发病影响。方法收集临床诊断轻度AD患者20例（DSM-Ⅳ标准,CDR1．0）,其中9例dAD患者（NIMH-dAD标准,CSDD量表〉12）,其在年龄、性别、利手（右利）、教育程度、病程和MMSE评分等项上差异无统计学意义。另有10例正常老年人为对照组。采用功能磁共振成像（蹦RI）方法,利用情感Stroop任务为刺激。计算完成任务的反应时间、错误率和漏报率为行为学指标,同时采集Ⅳ砒脑部功能图像,使用SPM2软件分析。结果dAD、AD组与正常对照组完成情感Stroop任务的反应时间分别为1528ms±302ms、1173ms±237ms、875ms±3201118;错误率分别为9．7％、7．6％、0．5％;漏报率分别为2．5％、3．1％、0,2组AD患者的反应时间均明显慢于正常对照组（均P〈0．001）,且dAD组比AD组更慢（P=0．04）,但2组在错误率（P=0．22）和漏报率（P=0．29）间差异无统计学意义。情感Stroop任务时（P〈0．001）,正常老年组在右侧杏仁核、双侧前额皮质、双侧枕叶与左侧顶叶激活。AD组仅见双侧顶叶和左侧前额皮质少量激活。dAD组双侧前额皮质激活。结论AD伴有和不伴抑郁的患者均存在异常的脑功能成像,并有着明显的差别。dAD受情感因素的影响更大。与情感功能相关的神经纤维投射异常可能是AD伴抑郁的发病基础。