Liver Resection for Bismuth Type I and Type II Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Background

In patients with Bismuth type I and II hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA), bile duct resection alone has been the conventional approach. However, many authors have reported that concomitant liver resection improved surgical outcomes.

Methods

Between January 2000 and January 2012, 52 patients underwent surgical resection for a Bismuth type I and II HCCA (type I: n = 22; type II: n = 30). Patients were classified into two groups: concomitant liver resection (n = 26) and bile duct resection alone (n = 26).

Results

Bile duct resection alone was performed in 26 patients. Concomitant liver resection was performed in 26 patients (right side hepatectomy [n = 13]; left-side hepatectomy [n = 6]; volume-preserving liver resection [n = 7]). All liver resections included a caudate lobectomy. Patient and tumor characteristics did not differ between the two groups. Although concomitant liver resection required longer operating time (P < 0.001), it had a similar postoperative complication rate (P = 0.764), high curability (P = 0.010), and low local recurrence rate (P = 0.006). Concomitant liver resection showed better overall survival (P = 0.047).

Conclusions

Concomitant liver resection should be considered in patients with Bismuth type I and II HCCA.     

ASO Author Reflections: Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Annals of Surgical Oncology -     

The Landmark Series: Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Annals of Surgical Oncology - Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC) is a rare and highly aggressive biliary tract neoplasm. As such, the data driving the management of this disease generally are not based...     

Clinicopathological Prognostic Factors After Hepatectomy for Patients with Mass-Forming Type Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Relevance of the Lymphatic Invasion Index

Background  

The present study was conducted to clarify the pathological factors in patients who underwent surgery for mass-forming type intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHC).     

One-stage Resection for Bismuth Type IV Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma with High Hilar Resection and Parenchyma-preserving Strategies: A Cohort Study

Background

Bismuth type IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC) tumors are usually considered unresectable. The strategies of high hilar resection while preserving liver parenchyma can achieve potentially one-stage curative resection for this condition. The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility and safety of available strategies.

Methods

Fifty-one consecutive patients with bismuth type IV HC who underwent one-stage resection were retrospectively reviewed with regard to curative resection rate, remnant liver volume, morbidity, mortality, and survival time.

Results

The total median survival time was 29 months. The R₀ (curative resection) rate was 57.8 %. The ratio of the remnant liver volume (RLV) to the standard liver volume (SLV) ranged from 35.0 to 60.6 %, with a mean of 44.5 %. The in-hospital mortality and morbidity rates were 3.9 and 37.2 %, respectively. In the R₀ patients’ survival, there was not a significant difference between bilioenteric anastomosis and hepatoenteric anastomosis (P = 0.714).

Conclusions

Combined caudate lobe and high hilar resection (CCHR) is technically safe and oncologically justifiable and could be adopted with a high cure rate as a one-stage resection procedure for most patients with Bismuth type IV HC whose total bilirubin level is less than 20 mg/L and whose direct bilirubin is more than 60 % of total bilirubin.     

170例Ⅲ型肝门胆管癌的治疗及预后分析

目的探讨Ⅲ型肝门胆管癌的治疗及其预后的影响因素。方法回顾性分析2002年1月至2011年12月期间笔者所在医院收治的170例Ⅲ型肝门胆管癌患者的临床资料。结果170例患者中,行手术切除60例,行姑息性支架或u管支撑引流49例,行经皮经肝胆管外引流14例,未治疗47例。60例手术切除患者中,R0切除50例,R1切除10例。手术切除患者预后影响因素的Cox比例风险模型结果显示,手术切缘（HR=4．621,95％ CI：1．907-11．199,P=0．001）、肝叶切除（HR=3．003,95％ CI：1．373-6．569,P=0．006）及淋巴结转移（HR=2．792,95％ CI：1．393-5．598,P=0．004）与预后均相关。所有患者预后影响因素的Cox比例风险模型结果显示,治疗方法【R0切除（HR=0．177,95％ CI：0．081-0．035,P〈0．001）,未治疗（舰=5．568,95％ CI：2．733-11．342,P〈0．001）]及血管侵犯（HR=I．667,95％ CI：1．152-2．412,P=-0．007）与预后均相关。结论治疗方式与血管是否受侵犯与Ⅲ型肝门胆管癌的预后相关;可行手术切除患者中联合肝叶切除、R0切除及无淋巴结转移者的预后相对较好。     

Clinicopathological Factors Predicting Long-term Overall Survival after Hepatectomy for Peripheral Cholangiocarcinoma

Peripheral cholangiocarcinoma (PCC) is clinically challenging because patients typically do not present until the disease is relatively advanced. Three-year to 5-year survival rates even with resection thus remain dismal. This study aimed to determine the clinicopathological factors for predicting overall survival longer than 5 years in PCC patients treated with hepatectomy. From 1977 to 1997, the clinicopatholgical features of 11 PCC patients who underwent hepatectomy with long-term overall survival (group A) were reviewed. Comparison was made with the clinical features and factors influencing the outcome of 70 PCC patients who survived less than 5 years after hepatectomy (group B). Of 81 PCC patients undergoing hepatectomy, 11 (13.6%) were 5-year survivors. The 81 PCC patients comprised 32 men and 49 women, with a mean age of 56.0 years (range: 34–83 years). Univariate analysis showed that female gender, absence of physical findings, a higher percentage of presence of mucobilia, early staged tumor, intraductal papillary tumor growth, and curative hepatic resection were more frequent in group A patients than group B patients. However, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that absence of physical findings, presence of mucobilia, early staged tumor, and curative hepatic resection were the four independent factors differentiating group A from B patients. The 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates of the group A patients were 100%, 100%, 100%, and 40%, whereas those of the group B patients were 46.0%, 9.5%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. Absence of physical findings, presence of mucobilia, early staged tumor, and curative hepatectomy could independently predict PCC patients with long-term overall survival after hepatectomy.     

Resectable Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Surgical Treatment and Long-Term Outcome

Unresected hilar cholangiocarcinoma has a dismal prognosis, but advances in staging and surgical techniques have given well-selected patients a chance of long-term survival if curative resection is possible. This review summarizes the state of the art in diagnosis, treatment, and outcome for patients with biliary obstruction at the hilus of the liver.     

肝门部胆管癌的分型及外科治疗

肝门部胆管癌（hilar cholangiocarcinoma,HCCA）早期诊断困难,根治性切除是唯一可能治愈该病的治疗方式,但其手术切除难度大,预后差。近年来,随着外科手术技术和现代影像医学的不断进步,尤其是近10年来“计划性肝切除”和“第四肝门”理念逐渐由临床实践中提炼出来,并在临床实践中得到持续应用,     

肝门部胆管癌的诊断和治疗

肝门部胆管癌是指发生于肝总管、左右肝管及其汇合部的肝外胆管癌肿,又称高位胆管癌和上段胆管癌。起源于肝内Ⅱ级以上胆管的癌肿累及肝门部胆管者属肝癌范畴,两者在临床表现和处理方式上有所不同,应予以区分。肝门部胆管癌因发病率上升、切除率低、预后差而引起外科界的关注。我们亦在不断地应用新技术的过程中,摸索诊断和治疗上的临床经验。 术前诊断步骤 肝门部胆管癌患者就诊时大多已出现黄疸,经Ｂ超检查,发现肝内胆管扩张、胆总管不扩张,胆管梗阻水平可基本确定于肝门部胆管。进一步检查的目的是确定病变的性质和范围,尤其是寻…     

Relationship Between Microvessel Count and Postoperative Survival in Patients with Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

Background  The present study aimed to elucidate the relationship between microvessel count (MVC) according to CD34 expression and prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) patients who underwent hepatectomy based on our preliminary study. Methods  Relationships between MVC and clinicopathological factors were examined in 37 ICC patients. CD34 expression was analyzed using immunohistochemical methods. Results  Median MVC for ICC patients was 140/mm², which was applied as a cutoff value. Lower MVC was significantly associated with larger tumor size, periductal infiltrating type, and advanced Japanese tumor–node–metastasis stage (p < 0.05). Univariate survival analysis identified higher carcinoembryonic antigen level, periductal infiltrating type, poor histological differentiation, and lower MVC as significantly associated with lower 5-year survival rates. The 5-year survival rate in the higher-MVC group was significantly greater than that in the lower-MVC group (44% vs. 7%, p = 0.048). According to Cox multivariate survival analysis, only periductal infiltrating type on macroscopic examination was identified as a significant independent risk factor for poor survival after hepatectomy (risk ratio 4.8; p = 0.006), not MVC (1.1; p = 0.82). Conclusion  Tumor MVC might offer a useful prognostic marker of ICC patient survival after hepatectomy and further investigation in a larger series is warranted.     

Surgical Outcomes of the Mass-Forming plus Periductal Infiltrating Types of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Comparative Study with the Typical Mass-Forming Type of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

Background The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinicopathologic characteristics and surgical outcomes of patients with the mass-forming (MF) plus periductal infiltrating (PI) type of intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma (ICC). Methods Between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2004, a total of 94 patients with ICC underwent macroscopic curative resection, and the macroscopic type of the tumors was assessed prospectively. Among the 74 patients with the MF type (n = 46) and the MF plus PI type (n = 28) of ICC, multivariate analysis was conducted to identify the potential prognostic factors. The clinicopathologic data of the two groups were compared. Results The results revealed two independent prognostic factors: presence/absence of intrahepatic metastasis and the macroscopic type of the tumor. ICCs categorized macroscopically as the MF plus PI type were significantly associated with jaundice (p < 0.001), bile duct invasion (p < 0.001), portal vein invasion (p = 0.025), lymph node involvement (p = 0.017), and positive surgical margin (p = 0.038). Conclusion Identification of the macroscopic type of the tumor is useful for predicting survival after hepatectomy in patients with ICC. The MF plus PI type of ICC appears to have a more unfavorable prognosis, even after radical surgery, than the MF type of ICC.     

Robotic Resection of Type I Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma with Intrapancreatic Bile Duct Dissection

Background

Type I hilar cholangiocarcinoma is a malignancy of the extrahepatic bile duct for which margin-negative resection with sufficient lymphadenectomy may provide curative treatment. The aim of this video is to highlight the advantages of optical magnification, articulating instruments, and indocyanine green fluorescent cholangiography to demonstrate extrahepatic bile duct resection from the biliary confluence to the intrapancreatic bile duct with comprehensive hilar lymphadenectomy for pathologic staging.

Methods

A 58-year-old male presented with obstructive jaundice and was found to have a biliary stricture arising from the cystic duct and bile duct junction. Endoscopic biopsy of the bile duct confirmed adenocarcinoma. His case was presented at a multidisciplinary tumor conference where consensus was to proceed with upfront robotic en bloc extrahepatic bile duct resection with hilar lymphadenectomy and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy.

Results

Final pathology demonstrated margin-negative resection of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, 1 out of 12 lymph nodes involved with disease, and pathologic stage T2N1M0 (stage IIIC). The patient had no postoperative complications and was discharged home on postoperative day 5. At 6 weeks from his operative date, he was initiated on four cycles of adjuvant gemcitabine/capecitabine, followed by 50 Gray external beam radiation therapy with capecitabine, then four cycles of gemcitabine/capecitabine, completed after 6 months of therapy.

Conclusions

Robotic extrahepatic bile duct resection, hilar lymphadenectomy, and biliary enteric reconstruction is feasible and should be considered for selected cases of bile duct resection.

     

40例肝门部胆管癌临床诊断与治疗分析

目的评价肝门部胆管癌的诊治方法并确定该病的可治愈性。方法回顾性分析40例肝门部胆管癌患者的资料,其中行根治性切除术18例,非根治性手术22例。结果肝门部胆管癌早期无特异症状,误诊率高。行根治性切除术者围术期死亡1例。两组各失访2例,根治性切除术15例,中位生存时间为30（7～70）个月;1、3、5年生存率分别为86.7%,54.5%和25.0%;非根治性切除术20例,中位生存时间为16（4～41）个月;1、3、5年生存率分别为45.0%,7.7%,0。结论术前影像学检查准确的评价可切除性、术中选择适宜的手术方式、合理应用肝切除术是提高疗效的关键问题。根治性切除术是最佳的治疗方式。     

肝门部胆管癌手术难点和对策

手术切除仍是肝门部胆管癌的首选治疗手段。但由于肝门区紧邻重要血管．操作空间狭小．加之癌细胞特殊生物学行为．常侵犯肝门区血管、神经和淋巴组织．并沿胆管黏膜下向近侧胆管扩展．侵犯高位胆管和肝实质．发生肝十二指肠韧带或更远处的淋巴结转移。为了获得组织学阴性的切缘，需要实施大范围侵袭性手术．除了胰腺以上的肝外胆管骨骼化切除外，     

肝门部胆管癌扩大根治术及疗效评价

肝门部胆管癌在胆管恶性肿瘤中最常见(约占50％～70％)且起病隐蔽．在患者不表现黄疸时很难早期被发现。胆管癌呈多极化浸润性生长，肝门部解剖及毗邻关系复杂而重要．加之高位胆管梗阻迅速导致的严重肝功能损害与衰竭．使联合扩大的肝叶切除围手术期的风险更加增大．术后并发症增多．手术死亡率可高达10％以上。即使以常规肝移植术与之相比，     

肝门部胆管癌诊治进展

肝门部胆管癌（hilar cholangiocarcinoma,HCCA）,解剖部位隐蔽,早期临床表现不典型,手术切除率低,预后较差。HCCA的诊断和治疗一直是肝胆外科医师公认的难题。近年来随着以肝胆外科为中心的多学科综合治疗日渐成为趋势,影像诊断技术及外科手术技术的不断进步,HCCA的诊断和治疗取得了一定进步。本文结合近年来相关文献报道就HCCA的诊治进展作如下综述。     

Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Clinical Aspects,Pathology and Treatment

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most common primary tumor of the liver. To further define its clinicopathology and surgical management, we reviewed our experience. Clinical presentations of 32 patients with ICC was similar to that with hepatocellular carcinoma. Jaundice occurred in only 27 percent. ICC was unresectable due to advanced disease stage in 81 percent. Six patients had curative resections with two 5 year disease free survivors. Underlying liver disease was associated with ICC in 34 percent of patients.     

Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma and Combined Hepatocellular-Cholangiocarcinoma: A Western Experience

Background  Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is an unusual tumour. Methods  The clinicopathological data of 67 patients with ICC and combined hepatocellular–cholangiocarcinoma (HCC–ICC) are presented. Results  HCV–HBV infection was present in 37.3% and chronic liver disease in 38.7% of cases, a rate higher than in the normal population; in these patients the cancer was small, often asymptomatic and of combined type. Liver resection was performed in 51 patients; at 1, 3 and 5 years, overall survival was 87.9%, 59.0%, and disease-free survival was 47.7% and 78.8%, 51.4%, and 46.7%, respectively. The better results were in the group of cirrhotic patients in whom ICC was diagnosed by a screening program for HCC (5-year survival 76.6%). Nodal metastasis showed negative prognostic value for both overall and disease-free survival; in N+ patients mean survival was 14.7 months after liver resection and lymph node dissection. Conclusion  Viral infection and cirrhosis may be considered risk conditions for ICC and combined HCC–ICC; in resected patients survival was good. Nodal metastases must not be considered a contraindication for liver resection.