自身免疫性脑炎与睡眠障碍

自身免疫性脑炎与睡眠障碍关系密切。抗Ma2抗体介导的神经系统副肿瘤综合征可以导致发作性睡病和快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍。边缘性脑炎和Morvan综合征可以导致严重失眠及其他睡眠障碍,常伴抗电压门控性钾离子通道抗体(包括抗富亮氨酸胶质瘤失活基因1抗体和抗接触蛋白相关蛋白-2抗体)阳性。中枢性低通气常见于抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎患者。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停、喘鸣和异态睡眠是抗IgLON家族蛋白5抗体相关脑病的常见表现。由此可见,睡眠障碍是自身免疫性脑炎的重要表现,免疫治疗有可能改善临床症状和预后。     

Primary sleep disorders can cause long-term sleep disturbance in patients with autoimmune mediated limbic encephalitis

Objectives

Antibody mediated limbic encephalitis causes a sub acute encephalopathy with an amnestic syndrome, seizures and often an affective prodrome. Sleep disturbance including abnormal dream sleep and insomnia are described in a percentage of long-term survivors but there are very few detailed assessments of sleep disturbance in patients beyond the acute phase of illness. The objectives of this study were to understand the causes of sleep disturbance in the long-term survivors of antibody mediated limbic encephalitis.

Patients and methods

We screened twelve patients under long-term follow up with sleep questionnaires and went on to perform detailed sleep studies (polysomnography) in those who reported sleep disturbance.

Results

Two were found to have persistent, severe central and obstructive sleep apnoea and two others to have restless legs and periodic limb movements of sleep.

Conclusions

This highlights the need to investigate sleep disturbance in this group of patients. Effective treatments may be available to improve quality of life and daytime function.     

癫癎与睡眠及睡眠障碍

睡眠、睡眠障碍与癫癎之间的相互影响是复杂且多方面的。睡眠及睡眠剥夺可能活化癫癎发作或活化脑电图的癫癎样放电,某些类型的癫癎发作可能只发生或主要发生在睡眠中;而癫癎发作本身又可干扰睡眠,改变睡眠模式;睡眠中的同一种异常     

Neuroimaging of sleep and sleep disorders

Herein are presented the results of research in the area of sleep neuroimaging over the past year. Significant work has been performed to clarify the basic mechanisms of sleep in humans. New studies also extend prior observations regarding altered brain activation in response to sleep deprivation by adding information regarding vulnerability to sleep deprivation and regarding the influence of task difficulty on aberrant responses. Studies in sleep disorder medicine have yielded significant findings in insomnia, depression, and restless legs syndrome. Extensive advances have been made in the area of sleep apnea where physiologic challenges have been used to probe brain activity in the pathophysiology of sleep apnea syndrome.     

Neuroimaging of sleep and sleep disorders

Herein are presented the results of research in the area of sleep neuroimaging over the past year. Significant work has been performed to clarify the basic mechanisms of sleep in humans. New studies also extend prior observations regarding altered brain activation in response to sleep deprivation by adding information regarding vulnerability to sleep deprivation and regarding the influence of task difficulty on aberrant responses. Studies in sleep disorder medicine have yielded significant findings in insomnia, depression, and restless legs syndrome. Extensive advances have been made in the area of sleep apnea where physiologic challenges have been used to probe brain activity in the pathophysiology of sleep apnea syndrome.     

Genetics and sleep disorders

This review describes the recent growth of our knowledge in the genetics of these sleep disorders and reports some of our preliminary molecular studies in restless legs syndrome.     

Migraine and sleep disorders

The burden of migraine strongly increases, considering its linkage with sleep disorders. Migraine is positively associated with many sleep-complaint disorders; some are confirmed by several studies, such as restless leg syndrome, whereas others still remain uncertain or controversial, e.g. narcolepsy. Many studies have investigated the association between headache and other sleep disturbances such as daytime sleepiness, insomnia, snoring and/or apnea, but only a few have focused on migraine. Highlighting the comorbidity between migraine and sleep disorders is important to improve treatment strategies and to extend the knowledge of migraine pathophysiology.     

Neuromuscular disorders and sleep

Neuromuscular disorders are caused by the primary involvement of the motor unit. In these patients, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) due to respiratory muscle weakness is often encountered during sleep. Because there is a tendency to overlook this disorder, all patients with neuromuscular disorders should be questioned about SDB. Overnight polysomnography is the best investigation for SDB and nocturnal desaturations. In the management of these patients, noninvasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation results in improvement of SDB and breathing.     

脑电图与睡眠障碍

睡眠医学有着悠久的历史,随着科学技术的不断进步,睡眠医学取得了显著进展.1929年,德国精神病学家Berger教授在人的头皮上记录到脑电活动,极大地促进了睡眠医学的研究与发展.     

Migraine and sleep disorders

The burden of migraine strongly increases, considering its linkage with sleep disorders. Migraine is positively associated with many sleep-complaint disorders; some are confirmed by several studies, such as restless leg syndrome, whereas others still remain uncertain or controversial, e.g. narcolepsy. Many studies have investigated the association between headache and other sleep disturbances such as daytime sleepiness, insomnia, snoring and/or apnea, but only a few have focused on migraine. Highlighting the comorbidity between migraine and sleep disorders is important to improve treatment strategies and to extend the knowledge of migraine pathophysiology.     

Memory disorders in chickenpox encephalitis

A 31-year old man with chicken-pox encephalitis presented with a cerebellar syndrome and disorders of memory. The latter consisted of severe anterograde amnesia with normal retrograde memory, without confabulation or anosognosia. This suggested that the hippocampus was involved, probably functionally, since the outcome was rapidly favourable and the MRI was normal.     

Movement disorders in Japanese encephalitis

Movement disorders in Japanese encephalitis (JE), although reported, have not been analyzed systematically. In this study, we report an analysis of movement disorders in 14 out of 17 JE patients, correlated with the radiological findings. All patients had at least a four fold rise of IgG antibodies against JE in a haemagglutination inhibition test. The patients’ ages ranged between 2 and 54 years and 4 of them were women. Extrapyramidal signs, such as hypokinesia, hypophonia and masking of the face, were present in all patients by the first month as the patients came out of the coma – except for 1 patient. Eight patients had axial and 3 tongue dyskinesia; rigidity was present in 6 and tremor in 2 patients. At 3 months, these symptoms improved considerably in 6 patients. Cranial CT scan revealed thalamic involvement in 10, which was bilateral in 9 patients. Two patients had brain stem and one had cerebellar involvement. Cranial MRI was carried out in 9 patients and revealed additional findings in lentiform nucleus, midbrain and pons in 3 each and cerebellum in 4 patients. Bilateral thalamic involvement on MRI was seen in all the patients, including two patients whose CT scans were normal. SPECT studies using ^99mTc-ECD revealed bilateral thalamic hypoperfusion in all (n = 7) and frontal hypoperfusion in 3 patients. In JE, movement disorders are common and may be due to thalamic involvement in isolation or in combination with basal ganglia or midbrain or both. Received: 19 August 1996 Received in revised form: 6 January 1997 Accepted: 13 January 1997     

Genetic basis for sleep regulation and sleep disorders

Sleep disorders arise by an interaction between the environment and the genetic makeup of the individual but the relative contribution of nature and nurture varies with diseases. At one extreme are the disorders with simple Mendelian patterns of inheritance such as familial advanced sleep phase syndrome, and at the other extreme are diseases such as insomnia, which can be associated with a multitude of medical and psychiatric conditions. In this article, we review data on the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of various sleep disorders. The understanding of many of these disorders has been advanced by the study of sleep and circadian rhythms in model laboratory organisms. We summarize this model system research and how it relates to human sleep disorders. The current challenge in this field is the identification of susceptibility genetic loci for complex diseases such as obstructive sleep apnea. We anticipate such identification will increase our ability to assess risk for disease before symptom onset and by doing so will shift the focus from treatment to prevention of disease.     

Heart rate variability, sleep and sleep disorders

Heart rate (HR) is modulated by the combined effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Therefore, measurement of changes in HR over time (heart rate variability or HRV) provides information about autonomic functioning. HRV has been used to identify high risk people, understand the autonomic components of different disorders and to evaluate the effect of different interventions, etc. Since the signal required to measure HRV is already being collected on the electrocardiogram (ECG) channel of the polysomnogram (PSG), collecting data for research on HRV and sleep is straightforward, but applications have been limited. As reviewed here, HRV has been applied to understand autonomic changes during different sleep stages. It has also been applied to understand the effect of sleep-disordered breathing, periodic limb movements and insomnia both during sleep and during the daytime. HRV has been successfully used to screen people for possible referral to a Sleep Lab. It has also been used to monitor the effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). A novel HRV measure, cardiopulmonary coupling (CPC) has been proposed for sleep quality. Evidence also suggests that HRV collected during a PSG can be used in risk stratification models, at least for older adults. Caveats for accurate interpretation of HRV are also presented.     

REM sleep disorders and parkinsonism

Journal of Neurology - REM sleep abnormalities are frequently encountered in disorders with alpha-synuclein pathology including Parkinson’s disease, multiple system atrophy, and dementia with...