环维黄杨星D延长大鼠心室肌细胞APD作用的分子机制研究

目的　研究环维黄杨星D对分离的大鼠心室肌细胞内向整流钾电流 (IK1 )、瞬时外向钾电流 (Ito)、L 型钙电流(ICa L)和动作电位时程 (APD)的影响。方法　采用全细胞膜片钳技术记录大鼠心室肌细胞IK1 、Ito、ICa L 和APD。结果　 1和10 μmol·L- 1 环维黄杨星D明显延长分离大鼠心室肌细胞APD50 和APD90 ,10 μmol·L- 1 可明显降低静息膜电位 (RP)。环维黄杨星D对IK1 内向电流和外向电流均有明显抑制作用 ,当指令电压为 - 10 0mV时 ,1和 10 μmol·L- 1 环维黄杨星D分别使IK1 电流密度从给药前的 ( - 8.0± 1.1)pA pF降至 ( - 4 .1± 0 .7)pA pF和 ( - 3.4± 0 .8)pA pF ;当指令电压 - 30mV时 ,分别使IK1 电流密度从 ( 1.10± 0 .2 4 )pA pF降至 ( 0 .6 1± 0 .18)pA pF和 ( 0 .36± 0 .11)pA pF ;在钳制电位从 0到 + 6 0mV之间 ,环维黄杨星D明显抑制Ito,当指令电压 4 0mV时 ,1和 10 μmol·L- 1 环维黄杨星D分别使Ito电流密度从给药前的 ( 8.9± 2 .0 )pA pF降至 ( 5 .5± 1.2 )pA pF和 ( 4 .9± 0 .9)pA pF。环维黄杨星D浓度依赖性抑制ICa L,在指令电压为 10mV时 ,1和 10 μmol·L- 1 分别使ICa L电流密度从给药前的 ( - 9.9± 1.8)pA pF降至 ( - 6 .4± 1.4 )pA pF和 ( - 4 .2± 0 .6 )pA pF。结论　环     

药物相关性尖端扭转型室性心动过速性别差异的离子通道研究

目的　探讨药物相关性尖端扭转型室性心动过速 (TdP)发生率性别差异的离子流基础。方法　♀、♂兔各 2 0只 ,酶解法分得左室心尖部单个细胞 ,应用全细胞膜片钳技术记录APD、Ito、IK、IK1和ICa ,L。结果　♀、♂兔心肌细胞膜电容差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。♀兔APD90 (5 6 0 4± 2 6 5ms,n =15 )比♂兔APD90 (489 0± 2 0 7)ms ,n =14长 (P <0 0 5 )。IK ,tail、Ito、IK1和ICa,L在♀兔分别为 (0 71± 0 0 5 )pA/ pF、n =17,(8 2 8± 1 0 3) pA/pF、n =18,(2 4 5± 3 6 ) pA/ pF、n =12 ,(9 0± 2 3)pA/ pF、n =15 ,在♂兔分别为 (0 84± 0 0 7) pA/pF、n =18,(8 6 0± 1 2 0 ) pA/pF、n =18,(2 5 9± 4 5 ) pA/pF、n =14 ,(9 3± 2 6 )pA/ pF、n =16。♀兔IK ,tail明显低于♂兔 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而Ito、IK1和ICa,L在♀、♂兔差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　♀兔IK ,tail较低可能是♀兔APD90 较♂兔长及更易发生药物相关性TdP的原因。     

左旋体盐酸非洛普的抗实验性心律失常作用

目的　研究左旋体盐酸非洛普 [levo 1 (2 ,6 二甲基苯氧基 ) 2 (3 ,4 二甲氧基苯乙氨基 )丙烷盐酸盐 ,l DDPH对实验性心律失常的抑制作用。方法　iv哇巴因、乌头碱或氯化钙制造大鼠、豚鼠室性心律失常模型 ;标准微电极技术记录动作电位 ;全细胞膜片钳技术记录L型钙电流 (ICa,L)。结果　l DDPH 5 0mg·kg-1抑制哇巴因诱发的豚鼠室性心律失常以及乌头碱和氯化钙诱发的大鼠室性心律失常 ;l DDPH 3 0 μmol·L-1缩短豚鼠右心室乳头肌细胞 5 0 %动作电位时程 (APD50 )并延长有效不应期 (ERP) (n =6,P <0 0 5 ) ;l DDPH抑制单个豚鼠心室肌细胞ICa,L,其IC50 值为 12 9(95 %可信限 :7 0～ 18 8) μmol·L-1(n =5 )。结论　l DDPH具有抗实验性心律失常作用 ;其机制与抑制ICa,L、缩短APD50 并延长ERP有关     

牛磺酸镁对豚鼠心室肌细胞钾离子通道的影响

目的研究牛磺酸镁(taurine magnesium coordination compound,TMC)对正常豚鼠心室肌细胞钾电流的影响,旨在探讨TMC抗心律失常的作用机制。方法酶解法分离豚鼠单个心室肌细胞,应用全细胞膜片钳技术记录豚鼠单个心室肌细胞IK、IK1的影响。结果应用200μmol·L-1TMC使豚鼠单个心室肌细胞IK在实验电压+70mV时,从给药前(8.67±1.04)pA/pF减少到(6.31±1.16)pA/pF(n=5,P<0.01);TMC对IK1无影响。结论本实验表明TMC具有直接抑制心室肌细胞IK作用,减少IK可能会使动作电位时程(APD)和有效不应期(ERP)延长,这可能是其发挥抗心律失常作用的基础之一。     

苄基四氢巴马汀细胞内用药对豚鼠乳头状肌动作电位和 心室肌细胞延迟整流钾电流的作用

目的　研究将苄基四氢巴马汀 (BTHP)导入细胞内对豚鼠乳头状肌动作电位及单个心室肌细胞延迟整流钾电流的影响。方法　利用外加电压脉冲将药物导入乳头状肌细胞内 ,并用标准微电极方法测定动作电位 ;利用浓度差扩散方式使药物进入单个心室肌细胞内 ,采用全细胞膜片钳技术记录延迟整流钾电流 (IK)。结果　 10 0 μmol·L-1BTHP使APD2 0 和APD90 分别延长 13 5 %和 2 0 5 %。 30 μmol·L-1BTHP使IK 和IK ,tail分别从 (14 1± 2 2 )pA·pF-1和 (4 0± 0 6 ) pA·pF-1降至 (9 4± 1 3) pA·pF-1和 (2 1± 1 0 ) pA·pF-1,下降率分别为 33 2 %和 35 3%。该药使IK 和IK ,tail的I V曲线幅度降低 ,对曲线形状影响不明显。结论　BTHP入细胞内后可阻滞延迟整流钾电流和延长动作电位时程。     

冬虫夏草水提液对单个心室肌细胞钾通道的影响

目的　观察冬虫夏草水提液对豚鼠及大鼠心室肌细胞钾通道的作用 ,探讨冬虫夏草的抗心律失常作用机制。方法　应用全细胞膜片钳技术记录冬虫夏草水提物对豚鼠单个心室肌细胞内向整流钾电流 (IK1)、延迟整流钾电流 (IK)及大鼠心室肌细胞瞬时外向钾电流 (Ito)的影响。结果　应用 0 1g·L-1(生药浓度 )冬虫夏草水提液使豚鼠单个心室肌细胞内向整流钾电流在实验电压 - 12 0mV时从给药前(- 36 37± 5 15 ) pA/pF减少到 (- 2 9 70± 5 90 ) pA/ pF(n=5 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;延迟整流钾电流在实验电压 +70mV时 ,从给药前 (9 2 1± 2 4 2 ) pA/ pF增加至 (11 5 4± 2 98)pA/ pF(n =6 ,P <0 0 1) ;使大鼠心室肌细胞瞬时外向钾电流 (Ito)在实验电压 +5 0mV时 ,从给药前 (13 36± 0 88) pA/ pF增加至 (16 4 8± 1 0 9) (n =4 ,P <0 0 1)。结论　冬虫夏草抗心律失常作用与它对心肌细胞钾通道的作用有关。它增加IK,Ito的同时抑制IK1,将会使动作电位时程缩短而不至于发生早后除极和迟后除极     

牛磺酸镁对乌头碱致大鼠心肌细胞心律失常模型钠离子通道的影响

目的研究牛磺酸镁配合物(taurine magnesium coordi-nation compound,TMCC)对乌头碱所致大鼠心室细胞心律失常模型的钠电流变化的影响,探讨其抗心律失常的作用机制。方法酶解法分离大鼠单个心室肌细胞,应用全细胞膜片钳技术记录不同浓度TMCC及胺碘酮对正常细胞及乌头碱所致大鼠单个心室肌细胞心律失常模型INa变化。结果TMCC对正常细胞INa呈浓度依赖性抑制作用。1μmol.L-1乌头碱使钠电流从(45.56±1.96)pA/pF增加到(59.19±11.49)pA/pF(n=5,P<0.01)。24.24μmol.L-1胺碘酮使电流减小到(34.23±1.33)pA/pF(n=5,P<0.01)。TMCC(100,200,400μmol.L-1)对乌头碱所致的细胞模型INa具有恢复作用,分别恢复为(51.61±5.96)pA/pF,(40.91±6.73)pA/pF,(41.50±5.50)pA/pF。胺碘酮则使之恢复为(40.22±1.47)pA/pF。结论TMCC能恢复乌头碱增大的钠电流,作用与胺碘酮相当,TMCC对钠电流的抑制作用可能是其发挥抗心律失常的机制之一。     

葛根素对豚鼠心肌细胞动作电位及有效不应期的影响

目的　观察葛根素对豚鼠乳头肌动作电位及有效不应期的影响 ,以探讨其抗心律失常的作用机制。方法　采用标准玻璃微电极细胞内记录技术。结果　①葛根素 0 0 0 5 ,0 0 1,0 0 15mmol·L-1能使豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位复极5 0 %时程 (APD50 )和复极 90 %时程 (APD90 )明显延长 ,APD50分别由 ( 176 4 3± 5 1 3 7)ms延长至 ( 192 86± 60 82 )ms(n=7,P <0 0 5 ) ,( 2 0 0 71± 63 0 8)ms和 ( 2 0 7 71± 65 4 5 )ms(n =7,P <0 0 1) ;APD90 分别由 ( 2 0 0 71± 5 9 75 )ms延长至 ( 2 2 1 4 3± 70 4 6)ms(n =7,P <0 0 5 ) ,( 2 3 5 0 0±5 8 88)ms和 ( 2 4 0 0 0± 5 8 4 5 )ms(n =7,P <0 0 1) ,并且这种延长呈现量效关系。②采用 0 2 ,0 5 ,1,2 ,4Hz频率的方波刺激 ,发现在 0 0 1mmol·L-1时葛根素延长心肌细胞APD50 有明显的非逆向频率依赖性。③使用双脉冲刺激发现在 0 0 1mmol·L-1时葛根素能明显延长心肌细胞的有效不应期 ,由 ( 98 0 0± 16 4 3 )ms延长至 ( 168 0 0± 13 0 4 )ms(n =5 ,P <0 0 1)。结论　葛根素能延长心肌细胞APD50 和APD90 以及心肌细胞有效不应期 ,其抗心律失常的机制源于此作用。     

急性坏死性胰腺炎对心室肌细胞及L-钙通道电流的影响

目的　观察急性坏死性胰腺炎 (ANP)后心室肌细胞病理损伤及L 钙通道电流 (ICa L)的变化 ,以探讨ANP后发生心力衰竭及心律失常的机制。方法　采用牛磺胆酸钠逆行胰胆管注射建立鼠的ANP动物模型 ,1小时后处死 ,行HE、Mas son染色 ,光镜观察心肌的病理变化。应用膜片钳全细胞记录方法 ,观察ANP后 1小时心肌细胞ICa L的变化。结果　光镜下心肌纤维呈局灶性嗜酸变性及坏死 ;ANP组ICa L电流密度峰值 ( +10mV)为 ( 3 63± 0 65 )pA/pF(n =16) ,显著低于对照组( 5 46± 1 0 3 )pA/pF(n =12 ) (P <0 0 1)。结论　ANP可导致心室肌纤维发生变性和坏死 ,并可致心室肌细胞ICa L下降 ,引起心肌细胞动作电位时程缩短 ,这可能是导致ANP后出现心功能不全和心律失常的原因。     

过氧化氢对培养大鼠海马神经元瞬时外向钾电流的影响

目的　研究过氧化氢对海马神经元上瞬时外向钾电流的影响。方法　采用全细胞膜片钳技术记录培养大鼠海马神经元瞬时外向钾电流的变化。结果　 3 0 μmol·L-1H2 O2 孵育 12h后 (1)明显抑制IA,电流密度由 (5 3 8±15 8) pA·pF-1变为 (18 5± 6 2 ) pA·pF-1(n =10 ,P <0 0 1) ;(2 )明显抑制IA 激活作用 ,半数最大激活电压由 (-15 2± 3 6)mV左移至 (- 18 2± 2 7)mV(n =10 ,P <0 0 1) ;(3 )明显抑制IA 失活作用 ,失活常数由 (42 2± 10 1)ms变为 (81 9± 3 5 0 )ms(n =10 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,半数最大灭活膜电位V1/ 2 由 (- 87 5± 12 6)mV变为 (- 99 8± 2 1)mV(n =10 ,P <0 0 1) ;(4)明显抑制IA 电流失活后复活作用 ;恢复时间常数由 (2 7 9± 14 1)ms变为 (5 8 6± 10 0 )ms(n=10～ 11,P <0 0 1) ;(5 )降低静息膜电位 ,由 (- 64 9±9 4)mV变为 (- 46 0± 12 8)mV(n =6～ 11,P <0 0 1) ,延长动作电位时程 ,由 (8 7± 3 4)ms增至 (16 0± 6 2 )ms(n =6～ 11,P <0 0 5 )。结论　H2 O2 对IA 的抑制作用可能参与其对神经元的氧化应激损伤毒性     

Crataegus extract blocks potassium currents in guinea pig ventricular cardiac myocytes.

Crataegus extract is used in cardiology for the treatment of mild to moderate heart failure (NYHA II) in Germany. However, little is known about the electrophysiological actions of Crataegus extract in the heart. Recently, it was shown that Crataegus extract prolongs the refractory period in isolated perfused hearts and increases action potential duration in guinea pig papillary muscle. It was the aim of this study to find out the mechanism of the increase in action potential duration caused by Crataegus extract. Using the patch-clamp technique, we measured the effects of Crataegus extract (10 mg/l; flavonoid content: 2.25%, total procyanidin content: 11.3 +/- 0.4%) on the inward rectifier and the delayed rectifier potassium current in isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes. To get some insight into the mechanism underlying the positive inotropic effect of Crataegus extract, we also looked for effects on the L-type calcium current. Crataegus extract slightly blocked both the delayed and the inward rectifier potassium current. The inhibition amounted to 25% and about 15%, respectively. This amount of inhibition of these repolarising currents is sufficient to explain the prolongation of action potential duration caused by Crataegus extract. To our surprise we could not detect any influence of Crataegus extract on the L-type calcium current. In summary, our results show that Crataegus extract blocks repolarising potassium currents in ventricular myocytes. This effect is similar to the action of class III antiarrhythmic drugs and might be the basis of the antiarrhythmic effects described for Crataegus extract. Our measurements of the L-type calcium current indicate that Crataegus extract's positive inotropic effect is not caused by phosphodiesterase inhibition or a beta-sympathomimetic effect.     

Reduced antiarrhythmic efficacy of verapamil in isolated rat hearts in the presence of elevated extracellular calcium

An isolated heart method that has been proposed to aid in ascertaining the involvement of L-type calcium channel blockade in the mechanism of action of novel antiarrhythmic drugs involves increasing the calcium concentration in the perfusion buffer. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of this method using an established L-type calcium channel blocker, verapamil. Isolated rat hearts were perfused with normal calcium (1.4 mM) Krebs solution containing drug vehicle only, a normal calcium solution containing verapamil (300 nM), or a high calcium (2.8 mM) solution containing verapamil. The occurrence of ventricular fibrillation during a subsequent period of regional myocardial ischemia was monitored. The incidence of ventricular fibrillation was significantly reduced from 80% in controls to 20% by perfusion with verapamil in normal calcium Krebs solution (P < 0.05). Perfusion with the high calcium solution increased the incidence of ventricular fibrillation in the presence of verapamil to 40% (P > 0.05 versus controls). We conclude that the antiarrhythmic effect of verapamil in isolated hearts can be attenuated by increasing the calcium content of the perfusion solution, but a twofold increase in the calcium concentration failed to fully restore susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation to that observed in verapamil-free controls.     

Cellular electrophysiological effect of terikalant in the dog heart

The cellular mechanism of action of terikalant, an investigational antiarrhythmic agent known to block the inward rectifier and other potassium currents, has not yet been fully clarified. The aim of the present study was therefore to analyse the in vitro electrophysiological effects of terikalant in canine isolated ventricular muscle and Purkinje fibers by applying the standard microelectrode technique. The effects of terikalant on the duration of action potential at a stimulation cycle length of 1000 ms and on the maximum upstroke velocity of the action potential in right ventricular papillary muscle were examined at 1, 2.5, 10, and 20 μM concentrations. Terikalant significantly prolonged the action potential duration measured both at 50% and 90% of repolarization in concentration-dependent manner. The maximum upstroke velocity of the action potential was unaffected at 1 and 2.5 μM concentrations. However, this parameter was significantly reduced at 10 and 20 μM concentrations of terikalant. In Purkinje fibers terikalant (2.5 μM) also produced a marked action potential lengthening effect. Frequency dependence (cycle length of 300–5000 ms) of the action potential lengthening effect of terikalant was studied at a concentration of 2.5 μM. Prolongation of the duration of action potential occurred in a reverse frequency-dependent manner both in papillary muscle and Purkinje fibers, with a more pronounced frequency-dependence observed in Purkinje fibers. The onset kinetics of the terikalant (10 μM) induced block of the maximum upstroke velocity of the action potential was rapid (0.6±0.1 beat⁻¹, n=6) like that of Class I/B antiarrhythmics, and the offset (recovery) kinetics of the drug (2956±696 ms, n=6) best resembled that of Class I/A antiarrhythmic drugs. It was concluded that terikalant, unlike pure Class III antiarrhythmic drugs, has combined mode of action by lengthening repolarization and blocking the inward sodium current in a use-dependent manner.     

Ambasilide prolongs the action potential and blocks multiple potassium currents in human atrium

Ambasilide (LU 47110) is a new class III antiarrhythmic drug with a unique profile of action in mammals; however, the effects on human atrial repolarization are not known. We tested the effects of ambasilide on action potentials and repolarizing potassium currents in single atrial myocytes. Ambasilide delayed all phases of repolarization in a concentration-dependent manner [i.e., 10 microM prolonged the action potential duration to 90% repolarization at 1 Hz from 217.8 +/- 34.1 to 360.6 +/- 63.0 ms (p < 0.05 vs. control)]. Action-potential prolongation was independent of the applied stimulation frequency over a range of 0.5-2 Hz; the drug therefore did not display reverse use dependence. Ambasilide produced a concentration-dependent block of the inward rectifier potassium current (IK1) and the acetylcholine-activated potassium current (IKACh) with a median effective concentration (EC50) of 6.0 and 2.3 microM, respectively. Ambasilide also led to a concentration-dependent inhibition of the transient outward current (Ito1; EC50 = 5.7 microM) and the sustained potassium outward current (ISO; EC50 = 43.6 microM). The effect of ambasilide was independent of the step voltage (in the range of +20 to +60 mV) or the applied stimulation frequency (0.5-2 Hz). Inactivation kinetics were not altered. Ambasilide is a new class III antiarrhythmic drug with a distinct profile of action. Its frequency-independent prolongation of the human atrial action potential makes this group of compounds a promising alternative to currently available class III antiarrhythmic drugs.     

苦参碱对豚鼠心肌细胞钾电流的抑制作用(英文)

目的研究苦参碱对豚鼠心肌细胞动作电位时程和钾电流的影响,探讨其抗心律失常作用的可能机制。方法应用全细胞膜片钳技术记录心室肌细胞的动作电位时程和钾电流。结果在频率0.1Hz时,苦参碱100μmol.L-1以非频率依赖方式延长动作电位复极90%的时程达40%,在-120mV抑制内向整流钾电流(IK1)接近47%,减少快激活延迟整流钾电流的尾电流达50%,对慢激活延迟整流钾电流的尾电流无影响。结论苦参碱抗心律失常的机制可能与其抑制多种钾电流和延长动作电位时程有关。     

Aconitine induces prolonged seizure-like events in rat neocortical brain slices

Aconitine effects on the hippocampal slice preparation have been well documented and include acute inhibitory and prolonged excitatory effects. To date, the effect of aconitine on neocortical activity has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to characterise the acute and long term effects of aconitine on cortical local field potential activity. Neocortical slices from juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused at room temperature with aconitine in normal artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) (n=10). Spontaneous local field potential activity was recorded from the somatosensory cortex. The calcium dependence of aconitine-induced activity was investigated using low-calcium aCSF (n=8). To isolate sodium and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) channel effects, phenytoin (n=4) and 2-amino-5-phosphono-pentanoic acid (APV) (n=6) were co-administered with aconitine, respectively. Aconitine consistently induced a dramatic increase in population "spike" activity after prolonged (89.5+/-36.6 min) application in normal aCSF. This activity surge was eliminated in low-calcium aCSF and when aconitine was co-administered with phenytoin and APV. The acute effects of aconitine application were variable and included an increase in the frequency of population spikes, appearance of oscillatory seizure-like activity and prolonged bursts of multiunit activity. No acute inhibitory effects were observed. Aconitine has acute and prolonged excitatory effects on neocortical activity. The latter is effected by calcium-dependent mechanisms, in keeping with known effects of aconitine on hippocampal slices. Both sodium and NMDA channels are involved in mediating the calcium-dependent aconitine effects.     

Choline-modulated arsenic trioxide-induced prolongation of cardiac repolarization in Guinea pig

Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) has been found to be effective for relapsed or refractory acute promyelocytic leukaemia, but its clinical use is burdened by QT prolongation, Torsade de pointes tachycardias, and sudden cardiac death. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the ionic mechanisms of As(2)O(3)-induced abnormalities of cardiac electrophysiology and the therapeutic action of choline on As(2)O(3)-caused QT prolongation in guinea pig. Intravenous administration of As(2)O(3) prolonged the QT interval in a dose- and time-dependent manner in guinea pig hearts, and the QT prolongation could be modulated by choline. By using whole-cell patch clamp technique and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we found that As(2)O(3) significantly lengthened action potential duration measured at 50 and 90% of repolarization, enhanced L-type calcium currents (I(Ca-L)), inhibited delayed rectifier potassium currents (I(K)), and increased intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Choline corrected As(2)O(3)-mediated alterations of action potential duration, I(Ca-L) and [Ca(2+)](i), but had no effect on the I(K) inhibition. As(2)O(3) markedly disturbed the normal equilibrium of transmembrane currents (increasing I(Ca-L) and suppressing I(K)) in guinea pig cardiomyocyte, and induced prolongation of action potential duration, further degenerated into QT prolongation. Choline normalized QT interval abnormality and corrected lengthened action potential duration by inhibiting the elevated I(Ca-L) and [Ca(2+)](i) in ventricular myocytes during As(2)O(3) application.     

In vitro electrophysiological mechanisms for antiarrhythmic efficacy of resveratrol, a red wine antioxidant

Resveratrol (trans-3, 4', 5-trihydroxystilbene), a natural antioxidant derived from grapes, has beneficial effects against coronary heart disease. Its electrophysiological characteristics for antiarrhythmic efficacy are largely unknown; thus, this study aims to explore the resveratrol's antiarrhythmic effects and conduction system in isolated hearts as well as its electrophysiological effects on cardiac myocytes. In the experiment, resveratrol suppressed the ischemia/reperfusion-induced ventricular arrhythmias in Langendorff-perfused rat hearts. In the current clamp study of the experiment, resveratrol prolonged the action potential duration (APD(50) and APD(90)) and suppressed the upstroke velocity of the action potential (V(max)). In the voltage clamp study, resveratrol inhibited sodium inward current (I(Na)) in a concentration-dependent manner and negative-shifted the voltage-dependent inactivation curve. Resveratrol also reduced the calcium inward current (I(Ca), 51.2+/-13.3% at 100 microM). Furthermore, the transient (I(to)) and sustained (I(ss)) outward potassium currents were decreased 60.2+/-5.7% and 42.3+/-5.2% after exposure to resveratrol (100 microM), respectively. The inward rectifier potassium current (I(K1)) was also reduced 24.2+/-7.0% in the presence of resveratrol (100 microM). In the isolated heart perfusion model, resveratrol (100 microM) prolonged AV nodal refractory period, the Wenckebach cycle length and the conduction through AV node and His-Purkinje system. In conclusion, resveratrol increased the cardiac effective refractory period mainly through inhibiting the ionic channels including I(Na), I(to) and I(ss) which could contribute to the conversion of ischemia/reperfusion-induced lethal arrhythmias.     

丹参素对大鼠心室肌动作电位、L-型钙电流和ATP敏感性钾电流的作用

目的研究丹参素对单个大鼠心室肌细胞动作电位、L-型钙电流和ATP敏感性钾电流（IKAVP）的影响,探讨丹参素在离子通道水平的药理机制。方法胶原酶急性酶解法分离单个大鼠心室肌细胞,采用全细胞膜片钳的方法,记录丹参素对动作电位、L-型钙电流和IKATP的影响。结果丹参素可影响心室肌细胞动作电位时程（APD）,并能使APD25、APD50和APD90显著缩短;丹参素能够抑制三．型钙电流;丹参素可使IKA卯外向电流增大,此效应呈浓度依赖性。结论丹参素的心肌保护作用机制与抑制L-型钙电流和部分激活IKA口外向电流有关。     

Effect of K201, a novel antiarrhythmic drug on calcium handling and arrhythmogenic activity of pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pulmonary veins are the most important focus for the generation of atrial fibrillation. Abnormal calcium homeostasis with ryanodine receptor dysfunction may underlie the arrhythmogenic activity in pulmonary veins. The preferential ryanodine receptor stabilizer (K201) possesses antiarrhythmic effects through calcium regulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of K201 on the arrhythmogenic activity and calcium regulation of pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: The ionic currents and intracellular calcium were studied in isolated single cardiomyocytes from rabbit pulmonary vein before and after the administration of K201, by the whole-cell patch clamp and indo-1 fluorimetric ratio techniques. KEY RESULTS: K201 (0.1, 0.3, 1 microM) reduced the firing rates in pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes, decreased the amplitudes of the delayed afterdepolarizations and prolonged the action potential duration. K201 decreased the L-type calcium currents, Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger currents, transient inward currents and calcium transients. K201 (1 microM, but not 0.1 microM or 0.3 microM) also reduced the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium content. Moreover, both the pretreatment and administration of K201 (0.3 microM) decreased the isoprenaline (10 nM)-induced arrhythmogenesis in pulmonary veins. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: K201 reduced the arrhythmogenic activity of pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes and attenuated the arrhythmogenicity induced by isoprenaline. These findings may reveal the anti-arrhythmic potential of K201.