Prevalence of subtypes of intestinal metaplasia in gastric antral mucosa

A prospective gastroscopic-bioptic study of 533 patients was performed to assess the prevalence and distribution of intestinal metaplasia (IM) and its subtypes in the antral mucosa of patients with various upper intestinal disorders and to assess whether the presence of certain IM subtypes might be of help in selecting patients for careful endoscopic-bioptic surveillance in the screening for gastric carcinoma. IM was found in 135 patients (25.3%). Its prevalence increased with age (P<0.001) and was strongly associated with intestinal-type carcinoma as compared to diffuse-type carcinoma (P<0.001), gastritis (P<0.001), and gastric ulcer (P<0.05). Type I IM was predominant (98.5%), whereas types II and III IM, respectively, were found in 77.8% and 15.6% of the patients with IM. No difference in the prevalence of type I and II IM was found among the various gastric disease states. Type III IM was strongly associated with intestinal-type carcinoma as compared to either benign lesions (P<0.01) or diffuse-type carcinoma. These results suggest that type III IM may play a special role in the histogenesis of intestinal-type carcinoma and suggest that the finding of this IM subtype in gastric biopsies may possibly be of help in identifying patients at greater risk of developing carcinoma.     

胃黏膜肠上皮化生内镜诊断和分级的研究进展

胃黏膜肠上皮化生（gastric intestinal metaplasia,GIM）是一种癌前组织病理学改变,其临床意义在于对胃癌发生风险的提示,有着大面积肠上皮化生背景的胃黏膜具有较高的癌变风险;另外,不完全型GIM与肠型胃癌相关。因此,GIM的内镜下监测对及时发现和管理早期胃癌具有重要意义。可操作的GIM胃癌风险评估分级提供了较好地针对肠上皮化生的胃黏膜癌变风险评估,但每次评估需要标准的活检,增加了损伤风险,GIM内镜分级在此背景下被提出,但其应用受内镜诊断GIM的准确性和临床使用的便捷性所制约。笔者分析了各类内镜下诊断技术对GIM的诊断效果,结合人工智能辅助识别GIM面积,综述EGGIM评分的可行性。     

放大内镜对胃黏膜肠上皮化生及萎缩的观察研究

目的应用高清晰放大胃镜观察研究胃黏膜肠上皮化生小凹形态的特点,并与病理学黏液组织化学染色结果进行对照,以提高胃镜下早癌的检出率。方法使用高清晰放大电子胃镜对因上消化道症状就诊的患者进行检查,观察胃黏膜微细形态,并予1%亚甲蓝喷洒,判断肠上皮化生部位,并于各不同形态处取活组织检查。结果人选患者共109例,共观察及活检115个部位,黏膜微细形态可分为6型,其中4型、5型是肠上皮化生的特征性形态,6型是萎缩的特征。结论高清晰放大胃镜下胃黏膜肠上皮化生小凹由正常变为椭圆状甚至绒毛状。依据这些特征可指导活检,避免普通胃镜检查活检的盲目性,提高肠上皮化生的检出率。     

胃黏膜肠化生的逆转性问题

胃黏膜肠化生作为胃癌前病变,与胃癌的发病存在密切联系.关于肠化生是否具有逆转性,目前尚有争议.但来自流行病学的证据显示,经过长期随访研究,肠化生可以逆转,但改变程度较小.除H pylori感染外,维生素C缺乏、胃酸减少和/或胆汁返流等亦是其发病因素.肠化生的发病机制尚处于探索阶段,H pylori毒力因子、肠道特异性转录因子、微卫星不稳定性等均参与其发病环节,但尚不能肯定肠化生是由干细胞突变引起的胃上皮细胞表型的改变.肠化生在诊断上存在诸多困难,严格的内镜评估以及正确的取检部位尤为重要.单独根除H pylori似乎不足以逆转肠化生,联合应用其他化学阻断剂以及中医药,可能是一条新的治疗途径.     

Non-sequential narrow band imaging for targeted biopsy and monitoring of gastric intestinal metaplasia

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of non-sequential narrow band imaging (NBI) for a better recognition of gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM). METHODS: Previously diagnosed GIM patients underwent targeted biopsy from areas with and without GIM, as indicated by NBI, twice at an interval of 1 year. The authors compared the endoscopic criteria such as light blue crest (LBC), villous pattern (VP), and large long crest (LLC) with standard histology. The results from two surveillance endoscopies were compared with hi...     

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and intestinal metaplasia in subjects who had undergone surgery for gastric adenocarcinoma in Northwest Italy

AIM: To investigate the seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection and its more virulent strains as well as the correlation with the histologic features among patients who had undergone surgery for gastric cancer (GC). METHODS: Samples from 317 (184 males, 133 females, mean age 69±3.4 years) consecutive patients who had undergone surgery for gastric non-cardia adenocarcinoma were included in the study. Five hundred and fifty-five (294 males, 261 females, mean age 57.3±4.1 years) patients consecutively admitted to the Emergency Care Unit served as control. Histological examination of tumor, lymph nodes and other tissues obtained at the time of surgery represented the diagnostic "gold standard". An enzyme immunosorbent assay was used to detect serum anti-H pylori (IgG) antibodies and Western blotting technique was utilized to search for anti-CagA protein (IgG). RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-one of three hundred and seventeen (82.3%) GC patients and 314/555 (56.5%) controls were seropositive for anti-H pylori (P<0.0001; OR, 3.58; 95%CI, 2.53-5.07). Out of the 317 cases, 267 (84.2%) were seropositive for anti-CagA antibody vs 100 out of 555 (18%) controls (P<0.0001; OR, 24.30; 95%CI, 16.5-35.9). There was no difference between the frequency of H pylori in intestinal type carcinoma (76.2%) and diffuse type cancer (78.8%). Intestinal metaplasia (IM) was more frequent but not significant in the intestinal type cancer (83.4% vs 75.2% in diffuse type and 72.5% in mixed type). Among the patients examined for IM, 39.8% had IM type Ⅰ, 8.3% type Ⅱ and 51.9% type Ⅲ (type Ⅲ vs others, P = 0.4). CONCLUSION: This study confirms a high seroprevalence of H pylori infection in patients suffering from gastric adenocarcinoma and provides further evidence that searching for CagA status over H pylori infection might confer additional benefit in identifying populations at greater risk for this tumor.     

Role of digital chromoendoscopy and confocal laser endomicroscopy for gastric intestinal metaplasia and cancer surveillance

In Japan and countries such as South Korea and Tai-wan, China, the standard technique for detecting earlygastric cancer (EGC) is chromoendoscopy. This technique involves a magnified endoscope and the use ofan indigo-carmine spray to distinguish between EGCand non-EGC areas. However, this technique is notwidely adopted in many parts of the world. One important reason for limited use is that this technique needsan experienced endoscopist to interpret the imagesduring the procedure. In addition, the sensitivity for detecting gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM), a precancerous lesion of EGC, is graded as suboptimal. Moreover,the requirement of a cumbersome spraying method isinconvenient and needs preparation time. Easier digitalchromoendoscopy techniques, such as Narrow-bandImaging and Flexible spectral Imaging Color Enhancement, have been reported to facilitate targeted GIM and EGC biopsy. They provide higher sensitivities over conventional white light endoscopy. Recently, the noveltechnology of confocal laser endomicroscopy has been introduced as a high-magnification (1000 ×) real-time evaluation for many early gastrointestinal (GI) cancersand precancerous GI lesions, including colonic polyp,Barrett’s esophagus, and GIM. The advantage of this technique is that it can be used as an in vivo confirmation of the presence of GIM and EGC during endoscopic surveillance. This review aims to explain the current information on the usefulness of digital chromoendos-copy and confocal laser endomicroscopy for evaluating GIM and EGC during endoscopic surveillance and the possible future role of these techniques for GI cancerscreening programs.     

肝肠钙粘连蛋白在胃黏膜肠上皮化生组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的研究肝肠钙粘连蛋白在不同分度胃上皮肠化生组织中的表达及肝肠钙粘连蛋白表达与胃上皮肠化生发生与发展间的关系。方法用免疫组化S-P法,检测肝肠钙粘连蛋白在87例不同分度肠化生组织中的表达,并结合临床病理资料进行分析。结果87例不同分度胃上皮肠化生组织中肝肠钙粘连蛋白阳性表达78例,总阳性率为89.7%,而肝肠钙粘连蛋白在正常胃黏膜组织中没有表达;肝肠钙粘连蛋白的表达强度与胃上皮肠化生程度有关(P>0.05),而与年龄、性别以及是否发生溃疡及萎缩性胃炎无关(P>0.05)。结论肝肠钙粘连蛋白与肠化生的发生高度相关,它可能代表着一种比较可靠的检测肠化生的分子标志物。     

老年慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生的免疫组织化学研究

对９７例老年ＣＡＧ伴ＩＭ及胃癌癌旁胃粘膜ＩＭ者，进行了ＣＥＡ，ＭＧ７的对比研究，结果表明：不完全性结肠化在老年胃癌癌旁ＩＭ中的检出率显著高于老年ＣＡＧ组（Ｐ〈０．０１），在４种类型ＩＭ中ＣＥＡ，ＭＧ７的阳性率均以不完全性结肠化最高，其阳性表达与肠化程度有关，ＭＧ７在癌旁组织的检出率较ＣＥＡ高，对老年人胃癌细胞有较高的特异性，对不完全性结肠化有一定的选择性，是一个高度癌疑信号，可作为老年人ＣＡＧ伴肠     

Helicobacter pylori associated gastric intestinal metaplasia: Treatment and surveillance

Gastric cancer(GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer related death in the world, particularly in East Asia. According to the Correa's cancer cascade, noncardia GC is usually developed through a series of mucosal changes from non-atrophic gastritis to atrophic gastritis(AG), intestinal metaplasia(IM), dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Atrophic gastritis and IM are therefore generally considered to be pre-neoplastic gastric lesions. Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection is an important initiating and promoting step of this gastric carcinogenesis cascade. Emerging long-term data showed that eradication of H. pylori reduced the risk of subsequent cancer development. It however remains confusing whether eradication of the bacterium in individuals with pre-neoplastic gastric lesions could regress these changes as well as in preventing cancer. Whilst H. pylori eradication could likely regress AG, the presence of IM may be a point of no return in this cascade. Hence, surveillance by endoscopy may be indicated in those with extensive IM or those with incomplete IM, particularly in populations with high GC risk. The optimal interval and the best tool of surveillance endoscopy remains to be determined in future studies.     

胃黏膜萎缩、肠上皮化生及异型增生的放大内镜表现及其诊断价值

目的 确定胃黏膜萎缩、肠上皮化生及异型增生的形态学特征，探讨放大内镜结合染色对上述病变诊断的可行性和准确性。方法 应用Fujinon EG485 ZH型放大内镜对100例患者进行检查及0．5％美蓝染色，在确定A、B、C、D、E 5型基本胃小凹形态的基础上，制订放大内镜的诊断分型及放大内镜对萎缩、肠上皮化生和异型增生的判定标准，与相应部位活检所获得的417个病变组织的病理组织学检查结果进行比较分析。结果 胃黏膜萎缩主要表现为胃小凹粗大而分布稀疏，肠上皮化生表现为C、D、E型小凹形态伴美蓝着色阳性，异犁增生表现为轻度凹陷、隆起或平坦性病变伴细微结构消失、细微小凹或细微结构粗糙紊乱放大内镜对萎缩诊断的敏感性、特异性分别为95．85％和95．09％；对肠上皮化生分别为88．30％和90．83％；对异型增生分别为91．52％和94．41％，均明显高于普通内镜。结论 根据放大内镜下萎缩、肠上皮化生和异型增生的形态学特征可以使内镜对上述病变诊断的准确性明显提高。     

Expression of Span-21 and Ypan-21 in gastric cancer and subtypes of intestinal metaplasia

AIM: To analyze the relationship between intestinal metaplasia (IM) and gastric cancer (GC). METHODS: The expression of the Span-1 and Ypan-1 antigens in GC (n = 110) and IM (n = 343) specimens was examined using the ABC immunohistochemical technique. RESULTS: The expression rates of Span-1 and Ypan-1 in well and moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (85.4% and 70.0%, respectively), signet-ring cell carcinoma (80.0%, 88.7%) and mucinous adenocarcinoma (88.6%, 76.5%) were significantly higher than the rates in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (48.6%, 45.9%), whereas the difference between early GC (59.2%, 65.4%) and advanced GC (73.8%, 65.5%) was insignificant. For IM, the expression of Span-1 was significantly higher in dysplasia, IM with GC, and chronic atrophic gastritis than in chronic superficial gastritis. In contrast, the expression of Ypan-1 was significantly higher only in IM with dysplasia (65.5%) than in chronic superficial gastritis (39.3%). When IM was classified into types I, II and III, the expression of both antigens in type III (79.0%, 75.2%) was higher than in type I (42.3%, 45.5%) and type II (51.2%, 50.0%), which themselves were similar. CONCLUSION: Span-1 and Ypan-1 may be of value in detecting GC, even in the early stage, and type III IM should be considered precancerous.     

胃黏膜不典型增生和肠化生的内镜监测评价

目的 研究胃黏膜不典型增生及肠化生的内镜病理检出情况,并对部分病例进行长期随访,研究其转归情况及其与胃癌的关系,阐明内镜结合病理随访对胃癌早期发现的重要意义.方法 对183 960例行内镜检查的患者进行回顾性研究,探讨胃黏膜不典型增生及肠化生的内镜检出情况,对105例经内镜和病理诊断为胃黏膜不典型增生和肠化生的患者进行长达9年的连续内镜随访,分析其转归及癌变的情况.结果 胃黏膜不典型增生及肠化生内镜总检出率是5.19%,其中不典型增生、肠化生的总检出率分别是3.37%、3.86%,且不同年龄组之问的检出情况比较P＜0.05.105例胃黏膜不典型增生或肠化生患者的随访结果发现轻度不典型增生及肠化生的癌变率分别是2.27%、4.26%,重度不典型增生及肠化生的癌变率分别是25.00%、9.09%,中度不典型增生及肠化生的癌变率介于两者之间,不同程度的病变之间的比较P＜0.05.结论 不同程度的不典型增生及肠化生均有一定的癌变潜力,内镜结合病理检查是胃黏膜不典型增生及肠化生必不可缺的手段,对不同程度的不典型增生或肠化生进行密切的随访,可以达到胃癌的早期发现及早期治疗.     

胃癌前病变解痉多肽表达化生的研究进展

解痉多肽表达化生(spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia,SPEM)作为胃癌前病变的初始步骤,慢性炎症持续刺激可进展至异型增生甚至癌变.现有基于SPEM特性的动物模型研究显示,幽门螺杆菌感染所致的胃黏膜免疫应答失调可能为SPEM进展至肠化生直至胃癌的机制之一.因此,进一步研究SPEM的起源及进展机制,有望遏制SPEM病理形态的产生,阻断SPEM进展到肠化生,从而真正减少肠型胃癌的发病率.故本文将近10年来有关SPEM的研究进展进行简要综述.     

Endoscopic assessment of children with esophageal atresia: Lack of relationship of esophagitis and esophageal metaplasia to symptomatology

BACKGROUND:

Late complications of esophageal atresia (EA), particularly esophagitis and Barrett’s esophagus, are increasingly being recognized. With the exception of patients with dysphagia associated with esophageal stricture, it is unknown whether patient symptomatology can predict endoscopic findings.

METHODS:

Data regarding the digestive symptoms of patients who were referred to the EA multidisciplinary clinic from October 2005 to October 2008, and underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopic evaluation, were systematically collected. Macroscopic and histological findings were analyzed. Endoscopy was considered normal if no esophagitis, intestinal metaplasia or gastric metaplasia (GM) was discerned.

RESULTS:

Sixty-three patients underwent endoscopy. Eighteen had dysphagia related to an esophageal stricture needing dilation and were subsequently excluded from the analysis. Forty-five patients (26 girls) with a median age of 7.3 years (range 0.4 to 17.9 years) were evaluated. Twenty-six patients (58%) were normal at endoscopy, 14 patients (31%) had esophagitis and 16 patients (36%) had GM. No intestinal metaplasia or adenocarcinoma was detected. Six patients with abnormal endoscopy results were asymptomatic. No correlation between digestive symptoms and endoscopy results was found.

CONCLUSION:

The present cross-sectional study showed that symptomatology was not predictive of abnormal endoscopy in EA patients. Esophagitis or GM may be discovered, even in the absence of symptoms, suggesting that physicians cannot rely solely on symptomatology to accurately evaluate the extent of these esophageal complications in this population.     

Narrow-band imaging with magnifying endoscopy is accurate for detecting gastric intestinal metaplasia

AIM:To investigate the predictive value of narrowband imaging with magnifying endoscopy (NBI-ME) for identifying gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) in unselected patients. METHODS:We prospectively evaluated consecutive patients undergoing upper endoscopy for various indications, such as epigastric discomfort/pain, anaemia, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, suspicion of peptic ulcer disease, or chronic liver diseases. Patients underwent NBI-ME, which was performed by three blinded, experienced endoscopists. In addition, five biopsies (2 antrum, 1 angulus, and 2 corpus) were taken and examined by two pathologists unaware of the endoscopic findings to determine the presence or absence of GIM. The correlation between light blue crest (LBC) appearance and histology was measured. Moreover, we quantified the degree of LBC appearance as less than 20% (+), 20%-80% (++) and more than 80% (+++) of an image field, and the semiquantitative evaluation of LBC appearance was correlated with IM percentage from the histological findings. RESULTS:We enrolled 100 (58 F/42 M) patients who were mainly referred for gastro-esophageal reflux disease/dyspepsia (46%), cancer screening/anaemia (34%), chronic liver disease (9%), and suspected celiac disease (6%); the remaining patients were referred for other indications. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori ) infection detected from the biopsies was 31%, while 67% of the patients used proton pump inhibitors. LBCs were found in the antrum of 33 patients (33%); 20 of the cases were classified as LBC+, 9 as LBC++, and 4 as LBC+++. LBCs were found in the gastric body of 6 patients (6%), with 5 of them also having LBCs in the antrum. The correlation between the appearance of LBCs and histological GIM was good, with a sensitivity of 80% (95%CI:67-92), a specificity of 96% (95%CI:93-99), a positive predictive value of 84% (95%CI:73-96), a negative predictive value of 95% (95%CI:92-98), and an accuracy of 93% (95%CI:90-97). The NBI-ME examination overlooked GIM in 8 cases, but the GI     

Barrett食管、贲门部与胃窦部肠上皮化生的比较研究

目的比较Barrett食管(BE)肠上皮化生(IM)、贲门肠上皮化生(CIM)与胃窦部肠上皮化生(GA-IM)黏液组织化学检查结果及病因学的差异。方法联合应用AB/PAS及HID/AB染色对上述不同部位IM进行分型,分为3种亚型:完全小肠型(Ⅰ型)、不完全小肠型(Ⅱ型)及不完全大肠型(Ⅲ型)。比较各部位IM中3种亚型所占的比例,同时分析它们与胃食管反流病(GERD)及幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染之间的关系。结果长节段BE(LSBE)及短节段BE(SSBE)中主要以Ⅲ型IM为主,分别占75.0%、63.3%,显著高于CIM(23.1%)及GA-IM(17.7%)(P均<0.01)。LSBE、SSBE、CIM及GA-IM中GERD症状阳性率依次为78.6%、76.7%、42.3%及17.7%,前三者显著高于后者(P 均<0.01);而Hp感染率则相反,LSBE、SSBE、CIM及GA-IM依次为17.9%、20.0%、46.2%及64.7%,LSBE、SSBE显著低于CIM及GA-IM(P均<0.01)。结论LSBE、SSBE中主要以Ⅲ型IM为主,而CIM及GA-IM中Ⅲ型IM发生率较低。LSBE、SSBE与GERD显著相关,与Hp感染不相关,而CIM及GA-IM主要与Hp感染有关,GERD可能也参与CIM的发生。     

胃粘膜肠上皮化生的内镜分析

目的探讨内镜下胃粘膜肠上皮化生诊断的可行性及准确度。方法应用放大或普通型内镜对受检者的胃底、胃体及胃窦进行仔细观察,详细描述肠上皮化生的表现特点并至少于胃窦小弯、大弯及胃体各取活组织检查(简称活检)一块,收集同期病理诊断肠上皮化生的病例并将内镜表现与病理进行对照分析。结果同期病理组织学诊断肠上皮化生患者329例。根据内镜下的特异性肠上皮化生的表现淡黄色结节型、瓷白色小结节型、鱼鳞型和弥漫型,内镜诊断肠上皮化生134例,经活检病理证实128例,内镜诊断符合率95.5％。胃粘膜活检诊断而内镜未予诊断者201例,内镜检查诊断肠上皮化生的总符合率38.9％。轻、中、重度肠上皮化生内镜诊断率不同,分别为23.8％、48.5％和51.7％。而放大内镜对轻、中、重度肠上皮化生诊断准确率分别为47.5％、78.5％和75.4％,明显高于普通型内镜组的14.9％、28.6％和34.9％,差异有显著性(P＜0.05)。结论胃粘膜肠上皮化生内镜表现除淡黄色结节型和弥漫型外,尚有鱼鳞型和瓷白色小结节型,这四种典型的肠上皮化生形态学特征,是内镜诊断肠上皮化生的特异型标志。这四种肉眼形态学特征与病理肠上皮化生程度无关,但肠上皮化生程度与内镜诊断呈平行关系。放大内镜对肠上皮化生诊断率明显高于普通型内镜。