盐酸氟桂利嗪两种制剂的生物等效性

目的评价2种盐酸氟桂利嗪制剂人体生物等效性。方法用双周期交叉实验设计,采用液相色谱-质谱-质谱联用法测定了20名健康男性受试者口服盐酸氟桂利嗪口腔崩解片和盐酸氟桂利嗪胶囊后血浆中氟桂利嗪的浓度,绘制了血药质量浓度-时间曲线并计算药动学参数。结果20名受试者口服含盐酸氟桂利嗪20 mg的受试制剂和参比制剂后血浆中氟桂利嗪的tmax分别为(2.7±0.6)和(2.5±0.6)h,ρmax分别为(55.85±20.66)和(56.74±21.40)μg.L-1,t1/2分别为(6.70±2.46)和(6.89±1.98)h,用梯形法计算,AUC0-t分别为(419.0±126.7)和(428.1±175.2)μg.h.L-1,AUC0-∞分别为(465.3±147.8)和(477.0±202.3)μg.h.L-1。以AUC0-t计算,盐酸氟桂利嗪口腔崩解片的相对生物利用度平均为(104.6±22.0)%。结论盐酸氟桂利嗪两制剂生物等效。     

盐酸氟桂利嗪胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的:比较两种盐酸氟桂利嗪胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法:20名健康男性志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服盐酸氟桂利嗪胶囊（受试制剂）与盐酸氟桂利嗪胶囊（参比制剂）20 mg,采用LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中氟桂利嗪浓度,用BAPP 2.2软件和DAS 2.1软件计算药动学参数和生物利用度。结果:口服盐酸氟桂利嗪受试制剂与参比制剂后的人体药动学参数分别为C_max（73.34±10.87）和（70.54±10.27）ng·ml^-1,t_max（4.2±1.2）和（3.8±1.1）h,t_1/2β（6.1±1.4）和（6.4±1.8）h,AUC_n～30（736.7±116.1）和（696.4±134.8）ng·h·ml^-1,AUC_0～∞（767.1±123.4）和（731.3±150.5）ng·h·ml^-1。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为（107.2±13.3）%。受试制剂AUC_0～30的90%置信区间在在参比制剂的等效范围内。结论:两种氟桂利嗪制剂生物利用度等效。     

LC-MS/MS法测定人体氟桂利嗪浓度及生物等效性评价应用

目的:建立LC-MS/MS法测定人体血浆氟桂利嗪的浓度,并研究由扬子江药业集团有限公司生产的盐酸氟桂利嗪滴丸的相对生物利用度。方法:色谱柱为Thermo Hypurity C18(150 mm×2.1 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-10 mmol/L甲酸铵(含0.1%甲酸)(65∶35,V/V);流速:0.3 mL/min;进样量:10μL;柱温:40℃,样品室温度为15℃。采用双周期随机交叉试验设计。分别给予18名男性健康受试者试验制剂或参比制剂氟桂利嗪20 mg,采用LC-MS/MS法测定给药后不同时间的血药浓度。结果:氟桂利嗪线性范围为0.38~196 ng/mL,氟桂利嗪最低检测限为0.1 ng/mL,方法灵敏、稳定、特异性高。试验制剂与参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数Cmax、tmax、AUC0-24和AUC0-∞分别为:(86±36)和(82±34)ng/mL、2.5 h(1~3 h)和3 h(2~5 h)、(725±338)和(709±320)ng.mL-1.h、(811±375)和(780±330)ng.mL-1.h。氟桂利嗪受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。结论:该方法简便、准确、重复性好,并成功地应用到人体盐酸氟桂利嗪生物等效性评价。     

马来酸依那普利片的健康人体生物等效性

目的:研究马来酸依那普利片的人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性.方法:健康志愿者20名,随机双交叉单剂量口服马来酸依那普利片试验制剂和参比制剂,剂量分别为20 mg,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定血浆中依那普利的浓度.用DAS药动学程序计算相对生物利用度并评价两种制剂生物等效性.结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的Cmax分别为(272.6±42.2)μg·L-1和(263.5±42.2)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.81±0.11)h和(0.80±0.10)h;AUC(0-∞)分别为(664.7±105.1)μg·h·L-1和(661.2±99.5)μg·h·L-1)AUC(0-inf)分别为(698.0±116.3)μg·h·L-1和(689.0±106.0)μg·h·L-1.试验制剂与参比制剂的人体相对生物利用度为(102.3±19.7)%,结论:试验制剂与参比制剂具有生物学等效性.     

盐酸曲美他嗪胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的 评价国产盐酸曲美他嗪胶囊和进口盐酸曲美他嗪包衣片的人体生物等效性.方法 20名健康男性受试者按两制剂两周期的交叉试验设计单剂量口服20 mg的参比制剂和受试制剂后,采用LE-MS法测定血浆中盐酸曲美他嗪的浓度,使用DAS 1.0软件计算药动学参数并进行生物等效性统计分析.结果 参比制剂和受试制剂的ρmax分别为(55.9±9.2)和(56.4±12.2)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(2.5±0.8)和(2.7±0.9)h;AUC0→24h分别为(493.8±82.8)和(489.8±108.4)μg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞分别为(513.7±88.6)和(510.1±116.8)μg·h·L-1;t1/2分别为(4.8±0.4)和(4.7±0.4)h.双单侧t检验结果显示受试制剂的ρmax、AUC0→24h的90%置信区间分别为参比制剂相应参数的92.0%～108.4%和91.5%～105.3%,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(99.6±16.5)%(以AUC0→24h计算).结论 国产盐酸曲美他啶胶囊与其进口包衣片具有生物等效性.     

盐酸氟桂利嗪胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的研究2种盐酸氟桂利嗪胶囊的生物等效性.方法采用两制剂双周期自身对照交叉试验设计,18例健康男性志愿者分别口服单剂量2种盐酸氟桂利嗪胶囊各20 mg(参比制剂和受试制剂),用高效液相色谱(HPLC)紫外检测法测定血浆中氟桂利嗪的浓度,采用DASl.0程序对药动学参数进行方差分析和双单侧t检验.结果参比制剂和受试制剂在受试者体内的药动学参数分别为Cmax(74.76±16.14)和(70.50±14.96)μg·L-1;Tmax(2.61±0.53)和(2.53±0.36)h;t1/2(6.45±1.13)和(6.48±1.19)h;AUC0～24 h(693.7±170.7)和(686.7±187.4)μg·h·L-1,AUC0～∞分别为(753.4±178.5)和(746.1±189.8)μg·h·L-1,受试制剂对参比制剂的平均相对生物利用度F0～∞为(99.7±16.2)%.AUC0～24 h 90%置信区间为0.921～1.049,Cmax 90%置信区间为0.893～1.000,Tmax经非参数法检验,差异无统计学意义.结论2种盐酸氟桂利嗪胶囊生物等效.     

阿奇霉素分散片人体相对生物利用度及药动学

目的:研究受试制剂阿奇霉素分散片与参比制剂人体相对生物利用度及药动学.方法:20名健康受试者自身交叉单剂量口服阿奇霉素分散片受试制剂和参比制剂各500 mg,定时取血,用微生物法测定血药浓度.结果:受试制剂阿奇霉素分散片与参比制剂的血药浓度-时间曲线基本一致,符合一级吸收二房室模型.受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数分别为:消除半衰期t1/2β:(36.1±7.8)h,(39.9±10.3)h;Tmx:(2.4±0.5)h,(2.4±0.5)h;Cmax:(413.0±72.5)μg·L-1,(404.0±69.5)μg·L-1.药动学参数经配对t检验,P＞0.05,差异均无显著性.两种制剂的药时曲线下面积AUC0→t平均值分别为:受试制剂分散片(9 806±1 308)μg·L-1·h-1,参比制剂(9 949±1 395)μg·L-1·h-1;受试制剂分散片的相对生物利用度为:(99.0±9.0)%.结论:统计学结果表明,受试制剂阿奇霉素分散片与参比制剂生物等效.     

盐酸氟桂利嗪胶囊在健康人体中的药动学和生物等效性研究

目的建立HPLCMS／MS法测定人血浆中氟桂利嗪的浓度,研究其在人体内的药物动力学行为,并评价其生物等效性。方法采用随机双周期交叉对照试验设计,20名男性健康志愿者分别单剂量口服含20mg氟桂利嗪的受试制剂和参比制剂后,用HPLGMS／MS法测定血浆中药物浓度,并利用DAS软件进行药动学参数计算和2种制剂的生物等效性评价。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药物动力学参数：tmax分别为（2．43±0．75）和（2．40±0．77）h,Cmax分别为（56．9±18．5）和（54．8±18．9）μg·L^-1,t1／2分别为（6．68±1．74）和（5．99±1．77）h,采用梯形法计算,AUC0-t分别为（382±134）和（405±151）μg·h·L^-1,AUC0-∞分别为（417±149）和（436±167）μg·h·L^-1,以AUG0-t计算,氟桂利嗪的相对生物利用度平均为（96．9±16．9）％。结论建立的分析方法快速准确、专属性强,测得的数据可靠,2种制剂在体内生物等效。     

枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片在健康人体的相对生物利用度

目的 研究两种枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片的生物等效性。方法 22例健康受试者随机交叉、单剂口服试验与参比枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片各10 mg,用HPLc法测定血浆中莫沙必利的药物浓度,计算两制剂的药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价。结果 试验与参比枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片AUC0-t分别为117.64 36.88,113.33±41.11μg·h·L-1,Cmax分别为67.27±27.27,62.67±25.68μg·L-1,tmax分别为0.50±O.23,0.75±0.31 h。枸橼酸莫沙比利分散片的相对生物利用度为(107.6±24.7)％。结论两制剂具有生物等效性,但试验药枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片达峰更快。     

氟桂利嗪胶囊剂的人体生物等效性研究

20名健康男性志愿者按双周期交叉口服单剂量20mg国产待测氟桂利嗪胶囊剂和对照氟桂利嗪胶囊剂两种制剂,分别于服药前及服药后0.5,1,1.5,2.5,3,4,6,8,12,24h采集血样.用HPLC-荧光法测定血清中氟桂利嗪的浓度,并对试验数据进行统计处理.试验结果表明,单剂量口服国产待测及参比氟桂利嗪胶囊剂的Cmax分别为54.75±14.52μg.L1和52.20±13.04 μg.L-1;tmax分别为2.40±0.45 h和2.33±0.44h;AUC0-24分别为256.56±42.32μg.h.L1和248.81±37.43μg.h.L-1;AUC0-∞分别为275.87±45.62μg.h.L1和267.48±40.10 μg.h.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.