经导管介入治疗冠状动脉瘘

目的：探讨经导管介入治疗冠状动脉瘘的方法及临床疗效。方法：经导管堵塞冠状动脉瘘14例，平均年龄7．1岁。结果：13例应用弹簧圈堵塞，平均瘘口大小为3．65mm，除3例失败外均获成功；1例（瘘口6．6mm）应用Amplatzer动脉导管未闭堵塞器堵塞成功。所有病例随访1个月－4年，均无残余分流及任何并发症。结论：经导管介入治疗冠状动脉瘘具有良好的临床疗效及安全性。可控弹簧圈一般用于堵塞瘘口较小的冠状动脉瘘，而瘘口较大的冠状动脉瘘可选用Amplatzer动脉导管未闭堵塞器。     

经心导管法封堵冠状动脉瘘的临床分析

目的探讨经心导管法封堵先天性冠状动脉瘘的技术方法、疗效和安全性。方法对6例先天性冠状动脉瘘患者进行了经心导管法封堵治疗，其中男2例，女4例，年龄5—39岁(平均14．4岁)。选择性主动脉和冠状动脉造影见右冠状动脉右室瘘3例，右冠状动脉右房瘘1例，左冠状动脉右房瘘2例。结果采用pfm弹簧圈和COOK弹簧栓子堵塞3例，Amplatzer蘑菇伞封堵3例，均获成功。3例直接将封堵器封堵瘘口；另外3例用260cm交换导丝经导管通过瘘口至右心房，用网套导管套住交换导丝并拉出股静脉，送人传送器至瘘口上方，选择不同的封堵器封堵，观察心电图正常，重复主动脉造影或冠状动脉造影无分流后释放。结论冠状动脉瘘已往均采用外科手术修复，我们选用可控弹簧圈和Amplatzer蘑菇伞封堵获得成功，提示介入疗法具有较高的治愈性，操作安全，疗效可靠。     

Coronary fistula to the right atrium: A challenge for the interventional cardiologist

Congenital coronary fistulas are rare conditions, frequently diagnosed as an incidental finding when a patient is referred for cardiac surgery for another reason. Treatment can be conservative, surgical or more recently through transcatheter closure, depending on local experience and the morphology of the fistula.The authors present the case of a pediatric patient with a large coronary artery fistula from the aorta to the right atrium. Transcatheter closure with a 16 mm Amplatzer^® vascular plug II and a 6 mm Amplatzer^® duct occluder was performed, with complete occlusion.     

Management of coronary artery fistulae. Patient selection and results of transcatheter closure

OBJECTIVES: We report short-term findings in 33 patients after transcatheter closure (TCC) of coronary artery fistulae (CAF) and compare our results with those reported in the recent transcatheter and surgical literature. BACKGROUND: Transcatheter closure of CAF has been advocated as a minimally invasive alternative to surgery. METHODS: We reviewed all patients presenting with significant CAF between January 1988 and August 2000. Those with additional complex cardiac disease requiring surgical management were excluded. RESULTS: Of 39 patients considered for TCC, occlusion devices were placed in 33 patients (85%) at 35 procedures and included coils in 28, umbrella devices in 6 and a Grifka vascular occlusion device in 1. Post-deployment angiograms demonstrated complete occlusion in 19, trace in 11, or small residual flow in 5. Follow-up echocardiograms (median, 2.8 years) in 27 patients showed no flow in 22 or small residual flow in 5. Of the 6 patients without follow-up imaging, immediate post-deployment angiograms showed complete occlusion in 5 or small residual flow in 1. Thus, complete occlusion was accomplished in 27 patients (82%). Early complications included transient ST-T wave changes in 5, transient arrhythmias in 4 and single instances of distal coronary artery spasm, fistula dissection and unretrieved coil embolization. There were no deaths or long-term morbidity. Device placement was not attempted in 6 patients (15%), because of multiple fistula drainage sites in 4, extreme vessel tortuosity in 1 and an intracardiac hemangioma in 1. CONCLUSIONS: A comparison of our results with those in the recent transcatheter and surgical literature shows similar early effectiveness, morbidity and mortality. From data available, TCC of CAF is an acceptable alternative to surgery in most patients.     

A Rare Case of Transcatheter Closure of Both Inlet and Outlet of a Left Coronary Artery-to-Left Ventricular Fistula with Giant Coronary Artery Aneurysm

A congenital coronary artery fistula (CCAF) combined with giant coronary aneurysm (CAA) is a rare congenital cardiac abnormality. We reported an 8-year-old patient who underwent transcatheter closure of both inlet and outlet of a proximal left coronary artery (LCA)-to-left ventricular (LV) fistula with CAA of 41 mm × 28 mm in diameter, during which acute occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occurred immediately after device implantation at the inlet of fistula. We managed to prevent the patient from major adverse cardiac events by conservative therapy with dual antiplatelet agents instead of surgical removal of the device. The patient recovered well and had been follow-up for 2 years with no late complications reported.     

经导管法封堵冠状动脉瘘临床分析

目的:探讨经导管法封堵中老年冠状动脉瘘的技术方法、有效性及安全性。方法:将7例先天性冠状动脉瘘患者进行了经导管封堵治疗,选择性冠状动脉造影见冠状动脉肺动脉瘘3例,冠状动脉心房瘘3例,冠状动脉右心室瘘1例。标准冠状动脉介入方法将微导管定位于瘘管的中段,经该导管输送Cook弹簧圈用于封堵直径<8mm的瘘管;巨大瘘管(直径>8mm)采用Amplatzer动脉导管封堵器(ADO)封堵。如瘘管形态不适于行弹簧圈或ADO封堵,则采用带膜支架。结果:采用Cook弹簧圈栓塞3例,ADO封堵1例,带膜支架封堵2例,另1例冠状动脉导引导丝致瘘道夹层而自行堵闭。即刻冠状动脉造影微量残余分流2例,术后心电图无特殊改变,临床症状缓解,无手术死亡及并发症。随访4个月~2年,无不适症状。结论:经导管法封堵中老年人冠状动脉瘘创伤小,安全有效,可作为合适患者的首选方法。     

Transcatheter closure of coronary artery fistulas

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter closure of coronary artery fistulas has emerged as a successful alternative to surgery. We describe various techniques and short-term findings in 15 patients who were taken up for transcatheter closure of these fistulas. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifteen patients (aged 2-55 years; 12 males) with coronary artery fistulas underwent percutaneous transcatheter closure between June 1997 and December 2002. Site of origin of these fistulas were: right coronary artery in 7, left anterior descending coronary artery in 4, left main coronary artery in 2 and left circumflex coronary artery in 2 patients. Drainage site of these fistulas were: right ventricle in 9, right atrium in 4 and pulmonary artery in 2 patients. Out of these 15 fistulas, 14 were congenital and one was iatrogenically produced following inadvertent cutting balloon angioplasty of a septal perforator in a patient with chronic total occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery. Various occlusion devices used to close these fistulas were: conventional metallic coils in 10, floppy tips of coronary angioplasty guidewires in 2, Amplatzer duct occluder in 1 and Amplatzer septal occluder in 2 patients. One of our patients had a coronary artery fistula draining by two openings into the right atrium, both of which were successfully closed using 2 Amplatzer duct occluders. Check angiogram after the procedure revealed complete occlusion in 13 (86.6%) and small residual flow in 2 patients. Follow-up studies at 3-55 months (mean 18 months) showed complete abolition of shunt in all patients with no evidence of recanalization leading to recurrence of shunt. CONCLUSION: Transcatheter closure of coronary artery fistulas is feasible and safe in the anatomically suitable vessels. Use of floppy tips of coronary angioplasty guidewires reduces the cost of the procedure significantly. which is an important consideration in developing countries like India.     

Outcomes of transcatheter embolization in the treatment of coronary artery fistulas.

Thirteen children (seven male) with coronary artery fistula underwent percutaneous transcatheter occlusion. The age range was 8 months to 14 years (mean, 6.3 years). The fistulas had their origins from the right coronary artery (six), from the left anterior descending coronary artery (three), and from the left circumflex coronary artery (four). Drainage was to the right ventricle (seven), the right atrium (three), and one each to the pulmonary artery, left atrium, and superior caval vein. The fistulas were closed with coils in 10 patients, a Rashkind double-umbrella device in 1 patient, and an Amplatzer Duct Occluder in 2 patients. Complete occlusion was achieved in 9 of 13 patients. Complications consisted of migration of coils in four and transient arrhythmias or changes in the resting electrocardiogram in four patients. Follow-up studies 1 to 31 months (mean, 14.6 months) after occlusion noted only four patients with trivial (clinically insignificant) residual shunts. Owing to various coronary fistula morphologies, transcatheter occlusion requires availability of different embolization techniques. Short-term follow-up supports persistent clinical efficacy and transcatheter closure techniques as the initial form of therapy.     

先天性心脏病冠状动脉瘘的介入治疗

收集近年来国内外先天性冠状动脉瘘100例介入文献与85例手术文献,分析冠状动脉瘘的类型,治疗方法及预后。冠状动脉瘘起源于左冠状动脉多见,出口多在右心。单一冠状动脉瘘可以考虑以经导管介入封堵治疗,这是创伤小,相对安全有效的治疗手段且预后良好,适宜推广。合并其他先天性畸形者或冠状动脉病变者以及介入治疗失败者考虑手术治疗。     

Successful transcatheter coil embolization of coronary artery fistula in an infant

Congenital coronary artery fistula is a rare anomaly that can cause several types of morbidity as well as mortality. Recently, transcatheter coil embolization for congenital coronary artery fistula has been advocated as an effective alternative to surgical repair and is associated with a low morbidity and good clinical outcome. We report a 49-day-old infant who had tachycardia, tachypnea, prolonged and interrupted feeding, cardiomegaly, and continuous murmur, and who underwent successful transcatheter coil embolization for a congenital right coronary artery fistula. At review 1 year after coil occlusion showed that serial plain chest radiographs, myocardial enzyme analysis, electrocardiography, and wall motion on echocardiography were normal.     

Left coronary artery-to-right atrium fistula: an evaluation of MSCT angiography before and after transcatheter closure with a PDA occluder

The MSCT manifestations of a left coronary artery-to-right atrium fistula before and after the transcatheter closure were reported. Before treatment, MSCT showed a dilated left coronary sinus and the dilated left main trunk, which coursed along the coronary sulcus to form the left circumflex artery, draining directly into the right atrium in the left middle part. The fistula was occluded with a PDA occluder. Four days after the occlusion, MSCT showed that the fistula was completely occluded and there was massive thrombosis in the central part and around the occluder. The thrombus was found even in the segment near to the start point of the oblique marginal artery.     

Transcatheter closure of coronary arterial fistulas using the new Amplatzer vascular plug

We report our initial experience in using the Amplatzer vascular plug for closure of coronary arterial fistulas. The self-expanding, cylindrical, device is made from Nitinol wire mesh, and is available from 4 to 16 millimetres in diameter. We have now used the device to close fistulas in 3 patients, aged from 3 to 14 years, who presented with ratios of pulmonary-to-systemic flow from 1.5 to 3. In 2 patients, fistulas arising from the proximal right and left coronary arteries, with maximal diameters of 9 and 10 millimetres, respectively, had their narrowest diameter, of 6 millimetres, proximal to the entrance into the right atrium via a saccular aneurysm. The third fistula, with a maximal diameter of 16 millimetres, and with its origin from the circumflex coronary artery, entered the right atrium with nearly unrestricted flow, its narrowest diameter being 8 millimetres. For interventional closure, we chose plugs twice the diameter of the narrowest segment of the fistula, thus using 2 devices of 12 millimetres and one of 16 millimetres diameter. An arteriovenous loop was established through the fistula by snaring an exchange guide wire. Using a 7 or 8 French guide catheter inserted through the femoral vein, all plugs were placed at the narrowest segment of the fistula, leading to immediate complete closure of 2 fistulas. The third patient, with a fistula of the circumflex coronary artery, who received the largest plug initially had residual flow, but the fistula was found to be completely occluded at 12 months follow-up examination. We have demonstrated, therefore, safe and effective usage of the new vascular plug for transcatheter closure of moderate- to large-sized coronary arterial fistulas. The plug offers an alternative to cardiac surgery, or occlusion using coils.     

Congenital coronary fistulas: the most frequent congenital coronary anomaly

Congenital arteriovenous coronary fistulae are a rare condition of a direct communication between a coronary artery and one of the cardiac chambers, the coronary sinus, the superior vena cava or the pulmonary artery. In most instances the diagnosis is made during heart catheterization for coronary or congenital heart disease. Whether congenital coronary artery fistulae should be treated by transcatheter intervention or surgery and in which patients fistula closure should be performed is controversial. This report summarizes our experience of the surgical treatment of congenital arteriovenous coronary fistulae in 14 patients at the Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin between March 1988 and April 1997. There were seven females and seven males aged from 3 to 67 years (mean 47 years). We analyzed the symptomatic status (NYHA class) preoperatively and in the late outcome, the preoperative angiographic data and the surgical techniques. The right coronary artery was affected in six, the left in six, and both arteries in two cases. The fistulae drained into the pulmonary artery in eight cases, into the superior vena cava and into the right atrium in two cases, and into the right ventricle and into the coronary sinus once. Fistula closure was unsuccessfully attempted interventionally in two patients and surgically in one patient in another institution. Twelve of the patients exhibited additional cardiac disease requiring surgery: seven cases presented additional coronary artery disease, one mitral valve disease, one persistent ductus arteriosus, one an aneurysm of the right coronary artery, and two an atrial septal defect. We performed fistula closure either by ligating or transsecting the fistula as well as by closure of the fistula's drainage opening. Surgery and postoperative courses were uneventful in all patients. Most of the patients (93%) were in good clinical condition (NYHA I-II) after a mean follow-up period of 6.6 years (range 3-11). Fistula closure should be performed in patients who are symptomatic or who have a hemodynamic relevant shunt. In asymptomatic patients and small left-to-right shunt, fistula closure should also be performed to prevent later complications. Surgical fistula closure should be employed in patients with larger and more complex fistulae, especially if interventional therapy failed, and for patients with additional cardiac conditions that necessitate surgery.     

An unusual case of an accessory coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula: successful closure with transcatheter coil embolization

Coronary artery fistulae (CAF) are rare congenital anomalies. Surgical ligation is the standard treatment for symptomatic CAF, but is associated with higher morbidity. In a select group of patients, transcatheter coil embolization (TCE) is a reasonable alternative to standard surgical treatment. In this article, we present a unique (not previously reported) case of a tortuous accessory anomalous right coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula with coronary steal phenomenon. TCE of highly tortuous fistulae can be technically difficult and are usually referred for surgery. In this case report we describe how utilization of adult coronary interventional wires and balloon catheters may help overcome some of the technical difficulties encountered with catheter-based closure of CAF.     

Transcatheter embolization of coronary to pulmonary artery fistula with coronary steal phenomenon—a case report

Percutaneous transcatheter closure technique of a coronary artery fistula with a coil was performed in a 32-year-old man who had stable angina pectoris and myocardial ischemia in thalium myocard scintigraphy. Complete closure of the fistula without any complications was confirmed by angiography after the procedure. Angina pectoris disappeared and thalium scintigraphy was normal after the transcatheter embolization of fistula.     

Transcatheter closure of right coronary artery fistula to the right ventricle

Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is an uncommon anomaly that is usually congenital but can be acquired. Although most patients are asymptomatic, some may present with congestive heart failure, infective endocarditis, myocardial ischemia or rupture. In the past, surgical ligation was the only option in the management of CAF, but since 1983, transcatheter closure of CAF has been increasing as an alternative to surgery. We report a 3-year-old boy, presented in Queen Alia Heart Institute, who underwent successful transcatheter closure of a large fistula communicating the distal part of the right coronary artery to the right ventricle. Our case differs from other CAFs in that the fistula was communicating the right coronary artery itself to the right ventricle.     

经导管封堵主动脉窦瘤破口的临床评价

目的 探讨经导管封堵主动脉窦瘤破裂的临床效果.方法 8例患者,年龄17～44岁.其中5例为主动脉右冠状动脉窦瘤破裂入右心室,破口直径2.5～13 mm;2例为主动脉右冠状动脉窦瘤破裂入右心房,破口直径4～8 mm;1例为主动脉无冠状动脉窦瘤破裂入右心室,破口直径6 mm.7例为先天性,1例为获得性（医源性）.通过建立股动脉-主动脉窦瘤破口-右心室（或右心房）-右心房-股静脉的轨道,透视下经股静脉置入合适的动脉导管未闭封堵器,所选择的封堵器直径较破口大（2～5 mm）.结果 5例患者封堵成功,无并发症发生.随访2～4年,5例患者症状和体征均消失,超声证实封堵器形态位置良好,无残余分流、栓塞、细菌性心内膜炎、主动脉瓣反流等发生.1例封堵后1周封堵器脱落,脱入右下肺动脉,转外科手术取出封堵器同时行主动脉窦瘤修补.1例因破口大置入封堵器后影响右冠状动脉开口,放弃介入治疗转外科手术治疗.1例置入封堵器后因主动脉瓣反流,放弃封堵治疗继续观察.结论 术前选择合适的患者,经导管主动脉窦瘤破口封堵术为一种微创、安全和有效的治疗方法.其中、远期疗效良好,临床应用前景较好.     

Successful closure for a case of congenital coronary artery fistula using a patent ductus arteriosus occluder

We describe a case of transcatheter occlusion of a large and tortuose coronary artery fistula in an 8-year-old girl. During 2.5 years' of follow-up, she had no complaints and developed normally. This method of reserving the guide wire in cardiac catheterisation is extremely useful. Through the application of a patent ductus arteriosus occluder, the transcatheter closure of coronary artery fistulas proves to be a safe, feasible, and cost-effective option to surgery.     

Transcatheter closure of large congenital coronary‐cameral fistulae with Amplatzer devices

Objectives : To report on the methods and results of treatment of large congenital coronary‐cameral fistulae by transcatheter closure with Amplatzer devices. Background : Large coronary‐cameral fistulae cause a steal phenomenon from the normal coronary circulation. Surgical closure is an option. However, transcatheter methods allow for temporary occlusion, definition of anatomy, and online assessment of successful closure. Amplatzer devices are compact occluders that can be fully delivered, collapsed, and repositioned until a satisfactory position is attained. Methods : Coronary and fistula anatomy were defined by selective coronary angiography with or without temporary occlusion. Device closure of the fistula was performed at the most distal point accessible, often from the cameral side using an arteriovenous loop method. Results : Ten patients of median age 2.6 years (0.5–52.2) and weight 14.4 kg (6.1–67) underwent an attempt at transcatheter closure of a large fistula. In nine patients, the fistula was closed successfully with a device. There were no complications. Conclusions : Transcatheter closure of coronary‐cameral fistula with Amplatzer devices is safe and effective. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

It hurts to swallow! Pseudoachalasia resulting from attempted transcatheter occlusion of a giant congenital coronary artery fistula

Congenital coronary artery fistula (CAF) is a rare anomaly that can cause heart failure and myocardial ischemia. In recent decades, transcatheter approaches to occlude CAF have emerged as minimally invasive alternatives to surgical ligation. Reported complications with transcatheter CAF occlusion include device embolization and dissection. We report the first case of attempted transcatheter occlusion of a giant CAF that resulted in severe pseudoachalasia.