产絮凝剂菌株发酵工艺的优化

目的 研究产絮凝剂菌株B5的最佳培养基组成和最佳发酵条件.方法 通过单因子实验研究不动杆菌B5(Acinetobacter sp.B5)产絮凝剂的最佳碳源、氮源和无机盐,并通过正交设计实验确定菌株B5产絮凝剂的最佳条件.结果 培养基的最佳碳源、氮源和无机盐分别为葡萄糖、硫酸铵和CaCl2,葡萄糖含量为2.0%,初始pH值为7.0,培养温度为30℃,摇床转速为160 r/min,培养时间为24 h,装液量为50 ml(250 ml三角瓶),接种量为0.2 ml时,絮凝率最高(76.85%).采用在最佳发酵条件下菌株B5的发酵液处理乳品厂废水、生活污水、印染厂废水等废水样品的絮凝率为88.4%～97.2%,其中,以对乳品厂废水的絮凝率最高(97.2%).可见菌株B5的发酵液对乳品厂废水和生活废水的絮凝效果较好.结论 菌株B5产生的絮凝剂可有效地处理各类废水.     

粪便废水絮凝处理的实验研究

对粪便废水絮凝处理的药剂进行了初步筛选,选定常用絮凝剂硫酸铝、聚合氯化铝和聚丙烯酰胺(包括3种类型)进行了单独絮凝和复配絮凝的实验研究,优选出最佳絮凝剂.结果表明:对于500 mL水样,在pH 7.5、0.2%硫酸铝投加量8 mL、0.2%PAM(阳离子型,分子质量1 500万u)投加量1.5 mL的条件下,废水的色度、浊度、CODCr的去除率分别达到94.3%、96.0%和58.2%,絮凝效果较理想.     

甲壳素-壳聚糖处理造纸废水的研究

目的 研究由甲壳素的制备壳聚糖对造纸废水处理的效果. 方法考察了pH 值、壳聚糖用量、搅拌速率及絮凝时间等对COD去除率和透光率的影响.结果 得出最佳实验条件: pH值6.56. 7,搅拌速率120 r/min, 絮凝时间12 h, 壳聚糖用量为50 ml废水中加入2 ml 1%的壳聚糖醋酸溶液,在此条件下废水COD去除率可达65%以上,透光率为98%以上,处理效果明显优于无机絮凝剂硫酸铝;[将壳聚糖与硫酸铝进行配比制得复合净水剂处理废水,可进一步提高COD的去除率,去除率可达85%以上.结论 该絮凝剂既可有较高COD去除率,又可以避免二次污染,有较好的环保效果.     

含有机物废水的改性木质素磺酸盐絮凝处理研究

目的研究改性木质素磺酸盐的合成条件和用改性木质素磺酸盐处理有机物废水的最佳絮凝条件。方法通过正交试验确定絮凝剂的合成条件[木质素与单体的质量比、反应时间、催化剂(一种盐和过氧化物的混合物)浓度],通过试验确定改性木质素磺酸盐处理有机物废水的最佳条件[(改性)木质素磺酸盐投加量、接触时间、温度]。结果当木质素:单体(质量比)为1:3,催化剂含量为2 mol/L,反应时间为5 h时,可得到絮凝效果较好的改性木质素磺酸盐。在室温下用40 mg/L改性木质素磺酸盐处理100 ml含有机物废水2 h,可使有机物废水的浑浊度、COD_(cr)和UV_(254)的去除率分别达97.4%,74.3%和61.4%以上。结论改性木质素磺酸盐可有效地处理含有机物的废水。     

某低放废水处理站的调试运行

某新建低放废水处理站主要采用絮凝沉淀、超滤和离子交换工艺处理低放废水,其废水处理可根据不同需求进行工艺组合,所选用的絮凝沉淀+过滤+超滤+离子交换处理工艺,经调试与运行后,处理效率可达99.98%,出水浓度可降为0.2 Bq/L,处理后的废水满足排放要求。     

大蒜切片废水的纳滤加反渗透低温高压浓缩法

目的通过对大蒜切片废水采用纳滤加反渗透低温高压浓缩的处理,测定浓缩回收之后的浓缩液和清液中大蒜素和大蒜多糖浓度含量的变化,检测该方法的效果和可行性。方法金乡某大蒜加工厂大蒜切片废水经过纳滤加反渗透低温高压浓缩两级处理之后分别得到浓缩液和清样。对清液运用高效液相色谱法和蒽酮比色法分别测定大蒜切片废水原液、一级纳滤处理后浓液和清液、二级反渗透处理后浓液和清液中的大蒜素和大蒜多糖的浓度,对浓缩废液进行了絮凝沉淀和压滤处理。结果一级纳滤浓缩处理后大蒜素回收率为7.8%,大蒜多糖回收率为87.8%,二级反渗透处理浓缩之后总的回收率大蒜素为71.1%,大蒜多糖回收率为98.3%。结论采用纳滤加反渗透低温高压新工艺对大蒜切片废水进行预处理可使大蒜素和大蒜多糖得到高效的分离与回收,且清样和经絮凝沉淀及压滤处理之后的浓缩液达到了直接排放的标准。该工艺处理简单,无污染,大蒜素和大蒜多糖的回收率高,为纳滤加反渗透低温高压浓缩处理工艺方法的推广和利用提供数据支持和参考。     

絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及在偶氮染料废水处理中的应用

目的 获得高效处理偶氮染料废水的微生物絮凝剂产生菌并研究其在偶氮染料废水处理中的应用.方法 从活性污泥中经过初筛和复筛分离筛选高效絮凝剂产生菌,经生理、生化鉴定初步确定其种属.研究菌株所产微生物絮凝剂(microbial flocculant,MBF)的性质及其处理偶氮染料甲基橙模拟废水的能力.结果 筛选到一株高效絮凝剂产生菌AJ-6,初步确定其为产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes sp).其所产MBF对高岭土悬液的絮凝率达94.4%,对粉煤灰絮凝率达98.9%.MBF的活性成分94.26%存在于离心后的上清液中.将该微生物絮凝剂处理偶氮染料甲基橙模拟废水,当pH值为9,MBF的投加量为3 ml/L.时有良好的处理效果,CODcr去除率和脱色率分别高达81.3%和94.2%,其处理效果明显优于聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、硫酸铝[(Al2(SO4)3)]、硫酸亚铁(FeSO4)等无机和有机高分子絮凝剂.该微生物絮凝剂具有较好的热稳定性,动物急性毒性试验表明小鼠对该絮凝剂无急性毒性反应.结论 分离筛选得到的AJ-6产碱杆菌株能产生高效MBF,可有效地处理偶氮染料废水,具有良好的应用前景.     

高效天然阳离子絮凝剂RHNF的结构及其性能研究

以稻壳为母体,以阳离子醚化剂为改性剂,合成天然阳离子型絮凝剂RHNF.通过红外光谱、扫描电镜、热重分析表征了RHNF的微观结构和性能,并通过絮凝实验分别考察了该新型絮凝剂的整体效果、空间效果、稳定性、沉降速度以及絮体形态,同时分别对不同实际废水进行絮凝效果的考察,结果表明该絮凝剂具有良好的稳定性和絮凝性能,是一种新型绿色、环保、友好型水处理药剂.     

太西煤煤基吸附剂对苯酚废水处理的研究

目的研究太西煤做为吸附剂用于苯酚废水的处理。方法采用吸附法处理50.0 ml浓度为100 mg/L的模拟苯酚废水,分别考察了太西煤吸附剂的制备方式[破碎处理、球磨处理及化学处理(丙酮、30%双氧水、65%浓硝酸)]、灰分(6%~20%)、粒度(60~200目)及实验条件[搅拌时间(30~360 h)、太西煤吸附剂用量(0.5~5 g)、p H值(1~10)、温度(25~60℃)、苯酚浓度(50~250 mg/L)]对废水中苯酚的去除效果。结果在室温下处理时间180 min,太西煤粉末(10%灰分,粒度为200目)用量3 g,p H为2~8时,对废水中苯酚的去除率达到97%以上。结论太西煤经过球磨机加工成粉末后具有良好的去除苯酚的能力,成本低,后续处理简单,可做为工业苯酚废水的去除剂。     

杂多酸光催化还原回收废水中银的试验探讨

目的回收处理废水中的银离子。方法采用杂多酸作光催化剂在紫外光照射下回收废水中的重金属银离子。探讨异丙醇浓度、磷钨杂多酸浓度、光照时间、银离子浓度等因素对光催化还原废水中银离子回收率的影响。结果在最优化实验条件下,杂多酸光催化还原回收处理废水中银离子的回收率达99．63％。结论可将杂多酸作光催化还原剂应用于处理和回收废水中的银离子。     

氯澳异氰尿酸对含氰废水和氰化物污染饮用水处理研究

本文利用氯溴异氰尿酸对含氰废水(电镀废水)和氰化物污染饮用水进行处理,处理后的废水和饮用水含CN~-量低于国家规定标准。对采用给水装备及用RHBrCl、Na_3PO_4、Al_2(SO_4)_3联合处理含氰饮用水作了探讨。     

基于PLC和触摸屏的数字闭环流量控制水处理系统的设计及应用

介绍了松下电工微型PLC-FP0、台湾和可公司的MT-500触摸屏的特点,以及基于它们的数字闭环流量控制水处理系统的设计及应用。该控制系统是一种应用于血液透析水处理系统的新型技术,通过安装在不同部位的数字电子流量传感器实时的将信号送入PLC内置的PID调节器,经PID运算输出,控制电动流量调节阀对废水流量进行调节,使水处理机始终处于合理的工作模式下,最大限度的提高用水的利用率,从而达到节水节能的目的。     

Drinking water consumption patterns in Canadian communities (2001-2007)

A pooled analysis of seven cross-sectional studies from Newfoundland and Labrador, Waterloo and Hamilton Regions, Ontario and Vancouver, East Kootenay and Northern Interior Regions, British Columbia (2001 to 2007) was performed to investigate the drinking water consumption patterns of Canadians and to identify factors associated with the volume of tap water consumed. The mean volume of tap water consumed was 1.2 L/day, with a large range (0.03 to 9.0 L/day). In-home water treatment and interactions between age and gender and age and bottled water use were significantly associated with the volume of tap water consumed in multivariable analyses. Approximately 25% (2,221/8,916) of participants were classified as bottled water users, meaning that 75% or more of their total daily drinking water intake was bottled. Approximately 48.6% (4,307/8,799) of participants used an in-home treatment method to treat their tap water for drinking purposes. This study provides a broader geographic perspective and more current estimates of Canadian water consumption patterns than previous studies. The identified factors associated with daily water consumption could be beneficial for risk assessors to identify individuals who may be at greater risk of waterborne illness.     

某自来水厂水质深度处理卫生学预评价

目的 为解决嘉兴市区平原河网水质有机物污染问题,该市采用水质深度处理方法应用于生活饮用水处理,并对该方法的应用效果和建设项目所涉及的有关卫生问题进行预评价。方法 选择国内外与建设项目类似的水厂进行类比调查,并通过中试试验,采用现场勘查、审查设计图、生产工艺流程、布局以及所采用的深度水处理方法、用材等进行综合卫生学评价。结果 水质深度处理方法能明显提高对原水中有机物的去除率,经中试试验化学耗氧量(CODMn)比常规处理提高95．57％,总有机碳(TOC)提高25．35％,色度提高32．8％,氨氮提高37．4％,Ames试验由阳性转为阴性。同时,使矾耗降低33％,加氯量节约50％;水质纯净度和口感得到提高。水处理工艺先进,设计布局,流程合理。结论 该项目对解决嘉兴市区水源有机物污染,提高水处理净化效果和供水水质是有效的。     

New approaches to virus removal: the way to produce virus-free drinking water

Virus control in drinking water is considered one of the serious problems to be encountered in the near future. Trials to remove viruses from drinking water were directed to enhance water treatment processes, use of different disinfectants or use of a good virus adsorbent material. In the present study, four materials were prepared, dimethylaniinoethyl chitin, chitosan and cellulose and starch acrylate and examined for adsorption of hepatitis A virus from drinking water. Also, three types of eluates (3% beef extract-glycine, 3% beef Virus control in drinking water is considered one of the serious problems to be encountered in the near future. Trials to remove viruses from drinking water were directed to enhance water treatment processes, use of different disinfectants or use of a good virus adsorbent material. In the present study, four materials were prepared, dimethylaniinoethyl chitin, chitosan and cellulose and starch acrylate and examined for adsorption of hepatitis A virus from drinking water. Also, three types of eluates (3% beef extract-glycine, 3% beef extract and glycine) were used for virus recovery from adsorbed materials. The results obtained showed that dimethylaminoethyl chitosan was a good adsorbent (99.16%) and the three eluents were poorly desorb viruses.     

Observations of the effects of formaldehyde on cockroaches and their flora: III. The effect of formaldehyde in eliminating the normal gut flora.

The normal flora of cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) was determined over a period of 24 days prior to substituting water with 1% Formalin for drinking water. During the first 4 days of treatment the normal flora was significantly reduced and by the fifth day, when the cockroaches became diarrhoeic, no bacteria, fungi, or viruses could be detected by the methods used.     

Observations of the effects of formaldehyde on cockroaches and their flora: III. The effect of formaldehyde in eliminating the normal gut flora

The normal flora of cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) was determined over a period of 24 days prior to substituting water with 1% Formalin for drinking water. During the first 4 days of treatment the normal flora was significantly reduced and by the fifth day, when the cockroaches became diarrhoeic, no bacteria, fungi, or viruses could be detected by the methods used.     

Serpulina pilosicoli,waterbirds and water: potential sources of infection for humans and other animals.

Serpulina pilosicoli was isolated from 8 of 43 (19%) faecal specimens obtained from feral waterbirds sampled around a small lake at Perth Zoological Gardens, Western Australia, and from 3 of 7 (43%) samples of the lake water. The organism was only isolated from 1 of 204 (0.5%) samples from captive birds and animals in the zoological collection. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis of the isolates showed that they were genetically diverse, and none had identical electrophoretic profiles as those previously obtained from human beings, dogs, pigs and other avian species. To determine the survival time of S. pilosicoli in water, cells of strain 1648 were seeded into lake and tap water, and incubated at 4, 25 and 37 degrees C. The organism could be recultured from lake water for up to 66 days at 4 degrees C, and for 4 days at 25 degrees C. A healthy human volunteer who drank water seeded with S. pilosicoli strain Wes B became colonized, and developed abdominal discomfort and headaches. Contamination of water by faeces may represent a source of S. pilosicoli infection for both humans and animals.     

高通量检测在水厂处理工艺中的应用

目的探讨高通量检测在水厂处理工艺中的应用。方法本文尝试利用高通量分析从源头水(西江末端磨刀门地表水),各个水处理工艺出水,出厂处理水以及城市内的管网水,希望利用实验结果,分析从源头至用户端水体内微生物种类、族群组成及变化情况。结果分析相似度97%OTU种类结果显示,水厂具有良好的微生物去除效果,以前加氯结合混凝效果最为显著,最高去除物种数目可达到91. 03%,符合预期。另一方面,水厂内部由于长期运行,过往无法去除的微生物可能由内部运行后产生二次污染。结论最后检测每个样品的DNA序列结果,经过水厂整个处理工序后,出厂水没有找到具高危性的致病菌,可以确保饮用水的安全性。     

纸片快速法监测地表水中粪大肠菌群的探讨

目的 建立粪大肠菌快速监测方法,以适应地表水微生物污染事故应急监测需求。方法 选择沈阳市新开河地表水,采用纸片快速法与多管发酵法进行对比实验。结果 用两种方法检测水样粪大肠菌群符合三类水质的合格率均为59.1％,粪大肠菌群阳性纸片率(54.24％)与阴性管率(53.76％)差异无显著性(X2=0.08,/>0.05)。两法所得粪大肠菌群MPN值差异无显著性(t=0.269,P>0.05)。结论 说明纸片法可以作为地表水粪大肠菌群快速监测方法。