单采血浆还输血细胞供血者中疟疾感染的血清流行…

调查单采浆是否为疟疾感染的危险因素，方法：采用ＩＦＡＴ法检测疟疾与非疟疾对照血清。结果：疟疾患者ＩＦＡ阳性率为６２．０５％，抗体阳性者ＧＭＲＴ为４０．２７；非疟疾病人ＩＦＡ阳性率为５．３２％，抗体阳性者ＧＭＲＴ为２６．１１。无论疟疾还是非疟疾对照，男女抗体阳性率无统计学差异。     

疟疾患者丙型肝炎病毒感染原因的血清学研究

本文报告了９７例疟疾患者丙型肝炎病毒感染的原因，发现疟疾患者丙型肝炎病毒抗体阳性率为７１．１３％，其中有单采血浆还输血细胞献血史者为８９．７１％，有受血史者为６４．２９％，而既无单采浆史又无受血史者无一例抗－ＨＣＶ阳性。有单采浆史的疾病例和同村有单采浆史的非疾病例之间的－ＨＣＶ阳性率无显著不同，且二者均显著高于同村既无单采浆史又无受血史的非疾人群，说明有单采浆史的疾病例ＨＣＶ感染与单采浆有关，有受     

单采血浆还输血细胞供血者中疟疾感染的血清流行病学研究

目的：调查单采浆是否为疟疾感染的危险因素。方法：采用IFAT法检测疟疾与非疟疾对照血清。结果：疟疾患者IFA阳性率为62．05％，抗体阳性者GMRT为40．27；非疟疾病人IFA阳性率为5．32％，抗体阳性者GMRT为26．11。无论疟疾还是非疟疾对照，男女抗体阳性率无统计学差异。不同年龄人群阳性率以18－49岁组为高。进一步分析，单采浆供血者疟疾！FA阳性率为64．08％，受血者及其他人群疟疾分别为52．63％和40．00％；非疟疾中的单采浆供血者为16．n％，未成年人、受血者和供全血者未发现抗体阳性者，其他成人阳性率仅为1．08％。结论：单采浆是疟疾感染的危险因素，同时证明该地蚊传疟疾已经中断。病后投药和血标本采集早迟，是影响疟疾IFA阳性率的因素。     

河北省1993年疟疾流行因素的调查分析

本文分析了河北省１９９３年疟疾流行因素及其流行特征。病例的８３．１３％为献血员，１０．６３％为受血者，另外６．２４％的病例既无献血史又无受血史。病例对照研究表明，单采血浆还输血细胞（简称单采浆）和受血是疟疾发病的危险因素，而与外出、献全血、医疗针刺和蚊虫因素无关。进一步调查５个自然村，发现单采浆献血员疟疾发病率为４．１４％，献全血和无献血史成人无一人发病。血站在单采浆过程中的血液交叉污染是引起本次     

单采血浆还输血细胞引起疟疾和丙型肝炎的流行病学研究

报告５个自然村的中青年人群中疟疾和丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）感染的流行病学调查结果。结果表明单采血浆还输血细胞献血者（简称单采桨献血者）疟疾发病率和ＨＣＶ感染率分别为４．１４％和８４．０６％。双重感染率为３．７２％，疟疾患者合并ＨＣＶ感染率为８９．７４％。单采浆献血者疟疾和ＨＣＶ感染率均显著高于非单采浆献血者。病例对照研究表明，单采浆是疟疾和ＨＣＶ感染的危险因素。调查证实：单采浆血站在采血、离心分浆和血细胞还输过程中的血液交叉污染，是造成疟疾发病和ＨＣＶ感染的原因。     

应用IFAT对湖北省不同疟区低年龄组人群进行流行病学调查

对仙桃，广水，恩施３市的６～１５岁儿童进行间接荧光抗体试验（ＩＦＡＴ）及带虫率调查。结果表明，ＩＦＡＴ阳性率分别为１．８９％，０．７６％，０．３７％，带虫率分别为０．２７％，０、０。ＩＦＡＴ的阳性率明显高于带虫率，结果提示，在低疟区，由于传染源尚水完全根除，低年龄组人群免疫力低下，因此，必须加强重点人群（疟疾病人，流动人口）的管理，防止疟疾暴发流行。     

肾综合征出血热Ⅰ型灭活疫苗血清学免疫效果研究

采用０、７、２８天３针免疫程序接种ＨＦＲＳⅠ型灭活疫苗，１年后加强１针，采用间接免疫荧光法（ＩＦＡＴ）和微量细胞病变中和试验（ＭＣＰＫＮＴ）法分别检测血清荧光和中和抗体。本次研究共全程接种１０１７８人，对照１６１５９人。全程接种后两周荧光抗体阳性率为９８．５５％（６８／６９），中和抗体阳性率为４４．８３％，几何平均滴度分别为６９．３６和４．４４，经两个流行期的观察，接种组无发病，对照组发病１５例，人群保护率达１００％。接种疫苗１年后血清荧光抗体阳性率为２７．８７％，中和抗体阳性率为１６．６７％，几何平均滴度分别下降到１９．２０和２．８１，加强针两周后血清荧光抗体阳性率上升到８４．２１％，中和抗体阳性率上升到５６．６７％，几何平均滴度分别上升到１９．５７和５．００。     

肾综合征出血热I型灭活疫苗血清学免疫效果研究

采用０、７、２８天３针免疫程序接种ＨＦＲＳⅠ型灭活疫苗，１年后加强１针，采用间接免疫荧光法（ＩＦＡＴ）和微量细胞病变中和试验９ＭＣＰＫＮＴ）法分别检测血清荧光和中和抗体。本次研究共全程接种１０１７８人，对照１６１５９人。全程接种后两周荧光抗体阳性率为９８．５５％（６８／６９），中和抗体阳性率为４４．８３％，几何平均滴度分别为６９．３６和４．４４，经两个流行期的观察，接种组无发病，对照组发病１５例，     

应用间接荧光抗体试验检测疟疾抗体

１９９３～１９９４年广西卫生厅组织疟疾考核组对１５个县（市）１３５个乡的１８６个自然村屯、以及１６个农、林、矿场的近两年没有到过外地的居民进行间接荧光抗体试验（ＩＦＡＴ）和血检，共检查１２２８０人，疟原虫阳性４人，阳性率为０．０３％，ＩＦＡＴ抗体阳性（≥１：２０）２４人，阳性率为０．２０％     

安徽省肾综合征出血热沙鼠肾细胞Ⅰ型灭活疫苗免疫性及其流行 …

采用ＥＬＩＳＡ、ＩＦＡ检测特异性抗体,ＭＣＰＥＮＴ检测中和抗体和ＨＩ,进行血清学分型。结果：选择姬鼠型疫区,接种沙鼠肾细胞Ⅰ型灭活出血热疫苗安全性较好。免疫后４２知ＨＦＲＳ．Ｖ．ＩｇＧ抗体阳性率为９６．４３％,ＧＭＴ＝３５．１８,１８０天有明显下降,加强免疫两周后阳性率达１００％,而且１２００天仍有３６．３６％人群存在１：１０（＋）抗体;ＭＣＰＥＮＴ抗体较ＩＦＡ抗体阳性率低,但疫苗免疫人群具有特异     

庚型肝炎传播途径及相关危险因素探讨

目的：了解献血员中HGV感染状况,探讨感染的危险因素以及是否存在输血之外的传播途径。方法：采用ELISA法和RT－PCR法,对泰安市189名无偿献血员、404名职业献血员、169名单采血浆献血员进行抗－HCV和HGVRNA检测;并对部分抗－HGV阳性献血员及其家属进行流行病学调查。结果：三种献血员人群抗－HGV阳性率分别为1．59％（3／189）、0．99％4／404）和5．33％（9／169）;HGVRNA阳性率分别为0％、0．25％（1／404）和2．37％（4／169）。流行病学调查显示可能存在经母婴传播和性行为传播的感染者。结论：单采血浆和不洁注射为感染危险因素;HGV有可能经母婴垂直和性行为传播。     

河北省1993年疟疾流行因素的病例对照研究

本文通过病例对照研究的方法，报告了河北省１９９３年疟疾流行的危险因素。结果表明，输血、献血和单采浆是发病的危险因素，其中单采浆是最危险的，而与外出、献全血和院内有牛棚无统计学联系。     

单采浆还输血球献血员中丙型肝炎病毒感染的流行病学和血清学研究

本文报告单采浆献血员中丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染的流行病学和血清学研究结果。通过对5个自然村3 496人流行病学调查表明,单采浆献血员肝炎现患率和单项ALT异常率分别为17.10%和23.23%,二者均显著高于全血献血员和非献血员成人。经排除法证明,上述肝炎患者绝大多数为肠道外传播的非甲非乙型肝炎。后将部分单采浆献血员肝炎病例和单项ALT异常者的血清标本,送美国疾病控制中心检测,抗-HCV阳性率分别为97.06%和100%。证实为HCV感染。流行病学调查表明,单采浆献血员HC流行是由单采浆还输血球过程中交叉感染引起的。     

Transfusion practice in isolated areas: prevention of HIV transmission

HIV transmission is the greatest single risk of blood transfusion today. The World Health Organization estimated in late 1900 that 8-10 million persons worldwide were HIV seropositive. In Africa, 10% of adult and 25% of early childhood HIV infections are believed to be caused by contaminated transfusions. 90% of patients transfused with contaminated blood will become infected. The other serious infectious risks of transfusion are hepatitis B, malaria, and syphilis. Accidents and complications of transfusion can be avoided if transfusions are limited to absolute indications, clinical examinations of donors are thorough, the blood group is reliably determined, and testing of blood for HIV is reliably conducted. Transfusions not formally indicated are now formally contraindicated. The vital risk if the patient is not transfused must be assessed before the transfusion is done, as should the risk of transmitting infection through the transfusion. When emergencies occur in isolated areas, the donor is often a family member or person accompanying the patient. The blood of the donor as well as of the patient must be typed. The medical history and clinical examination of the donor to exclude contraindications must be thorough. The physical contraindications to blood donation are infectious disorders and especially AIDS, a history of untreated syphilis or jaundice, and recent malaria. Blood should never be donated by persons with fever, jaundice, cutaneous lesions suggesting syphilis or AIDS, clinical anemia, or cardiac insufficiency. Pregnant women and children under 15 should not donate blood. Aseptic conditions must be maintained during all handling of the blood. ABO and rhesus grouping and testing for HIV infection must be done in all cases. ELISA tests are most often used for blood screening, but the rapid tests developed a few years ago are equally reliable and more suited to isolated medical facilities or those that perform few transfusions. Because the tests give false positive results in a significant proportion of cases, they should be repeated before a positive result is reported. The results of an HIV test, whether positive or negative, should only be reported to the donor if information on the consequences of a positive test has been provided and consent to the test has been obtained, the screening test results have been confirmed by a diagnostic test, and the seropositive individual can receive medical follow-up and counselling. Prevention of syphilis transmission can be achieved by limitation of indications for transfusion, selection of low risk donors, clinical examination of donors, use of blood stored for 72 hours at 4 degrees celsius or lower, use of screening tests, and prophylactic administration of antibiotics. Clinical examination and a careful medical history are the main tools for preventing hepatitis B transmission. Systematic prophylaxis against malaria following national protocols is recommended.     

单采血浆还输血细胞献血员中疟疾感染的流行病学调查

通过对５个自然村８３９１人的流行病学调查，单采血浆还输血细胞（单采浆）献血员的疟疾发病率为４．１４％，显著高于献全血和无献血史者。病例对照研究表明，单采浆是疟疾感染的危险因素。献浆相关性疟疾的潜伏期为１６．５天。通过对单采浆血站的调查，单采浆过程存在血液交叉污染环节，血站停业后疫情得到控制。因此，单采浆过程中的血液交叉污染可能是导致这次疟疾流行的主要原因。     

三种献血员人群庚型肝炎病毒检测研究

为了解献血员中庚型肝炎病毒（HGV）感染状况，并探讨感染的危险因素。采用ELISA法和RT-PCR技术，对泰安市189名无偿献血员、404名职业献血员和169名单采血浆献血员进行了病毒抗体和病毒核酸的检测。结果显示三种献血人群抗-NGV阳性率分别为1．59％（3／189）、0．99％（4／404）和5．33％（9/169）；HCVRNA阳性率分别为0、0.25％（1／404）和2．37％（4／169）。结果表明单采血浆献血员和以前曾献血浆的职业献血员为今后HGV筛检的重要人群。     

献血员人群HCV感染状况及其输血传播的调查

采用ELISA对1572份献血员血清进行抗HCV检测,阳性率为12.15％。其中女性献血员抗HCV阳性率较男性为高、单采浆献血员者较单纯献血全血者为高,抗HCV检测阳性率随献血员年龄增长而增高。近期ALT升高的单采浆献血者血清抗HCV阳性者显著地高于无近期ALT升高史的同类单采浆献血员。结果证实严格开展献血员HCV感染者筛选将有助于输血相关性的丙肝的预防。     

Blood transfusion induced malaria in Iran

Blood transfusion plays the main rôle in induced malaria in Iran. Over 111 cases of transfusion malaria were recorded during the 10 years from 1963 to 1972. Seventy-three% of the species of plasmodia have been P. malariae and 27% P. vivax. 9 cases of transfusion induced quartan malaria in blood recipients have been studied. In 2 blood donors who were proved to be carriers of P. malariae by the fluorescent antibody test, scanty malaria parasites were detected in thick films made from blood concentrate obtained by centrifugation.