The hypersensitivity of rabbits to the tetracyclines

Summary It has been established that rabbits possess an increased sensitivity to antibiotics of the tetracycline group. On administering chlortetracycline, tetracycline, or oxytetracycline to rabbits per os in doses of from 5 to 50 mg/kg per day the majority of the animals died within 2 weeks after initiation of the treatment, with phenomena of increasing apathy, anorexia, weight reduction and profuse diarrhea.Large numbers ofB. proteus appeared in the intestinal contents of rabbits which received tetracyclines.Leukocytosis was noted in the blood due to the increase in the number of polymorphonuclear segmented neutrophils and relative lymphocytopenia was also present.The most pronounced pathological-anatomical changes resulting from tetracycline administration to rabbits were observed in the gastrointestinal tract.Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Zakusov     

The effect of single and repeated doses of tetracyclines on the phagocytic function of the reticulo-endothelial system

Summary As distinct from single administration of antibiotics belonging to the tetracycline group, repeated doses of these antibiotics did not stimulate the phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial system; the latter was depressed or not affected. The most intensive action on the reticuloendothelial system is produced by chlortetracycline, then by oxytetracycline, and the least by tetracycline.The results were assessed by recording the number of colonies ofStaphylococcus aureus cultivated from the blood of mice into which this microorganism was injected intravenously.Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Zakusov Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 55, No. 5, pp. 84–87, May, 1963     

Acetylation of sulfadimidine and para-aminobenzoic acid in rats during the action of antibiotics of the tetracycline group

Summary As a result of administration of chlortetracycline, tetracycline and oxytetracycline to rats per os in a dose of 500 mg/kg for a period of 5 days no changes were observed in the urinary content of acetylated sulfadimidine in experimental animals. In the same conditions there was a distinct reduction of the PABA acetylation under the effect of chlortetracycline, most pronounced on the fifth day (the last day of antibiotic adminstration). The data obtained pointed to a greater sensitivity of hapetic acetylating function in respect of the natural metabolite as compared to a foreign substrate.Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR, V. V. Zakusov Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 63–66, January, 1964     

Morphology of coronaviruses from different species of monkeys in the Sukhumi nursery

The ultrastructure of coronaviruses from 46 out of 111 monkeys examined (baboons, macaques, green monkeys, langurs) was studied by negative staining in homogenates of different parts of the intestinal tract, pancreatic gland, liver, kidneys, lungs, heart, and brain. Because of marked pleomorphism of coronaviruses it is suggested that morphological variants of the viruses may be distinguished. No relationship between pleomorphism of virus particles and species differences of monkeys and their organ pathology was established. Morphological signs distinguishing simian coronaviruses from those of man were noted.     

Influence of thyroidin on the condition of the viscera of the white rat (as indicated by vital staining of the tissues)

Summary Experiments were carried out on male albino rats which were given 0.25 g of thyroidin per 100 g body weight for 10 days. Vital staining with neutral red was used to study the interaction between the tissues of the different viscera (spleen, lungs, liver, kidneys, heart, testes, brain, small intestine, and skeletal muscle).In the animals receiving thyroidin there was a change in the sorptive property of the tissue of the liver, kidneys, heart, testes, brain, small intestine and skeletal muscle, which was thought to result from denaturation of cellular proteins.The results obtained reflect the nature and specific features of pathological and compensatory reactions occuring in tissues under the influence of thyroidin.Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR A. V. Lebedinskii Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 58, No. 10, pp. 108–110, October, 1964     

Distribution of ethomerzol in organ and tissue of rats after single and course treatment

We studied experimental kinetics of ethomerzol (5-ethoxy-2ethylthiobenzimidazole hydrochloride) distribution in the liver, brain, kidneys, spleen, heart, skeletal muscles, lungs, adipose tissue, and testes of rats after its single or course administration. Peculiarities of ethomerzol distribution in various administration regimens were analyzed. Single treatment led to more pronounced accumulation of the drug in the liver. Study of ethomerzol distribution after course treatment revealed organs and tissues accumulating the drug (blood, brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, and adipose tissue). __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 1, pp. 47–49, January, 2008     

Porphyrobilinogen biosynthesis from δ-aminolevulinic acid by the viscera of albino rats

Ability to synthesize porphyrobilinogen (PBG) from -aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was determined in homogenates of tissues of the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas, and small intestine of 77 albino rats. All these organs were found to be able to synthesize PBG. Highest ALA dehydratase activity was found in the liver tissue, followed in descending order by the kidneys, lungs, pancreas, small intestine, heart, and spleen. On the addition of a lead solution to the synthesizing system a significant decrease in enzyme activity was observed in the liver tissue, but in kidney tissue its activity was unchanged. On the addition of lead and D-penicillamine simultaneously no changes were found in the toxic effect of lead.M. F. Vladimirskii Moscow Regional Clinical Research Institute. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR S. S. Debov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 86, No. 12, pp. 687–689, December, 1978.     

Postmortem pathology of opportunistic infection in a HIV positive patient--a case report

An autopsy case of HIV positive patient with multiple opportunistic infections is described. We received heart, lungs, spleen and both the kidneys along with pieces of cerebrum for anatomy and histopathological examination. Histology of organs revealed disseminated non-granulomatous necrotizing type of tissue reaction with superadded infection with Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) in liver and brain. Pneumocysts carini (P. carini) induced pneumonia in lungs, disseminated mycobacterial infection in spleen, lungs, liver and kidneys and acute fibrinous meningitis with superadded infection with C. neoformans in brain. Special stains were carried out to demonstrate different organisms.     

Preparation of a bi-hapten antigen and the broad-specific antibody for simultaneous immunoassay of penicillins and tetracyclines in milk

A novel bi-hapten immunogen was prepared by coupling amoxicillin and chlortetracycline to bovine serum albumin in turn. Then the immunogen was used to immunise New Zealand rabbits to produce the polyclonal antibody. The obtained antibody simultaneously cross-reacted with six penicillins (amoxicillin, penicillin G, ampicillin, penicillin V, carbencillin and sulbenicillin) and four tetracyclines (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline and chlortetracycline) with crossreactivities in a range of 24–100%. Then a broad specificity enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was optimised for the simultaneous detection of the 10 drugs in milk. The limits of detection for these analytes were in a range of 0.4–3.7 ng/mL depending on the compound. The intra- and inter-assay recoveries of the 10 analytes from standards fortified blank milk ranged from 80.8 to 99.4% with coefficients of variation lower than 13%. This study provided a new strategy for the development of multi-analyte immunoassay through immunogen design.     

Pharmacokinetics of ftorafur-2-14C in rats with Walker's carcinosarcoma

The pharmacokinetics of ftorafur-2-¹⁴C (FF) after intravenous injection was investigated in experiments on rats with Walker's carcinosarcoma. The level of FF and its metabolites in the blood plasma was shown to fall in the manner of a three-phase process. The concentration of the compound in the tissues falls in the order: kidneys, small intestine, tumor, stomach, muscles, heart, liver, lungs, spleen, brain, and fat. The presence of FF-2-¹⁴C and its metabolite, endogenous 5-fluorouracil, was observed in the tumor. Excretion of the compound continued for 48 h, 52.2% being excreted through the kidneys, 38% through the lungs, and 0.8% of the injected dose with the feces.Laboratory of Biochemistry and Pharmacokinetics, Institute of Organic Synthesis, Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR, Riga. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. V. Zakusov). Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 83, No. 6, pp. 734–736, June, 1977.     

Development of an ELISA for the detection of chlortetracycline,oxytetracycline and tetracycline residues

A ‘generic’ enzyme immunoassay (ETA) has been developed which is capable of detecting chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and tetracycline with a limit of determination well below the current maximum residual limit of 600 ng g^‐1 kidney^‐1. The EIA requires no prior sample clean‐up or concentration, being applied directly to tissue homogenate, and will also detect tetracyclines in milk up to 15 ng ml^‐1.     

Influence of industrial toxic compounds on pregnancy. VI. Some tissue enzymes in pregnant guinea pigs exposed to the action of triethylenetetramine.

Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in kidney homogenates, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities in liver homogenates, and cholinesterase activity in brain homogenates were determined in nonpregnant and pregnant guinea pigs exposed to absorption through the skin of the epoxy resin triethylenetetramine. Elevated activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in the kidneys of pregnant animals, and aspartate aminotransferase in the liver of nonpregnant guinea pigs were observed.     

TISSUE REACTIONS TO ASPERGILLUS IN CASES OF HODGKIN'S DISEASE AND LEUKAEMIA

Five cases of aspergillosis complicating Hodgkin's disease and leukaemia are reported. The organs involved were: lungs (all five cases), stomach (Case 3); brain and meninges (Case 4); heart, kidneys, spleen, thyroid, and liver (Case 2). Cultures of Aspergillus fumigatus were obtained from the post-mortem tissues of three patients.     

Pathogenesis of acute and persistent murine herpesvirus infection in mice

Outbred laboratory mice were inoculated at the age of 5, 10 and 21 days by oral and/or intranasal routes with 2 different (a lethal and a nonlethal) doses of the murine herpesvirus isolate 68 (MHV-68). Severe exudative pneumonia with haematogenous dissemination of the virus to liver, heart muscle, and kidneys developed in the 5-day-old as well as in a part of the 10-day-old mice. Virus antigen was found by immunofluorescence (IF) in the alveolar lining of lungs, in heart muscle fibres, in spleen and thymic lymphocytes, in the tubular epithelium cells of kidneys, in the neurons of Gasserian ganglia and in the intima of large pulmonary vessels. Electron microscopy confirmed the transfer of virus particles through the capillary endothelium of the damaged alveolar septa. The surviving progeny and the mothers of animals, which had not succumbed to the lethal virus dose, were kept for 141-169 days when lungs and Gasserian ganglia were examined for virus presence. MHV-68 was recovered both by direct examination of the tissue homogenates as well as by the explantation technique. The results are suggestive for a dynamic persistence of MHV-68 rather than for static latency.     

Pathologicoanatomic diagnosis of alcoholism

Using their own and literature data the authors describe morphological alterations of the brain, heart, lungs, liver, stomach, pancreas and kidneys with the aim of the pathology diagnosis of chronic alcoholism and other types of alcoholic intoxication. The approximate diagnoses in various types of alcoholic intoxication are given as well as some rules of the pathology diagnosis coding.     

Role of Apelin/APJ axis in cancer development and progression

Apelin is an endogenous peptide, which is expressed in a vast board of organs such as the brain, placenta, heart, lungs, kidneys, pancreas, testis, prostate and adipose tissues. The apelin receptor, called angiotensin-like-receptor 1 (APJ), is also expressed in the brain, spleen, placenta, heart, liver, intestine, prostate, thymus, testis, ovary, lungs, kidneys, stomach, and adipose tissue. The apelin/APJ axis is involved in a number of physiological and pathological processes. The apelin expression is increased in various kinds of cancer and the apelin/APJ axis plays a key role in the development of tumors through enhancing angiogenesis, metastasis, cell proliferation and also through the development of cancer stem cells and drug resistance. The apelin also stops the apoptosis of cancer cells. The apelin/APJ axis was considered in this review as an attractive therapeutic target for cancer treatment.     

First case of cryptococcosis in a new species of bandicoot (Bandicota indica) caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii.

The first case of cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii in a new species of bandicoot (Bandicota indica) is described. The animal was trapped in a bamboo thicket in a park located in the city of Jabalpur, India. On necropsy, pathological lesions were seen in the lungs and liver and C. neoformans var. grubii was isolated from the lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen and brain but not the heart or intestine. The soil of the animal's burrow and bamboo debris around it also revealed the presence of C. neoformans var. grubii. We hypothesize that the bandicoots may potentially act as sentinel animals for environmental human pathogenic Cryptococcus species.     

Evidence on Possible Mycoplasma Etiology of Aster Yellows Disease II. Suppression of Aster Yellows in Insect Vectors

Chlortetracycline or chloramphenicol (but not kanamycin, penicillin, or erythromycin), when administered in hydroponic solution to diseased aster, reduced the availability of the aster yellows (AY) agent to nymphs of Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål). Insects exposed to healthy plants whose roots were immersed in chlortetracycline were able to acquire AY agent from diseased plants the day after removal from the antibiotic-treated plants, but the latent period of the ensuing disease in the insects was prolonged. Chlortetracycline or tylosin tartrate blocked AY infection in nymphs injected with a mixture of antibiotic and the AY agent, but polymyxin, neomycin, vancomycin, penicillin, carbomycin, or chloramphenicol did not. All tetracyclines tested, methacycline, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline, produced a dramatic reduction in the ability of infected vectors to transmit AY agent. Tylosin tartrate also reduced transmission when injected into AY-transmitting vectors, but carbomycin, spectinomycin, cycloserine, penicillin, erythromycin, or kanamycin had no such effect. During the first 10 days after injection of tylosin tartrate or oxytetracycline into transmitting vectors, ability of the insects to transmit AY decayed rapidly. Transmission by insects injected with buffer alone, after decreasing the first day after injection, gradually returned to its normal level in less than 1 week. By 2 to 3 weeks after injection with tylosin or oxytetracycline, ability to transmit AY was regained by vectors. The results suggest that tetracycline antibiotics and tylosin tartrate inhibit multiplication of AY agent in the insect. The spectrum of antibiotic activity in the insect is consistent with the hypothesis that AY and other plant yellows diseases are caused by mycoplasma-like organisms.     

The production of bovine interferon in foetal and adult organ cultures and in leukocytes

Interferon response in bovine foetal and adult organ cultures after induction in vitro with Radom velogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV-R) was studied. Interferon was produced in foetal organ cultures derived from skin, liver, heart, lungs, kidneys, tongue and also from amniotic membranes and placenta; however, no correlation between the gestational age and levels of interferon produced by different tissues was observed. In comparison with foetal tissues the organ cultures derived from liver, heart, lungs, kidneys and spleen of cows produced higher interferon titers. In contrast to organ cultures, the interferon response of in vitro cultivated leukocytes isolated from spleen and liver of foetuses and cows was comparable. The antiviral substance both from foetal and adult animals was characterized as interferon by standard criteria; however, higher acid lability of "foetal" interferon in comparison with that of "adult" was observed.     

Sensitivity of Brucella spp to tetracycline and its analogues.

The sensitivity to eight tetracyclines of 100 strains of brucellae, comprising strains of Brucella abortus, Br. melitensis, and Br. suis, was determined. Demethylchlortetracycline was the most effecitve against all the groups of brucellae, whereas oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline were the least effective. The mean MIC value for demethylchlortetracycline, doxycycline, lymecycline, and tetracycline was less than or equal to 1 mug/ml. Strains of Br. abortus biotype 2 and Br. suis were the most sensitive strains examined.