Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and gallbladder cancer

Background: This study was designed to assess the treatment of patients in whom gallbladder cancer was diagnosed in the course of histological examination of their gallbladders, which were removed during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: Six (0.29%) cancers were found among 2,017 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Four of these cancers (0.22%) were in 1,831 gallbladders with normal walls, two (1.0%) were in 186 with thicker walls, and two (1.8%) were in 109 patients in whom conversion was necessary because of extensive inflammation and thickening of gallbladder wall. Results: In two cases, the cancer did not cross the muscular layer. In one of them, no further treatment was undertaken. In the second case, liver resection and lymphadenectomy was performed. In the other four cases, dissemination was diagnosed during laparotomy, precluding radical treatment. Conclusions: Thickened and infiltrated gallbladder walls in patients without preoperative symptoms of cholecystitis should raise a suspicion of cancer. The surgeon should be prepared to perform a conversion, an intraoperative histological examination, and an appropriate radical operation, if necessary. Received: 16 June 1998/Accepted: 17 November 1998     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术与意外胆囊癌

在腹腔镜胆囊切除术 ( L C)术后会发现“意外胆囊癌( UGC)”,U GC在术后早期会出现切口肿瘤转移且预后不良。为了解腹腔镜手术与 UCG的关系 ,我们检索了 196 6年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 4月 Medline的文献 ,对此进行了综述。1　发生率　　共检出有关文献 86篇 ,L C术后 U GC的发生率在0 .15 %～ 2 .85 %之间 ,发生率的差异可能与胆囊标本的检查方法、样本的大小以及国家和地区的不同有关 (表 1)。表 1　腹腔镜胆囊切除术后意外胆囊癌的发生率作者国家年代 L C数 LC-UGC发生率Mori日本 1997 45 6 2 .85 % 1Hohaus 德国 199712 0 0 0 .5 …     

不同分期方法在胆囊癌疗效评估中的价值

目的 探讨不同分期方法对胆囊癌疗效的评估价值.方法 回顾性分析1992年10月至2006年12月上海交通大学附属新华医院手术治疗的132例胆囊癌患者的临床资料,按照胆囊癌Nevin分期、AJCC第5版分期、AJCC第6版分期方法统计各患者的临床分期及各期胆囊癌的术后生存率.生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,组间比较采用Log-rank检验.结果 按照Nevin分期统计的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ期的累积生存率分别为80.3%、75.6%、43.2%、16.2%、6.5%,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期的累积生存率显著高于Ⅳ、Ⅴ期(χ~2=7.239、6.152、3.992,12.354、13.171、15.084,P＜0.05).按照AJCC第5版分期统计的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期的累积生存率分别为71.4%、40.9%、10.2%、5.8%,Ⅰ、Ⅱ期生存率显著高于Ⅲ、Ⅳ期(χ~2=18.286、23.729,5.541、13.607,P＜0.05),Ⅲ期生存率显著高于Ⅳ期(χ~2=7.758,P＜0.05).按照AJCC第6版分期统计的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期的累积生存率分别为51.1%、11.7%、8.2%、6.5%,Ⅰ、Ⅱ期生存率相对较低,但Ⅰ期生存率显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期(χ~2=15.300,21.956,31.397,P＜0.05),Ⅱ期生存率显著高于Ⅳ期(χ~2=8.789,P＜0.05),而Ⅱ期与Ⅲ期没有差别,Ⅲ期与Ⅳ期没有差别.结论 AJCC第5版分期仍足较理想的胆囊癌分期方法,Nevin分期不够完整,AJCC第6版分期过于严格.     

腹腔镜探查判断胆囊癌可切除性的临床意义

目的 初步评价腹腔镜探查在胆囊癌外科治疗中的应用价值.方法 自2007年1月至2010年3月在上海交大医学院附属新华医院普外科及第二军医大学东方肝胆外科医院腹腔镜科收治胆囊癌患者中,选择有手术切除可能的60例患者作为腹腔镜探查组,将同期符合相同条件行剖腹探查的192例胆囊癌患者作为对照组,比较两组手术切除率、腹腔广泛转移患者的手术时间及住院时间.计量资料采用t检验,计数资料采用x2检验.结果 腹腔镜探查组60例中27例患者的肝脏和(或)腹膜有肿瘤广泛转移,中止手术;33例转行剖腹探查,发现1例肝脏多处肿瘤转移、12例侵犯门静脉主干和(或)胰头、十二指肠,无手术切除可能,中止手术;其余20例中7例行胆囊癌姑息性切除,13例行胆囊癌根治性切除术.直接行剖腹探查组192例术中发现肝脏和(或)腹膜肿瘤广泛转移的82例及侵犯门脉主干和(或)胰头31例均中止手术,姑息性切除32例,根治性切除47例.两组手术切除率、腹腔广泛转移患者的手术时间及住院时间差异有统计学意义(x2=4.328,t=8.6501,t=5.8260;P＜0.05、P＜0.01、P＜0.01).结论 腹腔镜探查有助于手术决策的制定,减少不必要的非治疗性剖腹探查,能显著提高手术切除率,可以作为胆囊癌外科治疗中的常规操作.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the role of laparoscopic staging for the resectability of gallbladder cancer. Methods From Jan 2007 to Mar 2010,60 gallbladder cancer patients without of metastatic disease or main hepatic portal vessel invasion as assessed by preoperative imaging underwent staging laparoscopy for tumor resectability evaluation. Peritoneal and liver surface metastases were looked for and assessment of local spread was done if possible. Assessment was based on visual impression and biopsies were obtained routinely. T test and x2 test were used. Results At laparoscopy, 27 (45%) patients were found with disseminated disease on peritoneal cavity or the surface of liver, hence, senseless open surgery was avoided. The other 33 patients were converted to open laparotomy, among those 1 patient was found with disseminated metastasis in the liver and 12 patients with the invasion of main hepatic portal vessel,pancreatic head, duodenum did not undergo any further surgery. Finally 7 patients received surgical bypass procedure and 13 patients underwent radical resection. During the same period, 192 clinically diagnosed gallbladder cancer patients undergoing open laparotomy without laparoscopic pre-assessment served as control. Among those in control group 79 patients received radical or palliative resection. The resectability rate was significantly different between the two groups ( P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion Staging laparoscopy in patients with gallbladder cancer is helpful in detecting liver and peritoneal metastases overlooked by preoperative imaging, avoiding unnecessary open explorations.     

Evidence-based gallbladder cancer staging: changing cancer staging by analysis of data from the National Cancer Database

BACKGROUND: A recent revision of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging for gallbladder cancer (6th Edition) involved some major changes. Most notably, T2N0M0 tumors were moved from stage II to stage IB; T3N1M0 disease was moved from stage III to stage IIB; and T4NxM0 (x = any) tumors were moved from stage IVA to stage III. METHODS: In order to determine if these changes were justified by data, an analysis of the 10,705 cases of gallbladder cancer collected between 1989 and 1996 in the NCDB was performed. All patients had >5 year follow-up. RESULTS: The staging according to the 6th Edition provided no discrimination between stage III and IV. Five-year survivals for stage IIA, IIB, III, and IV (6th Edition) were 7%, 9%, 3%, 2% respectively. The data from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) were used to derive a proposed new staging system that builds upon Edition 5 and had improved discrimination of stage groups over previous editions. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in staging systems should be justified by data. Multicenter databases, including the NCDB, represent important resources for verification of evidence-based staging systems.     

Laparoscopic completion radical cholecystectomy for T2 gallbladder cancer

Background  

The role of minimally invasive surgery in the surgical management of gallbladder cancer is a matter of controversy. Because of the authors’ growing experience with laparoscopic liver and pancreatic surgery, they have begun offering patients laparoscopic completion partial hepatectomies of the gallbladder bed with laparoscopic hepatoduodenal lymphadenectomy.     

Laparoscopic radical cholecystectomy and Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy for gallbladder cancer

Background

Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy was one of the first laparoscopic procedures, gallbladder cancer has been one of the last malignancies tackled with minimally invasive techniques. This video reviews the minimally invasive approaches to preoperatively suspected gallbladder cancer.

Methods

Like the standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the minimally invasive procedure is performed with four trocars. The surgeon operates with the patient in the French position. A totally laparoscopic radical cholecystectomy including wedge resections of segments IVB and V is undertaken with hepatoduodenal lymphadenectomy and common bile duct excision. The biliary system is reconstructed via a laparoscopic choledochojejunostomy.

Results

Six patients have undergone laparoscopic radical cholecystectomy. Three of these patients were found to have gallbladder cancer according to the final pathology. All the final surgical margins were negative, and the average lymph node retrieval was 3 (range, 1–6).

Conclusion

The minimally invasive approach to gallbladder cancer is feasible and safe. It should currently be performed in high-volume centers with expertise in both hepatobiliary and minimally invasive surgery. Larger trials are needed to determine whether either the open or laparoscopic approach offers any advantage.     

Laparoscopic radioisotope-guided sentinel lymph node dissection in staging of prostate cancer

OBJECTIVES: To present our experience in laparoscopic sentinel lymph node (SLN) dissection in staging of clinically localized prostate cancer. METHODS: From November 2001 to January 2005 laparoscopic SLN dissection was performed in 140 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer preceding radical prostatectomy. Mean preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was 8.26 ng/ml (SD 9.46). At 24 h before surgery, 2 ml 99mTc-labeled human albumin (2 ml/200 MBq) colloid was injected into the prostate gland under transrectal ultrasound guidance. Prostatic SLNs were detected by preoperative planar scintigraphy and intraoperative scanning with a specially designed laparoscopic gamma probe. The detected nodes were dissected and evaluated on frozen section. In case of positive frozen section extended lymph node dissection was performed. RESULTS: SLN was identified on both or one pelvic sidewall in 96 (68.1%) and 36 (25.7%) of the patients, respectively. SLNs were undetectable in 8 (5.7%) cases. In 48.2% (135 of 280) of the pelvic sidewalls, SLNs were exclusively outside the obturator fossa. Final histopathologic examination revealed SLN metastases in 19 (13.5%) patients; 71.4% (20 of 28) of the detected metastases were outside the current standard of lymph node dissection limited to the obturator fossa. Mean tumor size was 2.3 mm (SD 1.7). CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirm the reliability of laparoscopic SLN dissection in staging of prostate cancer. Significant numbers of detected metastases were outside of the routinely sampled obturator fossa. Small metastasis size makes them undetectable by currently available preoperative imaging modalities.     

Laparoscopic ultrasound enhances standard laparoscopy in the staging of pancreatic cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To define the role of laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) in the staging of pancreatic tumors. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Laparoscopy has recently been established as a valuable tool in the staging of pancreatic cancer. It has been suggested that the addition of LUS to standard laparoscopy could improve the accuracy of this procedure. METHODS: A prospective evaluation of 90 patients with pancreatic tumors undergoing laparoscopy and LUS was performed over a 27-month period. LUS equipped with an articulated curved and linear array transducer (6 to 10 MHz) was used. All patients underwent rigorous laparoscopic examination. Clinical, surgical, and pathologic data were collected. RESULTS: The median age was 65 years (range 43 to 85 years). Sixty-four patients had tumors in the head, 19 in the body, and 3 in the tail of the pancreas. Four patients had ampullary tumors. LUS was able to image the primary tumor (98%), portal vein (97%), superior mesenteric vein (94%), hepatic artery (93%), and superior mesenteric artery (93%) in these patients. LUS was particularly helpful in determining venous involvement (42%) and arterial involvement (38%) by the tumor. This resulted in a change in surgical treatment for 13 (14%) of the 90 patients in whom standard laparoscopic examination was equivocal. CONCLUSIONS: LUS is useful in evaluating the primary tumor and peripancreatic vascular anatomy. When standard laparoscopic findings are equivocal, LUS allowed accurate determination of resectability. Supplementing laparoscopy with LUS offers improved assessment and preoperative staging of pancreatic cancer.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊颈部结石嵌顿的临床研究

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)治疗胆囊颈部结石嵌顿的可行性、安全性和手术时机.方法 回顾性分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗280例胆囊颈部结石嵌顿患者的临床资料.结果 本组中转开腹8例,LC成功率97.1%,无一例发生胆管、肠管损伤,均获治愈.结论 在术者熟练的操作技巧、合理选择中转开腹时机的前提下,胆囊颈部结石嵌顿患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术是安全可行的.     

Laparoscopic staging of gastric cancer is safe and affects treatment strategy

The accuracy of laparoscopic staging has been documented, but its safety and impact on clinical decision making are less clear. In a prospective series of 64 patients referred to a single consultant, laparoscopy was performed in 49, after exclusion of patients unlikely to derive benefit from laparoscopic staging. The prelaparoscopy treatment plan was altered in 17 (34%). Laparoscopy detected 11 cases of peritoneal and four cases of liver metastasis, of which nine and two, respectively, were not detected by CT scan. Laparoscopy was useful in assessing fitness for major surgery, the planned extent of which was reduced in five cases as a result. Port site metastasis occurred in one case of stage IVB cancer, in conjunction with widespread progressive disease. Laparoscopic staging is recommended in gastric cancer, since it causes important changes to the management plan in one-third of cases, and the risks of port site metastasis appear low.     

Laparoscopic staging for hepatobiliary carcinoma

For gallbladder carcinoma and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, staging laparoscopy is high yield and should be performed routinely. For HCC and metastatic colon cancer, a more selective approach is warranted, reserving staging laparoscopy for patients in whom unresectable disease is more likely to be identified.The exact role of LUS in these patients is not yet determined but likely extends the advantages of staging laparoscopy.Staging laparoscopy spares patients with unresectable disease from nontherapeutic laparotomy, decreasing their recovery time and, it is hoped, allowing earlier initiation of nonsurgical therapy.     

Laparoscopic staging of intraabdominal malignancy

Laparoscopic visualization techniques have improved dramatically over the last 5 years and have led to reassessment of the laparoscope for use in the staging of intraabdominal malignancy. One hundred sixty-two consecutive cases undergoing preoperative staging laparoscopy from January 1988 to December 1993 were reviewed in order to determine the value of laparoscopy as a staging tool. Indications for staging laparoscopy were predominantly hepatopancreaticobiliary (85%); however, other primaries such as stomach and colon were included. In 36% of cases information found at laparoscopy precluded resection and prevented unnecessary laparotomy. Additional information that was felt to be helpful in planning resection was found in 30% of cases. In 12% of cases unresectability was found only at the time of laparotomy and was missed by staging laparoscopy. We conclude that laparoscopy is a useful preoperative staging tool and can help avoid unnecessary laparotomy for intraabdominal malignancy in one-third of patients.Presented at the annual meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), Nashville, TN, 18–19 April 1994     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for porcelain gallbladder

The porcelain gallbladder is uncommon type of chronically inflamed gallbladder wall considered to be associated with a high frequency of adenocarcinoma and subsequently not suitable for a laparoscopic approach. In 12,000 patients chosen for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy 4 porcelain gallbladders were diagnosed. In 2 cases the laparoscopic approach was successful. One conversion was due to an unconfirmed suspicion of gallbladder cancer and the other one to a fistula between the gallbladder and the common bile duct. Patients with a preoperative diagnosis of porcelain gallbladder must not be excluded from the laparoscopic approach yet a low threshold for conversion must be maintained in those with a cancer suspicion.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder volvulus

Torsion of the gallbladder is a rare entity. Approximately 300 cases have been reported since it was first described in 1898 by Wendel (Ann. Surg. 1898; 27:199). The condition occurs most often in the elderly. Although the etiology is unknown, a constant finding is the presence of the gallbladder on a mobile mesentery (floating gallbladder). Torsion, or volvulus, of the gallbladder occurs when this gallbladder twists axially, with subsequent occlusion of bile and/or blood flow.We present a case of gallbladder volvulus diagnosed and treated laparoscopically. This is the first reported laparoscopic cholecystectomy for volvulus of the gallbladder.