椎动脉型颈椎病患者狭窄椎动脉与正常椎动脉的血流动力学差异

目的建立椎动脉型颈椎病患者狭窄血管与正常血管的有限元模型,分析血流动力学差异。方法选取1名经临床证实为椎动脉型颈椎病患者,行螺旋CT扫描得到DICOM格式的CT断层图像,利用Mimics10.01,Geomagic Studio9和有限元分析软件ANSYS11.0对数据进行分析。结果得到正常及狭窄椎动脉有限元模型,经血流动力学分析后得出:正常血管血流形式为层流,流量、剪切力随心脏博动规律分布,狭窄椎动脉缩窄区两端出现涡流及血液淤滞区,狭窄前区剪切力最大,而在狭窄后区剪切力最小,狭窄后流量减小。结论椎动脉型颈椎病患者狭窄血管与正常血管的血流动力学方面存在巨大差异,血流动力学的研究为椎动脉型颈椎病治疗方案制定及预后评估提供了理论依据。     

Vertebral artery injury--diagnosis and management

The literature on vascular trauma contains little information on the management of vertebral artery injuries. We have reviewed our experience consisting of 23 patients with vertebral artery injuries caused by 19 gunshot wounds, two stab wounds, one shotgun wound, and one blunt injury. Twelve patients sustained unilateral vertebral artery thrombosis, seven patients had vertebral AV fistulae (three jugular vein, four vertebral vein) and four patients sustained mural injury without thrombosis. Six patients (26.1%) developed major neurologic deficits of which five could be directly attributed to CNS missile injury. One patient had transient vertebrobasilar ischemia on the basis of a vertebral AV fistula. Four of the seven vertebral AV fistulae were managed solely by therapeutic embolization and two patients early in the series underwent surgical management alone. One patient had therapeutic embolization of the proximal vertebral artery and operative distal vertebral artery ligation for an AV fistula. The four patients who died (17.4%) did so as a direct result of their CNS missile injury. We conclude that: 1) unilateral vertebral artery occlusion seldom results in a neurologic deficit if there is a normal contralateral vertebral artery and PICA (posterior inferior cerebellar artery) blood supply is preserved; 2) accurate assessment of a vertebral artery injury requires contralateral vertebral arteriogram; 3) management of vertebral artery injury is simplified by proximal, and if possible distal, therapeutic embolization; 4) an anterior approach to the C1-2 vertebral artery is a satisfactory method of obtaining distal surgical control, obviating the need to unroof the bony canal of the vertebral artery; 5) angiography is necessary in penetrating neck trauma to identify occult vascular injuries.     

De novo vertebral artery dissecting aneurysm after contralateral vertebral artery occlusion--two case reports

Two patients developed de novo vertebral artery dissecting aneurysm after contralateral vertebral artery occlusion. A 36-year-old man presented with brainstem ischemia and was treated non-surgically. Subsequent angiography showed spontaneous vertebral artery occlusion at the site of dissection. A 45-year-old man developed subarachnoid hemorrhage due to vertebral artery dissecting aneurysm. He underwent endovascular occlusion of the vertebral artery proximal to the dissecting aneurysm. These patients developed de novo dissecting aneurysm on the contralateral vertebral artery at 13 months and 11 days after unilateral vertebral artery occlusion, respectively. These cases strongly suggest that changes in hemodynamic stress due to unilateral vertebral artery occlusion are related to de novo dissecting aneurysm on the contralateral side. The risk of de novo dissecting aneurysm may be increased by proximal occlusion or trapping of dissecting aneurysm of the contralateral vertebral artery.     

邻近非主干动脉重建椎动脉的应用解剖

目的 探讨采用邻近非主干动脉重建椎动脉的解剖学基础。方法 20具（40侧）成人防腐固定尸体标本,观察甲状腺上动脉、甲状腺下动脉、颈横动脉、甲状颈干及椎动脉颅外段的形态学参数,并在2具尸体标本上模拟行吻合血管椎动脉重建术。结果 甲状腺上动脉、甲状腺下动脉及颈横动脉均有2mm以上的外径及合适的可游离长度,具备进行端侧吻合重建椎动脉的解剖学条件。甲状颈干的外径与椎动脉相似,适合端端吻合,但仅有38.5％具有合适的血管干（大于10mm）。模拟手术示这些邻近非主干血管重建椎动脉可行。结论 邻近非主干重建椎动脉具有良好的解剖学基础,适合椎动脉第1、2段疾患的治疗。     

椎动脉型颈椎病的MRA分型及临床意义

目的：研究椎动脉型颈椎病的MRA分型及临床意义。方法：通过72例患者的临床资料和MRA特点,对椎动脉型颈椎病进行分型,并据此选择治疗方式。结果：椎动脉型颈椎病分V型：Ⅰ型（椎动脉受压型）、Ⅱ（型（椎动脉硬化型）、Ⅲ型（椎动脉畸形型）、Ⅳ型（神经-血管型）、Ⅴ型（特殊型）。42例正规非手术治疗,30例行椎动脉减压术及颈前路椎间植骨稳定术,结论：椎动脉型颈椎病按分型确定治疗方法。大部分可经正规非手术治疗取得满意疗效,当正规非手术效果不佳,影像学支持临床症状时,应考虑行椎动脉减压术或颈椎间植骨融合术。     

A case of basilar artery occlusion of traumatic vertebral artery dissection successfully managed by endovascular treatment

The author describes a case of basilar artery occlusion caused by vertebral artery dissection with vertebral fracture. A 61-year-old man was admitted with neck pain after a traffic accident. His symptoms suddenly deteriorated and cerebral angiography revealed an occlusion of the right vertebral artery, and complete occlusion of the basilar artery. Local-arterial fibrinolysis with urokinase for basilar artery occlusion and angioplasty with the use of a self-expandable stent for the site of the vertebral artery dissection was performed, and the basilar artery was partially recanalized. The patient's symptoms gradually improved. It should be emphasized that in cases of acute cervical spine injury after major trauma, vertebral artery dissection should be considered. Local-arterial fibrinolysis and angioplasty using a self-expandable stent was regarded as a useful treatment for basilar artery occlusion caused by vertebral artery dissection, in the acute stage.     

Spontaneous extra-cranial vertebral artery dissection accompanied with multiple cerebral infarctions due to re-canalization

In this paper we report a case of vertebral artery occlusion caused by spontaneous extra-cranial vertebral artery dissection accompanied with cerebellar and thalamic infarctions due to recanalization. Furthermore, after a nine-week time lapse we performed PTA/stenting. A 62-year-old man with vertigo, dysarthria and nuchal pain without injury was admitted to our hospital. Emergent cerebral angiography revealed an occlusion of the right vertebral artery and the right PICA. The patient's symptoms gradually improved owing to local-fibrinolysis with urokinase for the right PICA via the left vertebral artery. Follow-up angiography (2 weeks later) showed re-canalization and dissection of the right vertebral artery. Treatment for spontaneous extra-cranial vertebral artery dissection is chosen, depending on whether there is co-lateral circulation or not. We obtained a good result using PTA/Stenting in this case of spontaneous extra-cranial vertebral artery dissection within nine weeks after onset.     

Hypokalaemia in severe head trauma

Summary We present 6 cases with dissecting aneurysm of the intracranial vertebral artery who developed subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). The following procedures were performed in this series; trapping of the involved artery in 2, proximal occlusion of the vertebral artery with detachable balloon in 2, and proximal clipping of the vertebral artery in 2. Proximal occlusion of the vertebral artery in 4 and trapping of the vertebral artery in one gave excellent results. We believe the treatment of choice is proximal occlusion of the vertebral artery, either by open surgery or by interventional neuroradiological procedures.     

Complete resolution of radiculopathy due to cervical vertebral artery dissection after intravascular treatment: a case report

The authors report the case of a rare manifestation by vertebral artery dissection. A 15-year-old boy who presented with left shoulder weakness and numbness of the left arm was admitted to our hospital. Neurological examination on admission revealed muscle weakness of the left deltoid muscle and sensory disturbance of the left C5 area. MRI/MRA and 3D-CT angiography demonstrated an aneurysm-like dilatation of the left vertebral artery mainly at the C4/5 level. Partial thrombosis was noted in the dilated artery. The left vertebral angiogram showed that the second and third portions of the left vertebral artery had a dilated pseudo-lumen due to arterial dissection. The pseudo-lumen of the dissected vertebral artery was largest in diameter at the C4/5 level. The patient successfully underwent proximal occlusion of the dissected vertebral artery using detachable balloon and Guglielmi detachable coils. Proximal vertebral artery occlusion using an intravascular technique was regarded as a non-invasive and effective option for patients with a cervical radiculopathy due to cervical vertebral artery dissection.     

椎动脉V2段与周围结构关系的解剖学观察

目的 了解椎动脉V2段与周围结构的解剖关系,探讨颅外椎动脉供血不足的解剖学机制。方法 在20例头部尸体标本,解剖观察椎动脉与周围结构的关系;其中17例制成干骨,测量C3－C7有关横突孔参数。另在2例新鲜尸体标本取材行组织学切片观察椎动脉周围组织。结果 延续自颈椎、横突孔、关节突等骨膜组织形成明显的纤维鞘膜样结构,将椎动脉、椎静脉及神经根包裹在内。椎动脉外膜与钩突之间有纤维这样组织相连,限制椎动脉。横突孔内未见明显骨性狭窄。结论 椎动脉周围的骨性吸软组织性因素对椎动脉起到限制固定作用,在颈椎运动或不稳时,椎动脉易受波及而出现供血不足。椎动脉牵系机制在椎动脉供血不足发生中可能起着重要的作用。     

Operative correction of a kinked duplicate origin of the vertebral artery in a patient with dizziness. Case report

A 70-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with complaints of severe dizziness and occipital headache. A right vertebral angiogram demonstrated a kinked, duplicated origin of the vertebral artery. Medical treatment was not effective, and an operative correction was attempted to improve the vertebral artery circulatory flow. The duplicate origin of the vertebral artery was confirmed at the time of surgery. Eight cases of duplicate origin of the vertebral artery in the literature are reviewed.     

颈椎闭合性创伤合并椎动脉损伤的机制及MRA诊断

目的探讨颈椎闭合性骨折脱位继发椎动脉损伤的机制及MRA诊断.方法本组95例颈椎闭合性创伤,男76例,女19例,年龄16～65岁,平均34岁.所有患者接受颈椎MRI和椎动脉MRA检查,当椎动脉预期位置完全无血流成像,MRI T2横断面上椎动脉内有高信号血栓影像时,即确诊为椎动脉阻塞.结果本组95例中,19例合并有椎动脉闭塞,均为单侧,左侧9例,右侧10例,其中颈椎骨折5例,双侧小关节突脱位6例,单侧小关节突脱位7例,无放射影像异常的脊髓损伤1例.18例椎动脉损伤患者无任何症状,1例有轻度头昏、嗜睡.结论椎动脉损伤易继发于有小关节突脱位的颈椎创伤,前瞻性MRA检查是首选的方法.     

椎动脉性眩晕的血管形态学变化及分型研究

目的：探讨椎动脉供血不足所致眩晕的血管形态学改变及分型。方法：对86例颈性眩晕患者，通过彩色经颅多普勒（TCD）检测有椎动脉血流速改变的82例，再作三维CT椎动脉血管造影（3D-CTA）检查，观察椎动脉形态学改变及其相邻组织的关系。结果：椎动脉形态学改变呈多样性，并与相邻组织的关系密切。结论：根据椎动脉形态学改变及与相邻组织的关系，可分为：增生压迫型、不规则狭窄型、阻塞型、纤细型、走行异常型及纤维束带牵拉型。     

Revascularization of the extracranial vertebral artery at any level without cross-clamping

Hemodynamic insufficiency resulting from extracranial vertebral artery stenosis or occlusion is believed to be the major cause of vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attacks. The major difficulties in treating this disorder have been exposure of the vertebral artery distal to the stenosis and the risk of vertebral artery cross-clamping for vein grafting or carotid artery transposition. The authors describe a new technique for vertebral artery reconstruction at any level by the use of an intraluminal shunt, thus avoiding the necessity to cross-clamp the artery. This procedure was successfully performed at all three levels of the extracranial vertebral artery: C7-4, C3-1, and C-1 to the foramen magnum. The technique of exposure of the vertebral artery at these three levels and the method of vein grafting without cross-clamping are described. The initial results of the procedure are presented.     

Surgical correction of lesions affecting the second portion of the vertebral artery

Substantial controversy has surrounded the diagnosis and management of vertebrobasilar ischemic events, with no consensus on the value of medical or surgical treatment of patients symptomatic with brain stem ischemia who have angiographically proven vertebral artery lesions. This report presents our experience with the surgical treatment of 12 of 88 patients with angiographically verified lesions in the vertebral artery who were symptomatic for 1 to 12 months before their evaluation. None experienced symptomatic relief with antiplatelet agents, nor did the administration of anticoagulants in 4 of the patients provide any benefit. The lesions included bilateral vertebral artery occlusion with distal reconstitution through muscular collaterals in 6 patients, unilateral vertebral artery hypoplasia with contralateral long-tailed lesions from the vertebral artery origin to C-5 in 3 patients, and severe bilateral vertebral artery origin lesions extending beyond the C-5 level in 3 patients. A vertebral endarterectomy and vertebral-carotid transposition in the second portion of the artery were successfully used to reestablish flow and obtain symptomatic relief in 10 of the 12 cases; 1 of these procedures had to be redone because of a persistent stenosis at C-4. Another patient had a saphenous vein graft from the common carotid to the vertebral artery at C-5. The remaining patient had an anastomosis of the distal external carotid to the vertebral artery at C-3, but this failed and an anastomosis of the occipital artery to the anterior inferior cerebellar artery had to be completed to reestablish flow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Risk of vertebral artery injury: comparison between C1–C2 transarticular and C2 pedicle screws

Background contextTo our knowledge, no large series comparing the risk of vertebral artery injury by C1–C2 transarticular screw versus C2 pedicle screw have been published. In addition, no comparative studies have been performed on those with a high-riding vertebral artery and/or a narrow pedicle who are thought to be at higher risk than those with normal anatomy.PurposeTo compare the risk of vertebral artery injury by C1–C2 transarticular screw versus C2 pedicle screw in an overall patient population and subsets of patients with a high-riding vertebral artery and a narrow pedicle using computed tomography (CT) scan images and three-dimensional (3D) screw trajectory software.Study designRadiographic analysis using CT scans.Patient sampleComputed tomography scans of 269 consecutive patients, for a total of 538 potential screw insertion sites for each type of screw.Outcome measuresCortical perforation into the vertebral artery groove of C2 by a screw.MethodsWe simulated the placement of 4.0 mm transarticular and pedicle screws using 1-mm-sliced CT scans and 3D screw trajectory software. We then compared the frequency of C2 vertebral artery groove violation by the two different fixation methods. This was done in the overall patient population, in the subset of those with a high-riding vertebral artery (defined as an isthmus height ≤5 mm or internal height ≤2 mm on sagittal images) and with a narrow pedicle (defined as a pedicle width ≤4 mm on axial images).ResultsThere were 78 high-riding vertebral arteries (14.5%) and 51 narrow pedicles (9.5%). Most (82%) of the narrow pedicles had a concurrent high-riding vertebral artery, whereas only 54% of the high-riding vertebral arteries had a concurrent narrow pedicle. Overall, 9.5% of transarticular and 8.0% of pedicle screws violated the C2 vertebral artery groove without a significant difference between the two types of screws (p=.17). Among those with a high-riding vertebral artery, vertebral artery groove violation was significantly lower (p=.02) with pedicle (49%) than with transarticular (63%) screws. Among those with a narrow pedicle, vertebral artery groove violation was high in both groups (71% with transarticular and 76% with pedicle screws) but without a significant difference between the two groups (p=.55).ConclusionsOverall, neither technique has more inherent anatomic risk of vertebral artery injury. However, in the presence of a high-riding vertebral artery, placement of a pedicle screw is significantly safer than the placement of a transarticular screw. Narrow pedicles, which might be anticipated to lead to higher risk for a pedicle screw than a transarticular screw, did not result in a significant difference because most patients (82%) with narrow pedicles had a concurrent high-riding vertebral artery that also increased the risk with a transarticular screw. Except in case of a high-riding vertebral artery, our results suggest that the surgeon can opt for either technique and expect similar anatomic risks of vertebral artery injury.     

颈椎骨折脱位合并椎动脉损伤

目的　探讨颈椎骨折脱位与椎动脉损伤的相关性。方法　 2 0例闭合性颈椎创伤患者 ,同时接受颈椎MRI和椎动脉磁共振血管成像 (MRA)检查。结果　 2 0例闭合性颈椎损伤中 ,5例无椎动脉血流成像 ,均为单侧 ,左侧 2例 ,右侧 3例。其中颈椎骨折 3例 ,单侧小关节脱位 1例 ,无放射影像的异常脊髓损伤 1例。 4例椎动脉损伤患者无任何症状 ,1例有轻度头昏、嗜睡。结论　颈椎骨折脱位可并发椎动脉损伤 ,由于缺乏特异性症状 ,前瞻性MRA检查是最重要的方法。     

Intracranial vertebral endarterectomy

Intracranial vertebral endarterectomy was performed on six patients with vertebrobasilar insufficiency in whom medical therapy failed. The patients underwent operations for stenotic plaque in the intracranial vertebral artery with the opposite vertebral artery being occluded, hypoplastic, or severely stenosed. In four of the patients, the stenosis was mainly proximal to the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). In this group, after endarterectomy, the vertebral artery was patent in two patients, and their symptoms resolved; in one patient the endarterectomy occluded, but the patient's symptoms improved; and in one patient the endarterectomy was unsuccessful, and he continued to have symptoms. In one patient, the plaque was at the origin of the PICA. The operation appeared technically to be successful, but the patient developed a cerebellar infarction and died. In one patient the stenosis was distal to the PICA. During endarterectomy, the plaque was found to invade the posterior wall of the vertebral artery. The vertebral artery was ligated, and the patient developed a Wallenburg syndrome. The results of superficial temporal artery to superior cerebellar artery anastomosis are better than those for intracranial vertebral endarterectomy for patients with symptomatic intracranial vertebral artery stenosis. The use of intracranial vertebral endarterectomy should be limited to patients who have disabling symptoms despite medical therapy, a focal lesion proximal to the PICA, and a patent posterior circulation collateral or bypass.     

Anastomosis of the superior thyroid artery to the vertebral artery for vertebrobasilar insufficiency

Anastomosis of the superior thyroid artery to the cervical vertebral artery was performed with good results in a case of vertebrobasilar insufficiency caused by proximal occlusion of the vertebral artery. As a donor artery the superior thyroid artery is moderate in size, long, and easy to anastomose. It is emphasized that this cervical procedure is simpler and safer than the intracranial procedures. The authors believe this case to be the first in which the superior thyroid artery was used as a donor artery for anastomosis to the vertebral artery.     

椎动脉横突段交感神经的应用解剖研究

目的探讨椎动脉横突段交感神经的结构分布,为临床治疗提供依据。方法选用成年尸体10具,借助显微镜,观察椎动脉横突段周同的神经行程、分支及其分布特点。结果来自颈交感干的交感神经在椎动脉横突段周围相吻合,并攀附于椎动脉表面。结论依据解剖位置关系,颈椎病变压迫、刺激椎动脉及周围神经可能是椎动脉型颈椎病的主要原因。