上斜肌麻痹的手术治疗

目的探讨上斜肌麻痹的手术治疗方式。方法采用减弱下斜肌、上或下直肌的减弱和加强手术,矫正斜视手术。结果经过斜视手术后,垂直眼位、水平眼位、代偿头位多数获得满意矫正。结论减弱上斜肌的直接对抗肌下斜肌手术是治疗上斜肌麻痹的主要手段。     

先天性上斜肌麻痹的手术方式选择

目的 对先天性上斜肌麻痹的手术方式选择进行探讨。方法 回顾性总结我科１９８９年８月￣１９９８年８月间收治的３４例单眼上斜肌麻痹和双眼上斜肌麻痹患者的手术效果,并对手术失败者进行原因分析。结果 ３４例上斜肌麻痹患者原在位生趣斜视矫正２７例,伴水平斜视及Ｖ型斜视者均获得矫正。结论 上斜肌麻痹的手术方式首选减拮抗肌下斜肌或同时弱拮抗肌下斜肌和配偶肌下直肌,儿童下斜肌减弱术应首选下斜肌后行徒术。     

DVD与下斜肌功能过强手术的临床探讨

目的 探讨下斜肌功能过强者采取下斜肌减弱手术的疗效。方法 采取下斜肌减弱手术(截断或切除5～8mm)83例117眼。结果 117眼下斜肌减弱手术，下斜肌功能过强89眼，76眼完全矫正，13眼不同程度改善，其中下斜肌截断15眼，2眼未完全矫正；下斜肌切除5～8mm68眼，11眼未完全矫正。垂直分离性斜视(DVD)28眼，4眼未完全矫正。术前代偿头位32例，28例完全改善，余4例不同程度改善。结论 认真检查或观察斜视度，采取下斜肌减弱手术，均可矫正不同程度的斜视度。     

先天性单侧上斜肌麻痹的手术方式分析

目的：探讨先天性单侧上斜肌麻痹的手术治疗方法。

方法：本研究回顾分析对68例先天性单侧上斜肌麻痹患者,根据患眼的下斜肌功能亢进程度和原在位垂直斜度大小选择下斜肌切断并部分切除、下斜肌切断并前转位、下斜肌部分切除联合对侧眼下直肌或同侧眼直肌手术。伴有水平斜视者按水平斜视矫正原则一期或分期手术矫正。

结果：治愈58例,治愈率85.3%,好转7例,好转率10.3%,无效3例,无效率4.4%。

结论：根据下斜肌亢进程度、垂直斜视度及水平斜度选择不同手术方式,通过一期或分期手术,可有效获得较高治愈率。     

Helveston综合征的手术治疗

目的：Helveston综合征为DVD、A型外斜视和上斜肌功能过强组成，本文详细介绍了Helveston综合征的手术治疗方法。方法：手术方法为对上斜肌功能过强明显者可行上斜肌断腿术，DVD多采用行上直肌退后术，外斜视矫正基本同常规外斜视，手术原则为尽量通过一次手术矫正其复合斜视。结果：共19例病人，均行了斜视矫正术，其中5例术中同时行了上斜肌断腱术，所有术后病人消除或改善了外斜A、上斜肌功能过强和DVD，结果可以看出效果良好。结论：通过一次手术同时矫正Helveston综合征的外斜A、上斜肌功能过强和DVD，取得良好效果。     

伴斜肌功能亢进A-V综合征58例临床分析

目的探讨伴斜肌功能亢进A-V综合征的临床特征及手术矫正效果。方法58例患者均行下斜肌或上斜肌减弱术(下斜肌切断或部分切除术、上斜肌断腱术)+水平肌手术,观察术前术后眼位及斜肌功能。结果下斜肌、上斜肌减弱术治疗58例伴斜肌功能亢进A-V综合征患者,手术后A-V征均得到矫正,9例伴代偿头位有不同程度改善,4例术后尚残留；轻度水平斜视,疗效满意。斜肌减弱术是治疗伴斜肌功能亢进A-V综合征的有效手术方式。     

上斜肌手术方式的探讨

目的 探讨上斜肌折叠或肌腱切断手术的特殊性，掌握其手术适应证。方法 对18例先天性上斜肌麻痹施行上斜肌折叠术；对7例外斜视A征和7例动眼神经麻痹施行上斜肌肌腱切断术。观察手术中上斜肌解剖的特点及手术前后眼位、斜视角和临床特征的改变。结果 先天性上斜肌麻痹单侧12例、双侧6例行上斜肌折叠手术，均联合下斜肌减弱术。术中见上斜肌异常者9／18（50．00％），表现为肌腱松弛、肌止端附着点位于上直肌的鼻侧止端。手术矫正了原在位上斜视15^△～25^△，矫正鼻侧方向最大上斜视15^△～40^△。术后眼位恢复正位15眼，欠矫3眼，无过矫。外斜视A征伴双上斜肌亢进7例行双眼上斜肌肌腱切断术联合水平直肌手术，矫正了上下外斜角之差别20^△～30^△，消除了A征，未发现过矫，术后4例恢复双眼视觉。单侧动眼神经麻痹7例行上斜肌肌腱切断术矫正了原在位下斜视平均15^△，术后垂直斜视矫正6例，欠矫1例。结论 上斜肌肌止端解剖异常是先天性上斜肌麻痹发病原因之一；上斜肌折叠或肌腱切断术主要改善旋转功能和矫正鼻下方垂直斜角，宜联合下斜肌或水平直肌手术。     

A-V综合征54例手术治疗分析

目的探讨伴有斜肌功能亢进的A-V综合征的临床特征及手术矫正效果。方法对54例患者行下斜肌或上斜肌减弱术＋水平肌手术,观察手术后眼位及斜肌功能的变化。结果手术后A-V征均得到矫正,9例有代偿头位者均有不同程度改善,4例尚残留轻度水平斜视。结论斜肌减弱术是治疗伴斜肌功能亢进的A-V综合征的有效手术方式。     

Helveston综合征的治疗(附3例报告)

目的分析Helveston综合征的临床特点及手术治疗方案。方法根据Helveston综合征的A型外斜、上斜肌过强及分离性垂直偏斜（DVD）的特点，尽量通过一次手术矫正复合斜视。结果所有患者均行斜视矫正术，根据个体差异联合上斜肌鞘内断腱或／和上直肌后徙术，术后效果良好。结论Helveston综合征可通过手术以矫正A型外斜、上斜肌功能过强和DVD，并取得良好效果。     

下斜肌缩短前转位加徙前矫正大度数垂直斜视效果观察

目的 回顾性研究下斜肌缩短前转位加徙前的手术方式,对矫正原发或继发性的下斜肌亢进以及伴有或不伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直偏斜,引起大度数垂直斜视的临床效果.方法 对收住院的年龄大于15岁的垂直斜视患者分组手术,A组垂直斜度15～20度,做下斜肌前转位手术;B组21～35度做下斜肌缩短前转位手术;C组36～45度做下斜肌缩短前转位加徙前手术;D组21～45度做下斜肌前转位手术.对术后效果总结分析.结果 垂直斜度大于20度的患者单纯做下斜肌前转位不能全部矫正,需二期手术矫正残余垂直斜视.手术矫正垂直斜视度数由高到低依次为:下斜肌缩短前转位加徙前＞下斜肌缩短前转位＞下斜肌前转位.差别有显著性.垂直斜视度数15～20度、21～35度、36～45度的患者分别行下斜肌前转位、下斜肌缩短前转位、下斜肌缩短前转位加徙前手术,一次手术正位率分别为:89.6%,88.5%,88.2%.不管下斜肌是否有亢进或亢进的程度如何,3种手术方式术后下斜肌均未出现明显运动不足.下斜肌缩短前转位加徙前和下斜肌缩短前转位手术后的患者出现轻度的上转不足现象,上转25度相对于正前方,双眼垂直度数差距增大平均4.6度、6.7度,对外观和各功能眼位影响相对较小.结论 下斜肌缩短前转位加徙前矫正大度数垂直斜视,效果肯定,无明显并发症.     

外斜V征的手术探讨

目的探讨外斜V征的特征及手术效果。方法外斜V征患者44例,依据是否伴有下斜肌功能亢进及亢进程度,行下斜肌切断/部分切除联合常规水平直肌手术或水平直肌垂直移位术。所有患者常规矫正相应的水平斜度。观察手术前后的眼位、斜肌功能和双眼视觉。结果下斜肌切断/部分切除适用于下斜肌功能亢进＋＋以上的V征,水平直肌垂直移位术适用于无下斜肌功能亢进或下斜肌功能亢进＋的V征。结论下斜肌功能异常是外斜V征的主要原因,应依据是否伴有斜肌功能亢进、亢进程度决定行下斜肌手术或水平直肌垂直移位术。     

Marginal myotomy of the minimally overacting inferior oblique muscle in asymmetric bilateral superior oblique palsies.

PURPOSE: We report the surgical results of marginal myotomy of a minimally overacting inferior oblique muscle in conjunction with traditional recession or myectomy of the greater overacting inferior oblique muscle in 10 patients with asymmetric bilateral superior oblique palsies and asymmetric inferior oblique overaction. METHODS: Ten consecutive patients with bilateral superior oblique palsies had a hypertropia in primary position (5-28 PD) and unequal inferior oblique overaction (0 to +2 in the lesser overacting inferior oblique muscle, +2 to +4 in the greater overacting inferior oblique muscle). Reversal of the hypertropia was noted in ipsilateral oblique upgaze. All patients underwent a recession or myectomy of the greater overacting inferior oblique muscle and a marginal myotomy of the lesser overacting inferior oblique muscle. RESULTS: Seven patients had no vertical deviation in primary position, 2 patients had a residual hypertropia of 2 to 3 PD, and 1 patient had a residual hypertropia of 8 PD. The abnormal head position present preoperatively in 8 patients was eliminated or greatly improved after surgery. Postoperatively all but 1 inferior oblique overaction was graded as 0 to trace. Mean follow-up time was 19 months (range, 1.5-68 months). CONCLUSIONS: In bilateral superior oblique palsies with asymmetric inferior oblique overaction, a mildly overacting inferior oblique muscle can be corrected by marginal myotomy, combined with a recession or myectomy of the greater overacting inferior oblique muscle. This procedure can reduce or eliminate the hypertropia in primary position while minimizing the possibility of residual inferior oblique overaction.     

67例V型斜视的手术探讨

目的 探讨V型斜视的临床特征及不同手术方法及效果.方法 回顾性分析了67例V型斜视的手术治疗.其中外斜V征46例,内斜V征21例,依据是否伴有下斜肌功能亢进及亢进程度,行下斜肌减弱术或水平直肌垂直移位术,所有患者按原在位水平偏斜度常规矫正水平斜视.观察手术前后的眼位、斜肌功能和双眼视觉.结果 67例手术中,49例行下斜肌后徙术或后徙转位术,术后43例上、中、下均正位,V征消失;术前无下斜肌功能亢进或下斜肌功能亢进"+"者13例,行水平直肌垂直移位术后11例正位,V征消失.67例患者术后19例恢复双眼视.结论 下斜肌后徙,后徙转位术适用于下斜肌功能亢进(++)-(+++)的V征,水平直肌垂直移位术适用于无下斜肌功能亢进或下斜肌功能亢进+的V征,应根据下斜肌功能亢进程度选择手术方式.     

Surgical management of myokymia of the superior oblique muscle.

In the past 15 years, we have examined 20 patients in whom myokymia of the superior oblique muscle was diagnosed. Medical treatment (carbamazepine) failed in three patients, and one patient did not accept drug therapy. These four patients (20%) were operated on for persistent oscillopsia and diplopia. One patient underwent only a superior oblique muscle myotomy, but required an inferior oblique muscle myectomy six months later because of iatrogenic superior oblique muscle palsy. The other three patients underwent simultaneous superior oblique muscle myotomy and inferior oblique muscle myectomy. The symptoms resolved postoperatively in all four patients. Symptomatic patients with superior oblique muscle myokymia in whom medical treatment fails or is intolerable can benefit from surgical treatment consisting of combined superior oblique muscle/inferior oblique muscle myectomy.     

下斜肌前转位术治疗先天性上斜肌麻痹

目的探讨下斜肌前转位术在先天性上斜肌麻痹治疗中的效果。方法52例垂直眼位偏斜〉15^△的先天性上斜肌麻痹性下斜肌前转位术。术后观察1年,统计其效果。结果52例垂直眼位偏斜〉15△者行下斜肌前转位术,治愈及好转41例（78．8％）。术前有代偿头位者均消失或改善。结论垂直眼位偏斜〉15△可行下斜肌前转位术。     

Apparent contralateral inferior oblique muscle overaction after unilateral inferior oblique muscle weakening procedures.

BACKGROUND: Unilateral inferior oblique muscle weakening surgical procedures often lead to the appearance of inferior oblique muscle overaction in the contralateral eye. The purpose of this study was to determine how different types of unilateral inferior oblique muscle procedures affect the apparent function of the inferior oblique muscle in the contralateral eye. METHODS: A computer search was performed to locate all patients on the pediatric ophthalmology service at the Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute who underwent a unilateral inferior oblique muscle weakening procedure from 1980 to 1994. Only patients with a diagnosis of primary inferior oblique muscle overaction were included in the study. RESULTS: Fourteen patients met the inclusion criteria. One patient had undergone an anterior transposition of the inferior oblique muscle, seven patients had undergone a 10 mm recession of the inferior oblique muscle, and six patients had undergone a myectomy of the inferior oblique muscle. Before the operation,there was no difference in the inferior oblique muscle function of the contralateral eye among the three groups. However, after the operation apparent inferior oblique muscle overaction developed more frequently and to a greater degree in the contralateral eye among patients in the anterior transposition and 10 mm recession groups than among patients in the myectomy group. CONCLUSION: Either anterior transposition or 10 mm recession of the inferior oblique muscle may limit elevation in abduction in the eye on which inferior oblique muscle surgery was performed. The limitation of elevation in abduction may create apparent inferior oblique muscle overaction in the contralateral eye.     

Oblique muscle palsies fixating with the paretic eye

Palsy of the superior oblique muscle is one of the most commonly occurring entities in strabismus; the clinical characteristics are easily recognizable. Isolated inferior oblique muscle palsy, although anatomically enigmatical, is also known to ophthalmologists. When a patient with an oblique muscle palsy chooses to fixate with the paretic eye, characteristic patterns of motility may be obscured. Patients with superior oblique muscle palsy or isolated inferior oblique muscle palsy who habitually fixate with the paretic eye, may present with limited elevation or depression respectively. In each case, limited motility exists secondary to decreased innervational input to the contralateral antagonist of the paretic muscle, or to a mechanical restriction caused by prolonged contracture of the yoke of the paretic muscle. Inhibitional palsy of the contralateral antagonists and the fallen and rising eye syndromes may present diagnostic dilemmas unless the underlying oblique muscle palsy is recognized. Proper diagnosis may be obtained with three clinical tests; the 3-step test, the comparison of ductions to versions, and forced ductions.     

Results of inferior oblique muscle surgery in superior oblique paralysis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of inferior oblique muscle recession in certain cases of superior oblique paralysis. Twenty-three patients with moderate hyperaction of the inferior oblique muscle, secondary to paralysis of the superior oblique muscle, in whom a recession of the ipsilateral inferior oblique was applied were enrolled in this study. These cases were selected among those with congenital superior oblique paralysis and infantile nontraumatic paralysis and those of unknown origin. Isolated recession of the inferior oblique muscle achieved a mean decrease in 8.69 +/- 2.05 D in hypertropia in the primary position. In 19 cases out of 23 (82.6%) who received isolated recession of the inferior oblique muscle, a vertical deviation equal to or less than 4 PD was obtained, showing the efficacy of this method in the surgical treatment of the cases with superior oblique paralysis and a moderate inferior oblique hyperaction.