Lisofylline ameliorates intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction caused by ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion

In an effort to determine whether treatment with lisofylline (LSF) ameliorates intestinal barrier dysfunction in rats subjected to mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), regional mesenteric vessels were occluded for 60 min and then unclamped for 60 min more. In Protocol 1, intravenous LSF (15 mg/kg bolus then 10 mg/kg/h) was administered 5 min before ischemia. In Protocol 2, LSF (same dose) was given 1 min before reperfusion. Controls received an equivalent volume of Ringer's lactate solution. Permeability was assessed by determining the mucosal-to-serosal clearance of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran (4 kDa) in everted ileal gut sacs incubated ex vivo. In Protocol 1, LSF treatment during ischemia ameliorated mucosal barrier dysfunction; mean +/- SEM clearances for the LSF and Ringer's lactate solution groups after 60 min of ischemia were 34.4+/-6.1 and 64+/-7.1 nL/min/cm2, respectively; p = .007. Clearances after reperfusion were the same in the two groups. In Protocol 2, LSF treatment just before reperfusion ameliorated barrier dysfunction measured 60 min after the restoration of blood flow; clearances for the LSF and Ringer's lactate solution groups were 23.1+/-3.8 and 40.2+/-4.5 nL/min/cm2, respectively; p = .012. Treatment with LSF did not affect intestinal levels of reduced glutathione or adenosine triphosphate or the extent of histological damage to the mucosa after I/R. Nevertheless, villus height was greater in animals treated with LSF than RLS prior to ischemia in Protocol 1 (250+/-37 and 160+/-15 microm, respectively; p = .04) and during reperfusion in Protocol 2 (170+/-21 and 82+/-7 microm, respectively; p = .002). We conclude that LSF is effective in reducing both ischemia- and I/R-induced gut barrier dysfunction, possibly due to a mechanism related to preservation of villus height.     

Effects of trapidil on intestinal mucosal barrier function and bacterial translocation after intestinal ischemia and reperfusion in an experimental rat model

Background: Intestinal ischemia and reperfusion may be the primary triggers of mucosal barrier impairment, cytokine expression, and bacterial translocation (BT). Trapidil is a phosphodiesterase and platelet-derived growth factor inhibitor that reduces lipid peroxidation and inhibits the production of cytokines.Objective: The goal of this study was to assess whether trapidil might protect the intestinal epithelial barrier by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and proinflammatory cytokines by testing the effect of trapidil on intestinal barrier function in an experimental ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) rat model.Methods: Trapidil was used in a rat model of intestinal barrier dysfunction caused by intestinal ischemia for 40 minutes followed by reperfusion for 12 hours. To do this, the rats were randomized to 1 of 4 treatment groups, as follows: (1) sham surgery and saline administration (1 mL IV) (Sham group); (2) sham surgery and trapidil administration (8 mg/kg IV) (Sham+T group); (3) I/R and saline administration (1 mL IV) (I/R group); and (4) I/R and trapidil administration (8 mg/kg IV) (I/R+T group). Intestinal barrier function was assessed by histopathologic examination, blood malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and BT.Results: The I/R+T group showed significantly less incidence of BT compared with the I/R group in the liver and reduced median colony count of translocated bacteria in mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and peritoneum compared with the I/R group. Furthermore, the mean blood MDA level demonstrated that lipid peroxidation was significantly decreased in the I/R+T group compared with the I/R group. Histopathologic findings revealed that trapidil administration before reperfusion preserved intestinal mucosal integrity and inhibited the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the intestines.Conclusions: In this experimental study, a correlation seemed to exist between intestinal barrier dysfunction and BT. Intestinal barrier dysfunction may allow a large amount of bacteria to pass from the gut to distant organs. Trapidil treatment may inhibit BT by preserving intestinal barrier by inhibiting thromboxane A₂, lipid peroxidation, proinflammatory cytokines, and stimulated prostacyclin. Future dose- and time-dependent studies will be helpful in revealing the effects of trapidil on BT.     

DNA修复蛋白PARP基因在大鼠缺血脑组织中的表达

目的　探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后DNA修复蛋白PARP基因表达的时空改变及其与凋亡的关系。方法　采用大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞再灌注模型 (MCAO R) ,运用原位杂交技术观察缺血再灌注PARPmRNA的时空分布 ,结合TUNEL技术观察其与凋亡的关系。结果　脑缺血 30min再灌注 1hPARPmRNA表达增加 ,随缺血或再灌注时间的延长表达逐渐增强 (P <0 0 5 ) ,与凋亡的时间变化规律相似 ,但范围大于并涵盖凋亡的范围 ,凋亡分布区外侧的缺血区表达也明显增加。结论　脑缺血 /再灌注损伤可诱导神经细胞DNA修复蛋白PARP基因的转录增强 ,PARP可能参与脑缺血损伤后的DNA修复。     

大鼠休克复苏后肠黏膜屏障特点的探讨

目的 探讨失血性休克肠缺血．再灌注损伤后黏膜屏障的形态学、功能与重建的特点。方法 制作大鼠失血性休克模型，于复苏后0、1、3、6、12、24h时间段活杀并进行光镜和电镜下肠黏膜组织形态学观察、内毒素含量及尿液乳果糖，甘露醇比值的测定。结果 肠黏膜主要表现为凋亡和坏死两种损伤形式，大部分肠黏膜于6h重建，12h结构基本恢复正常，肠杯状细胞数在各组呈下降趋势；内毒素和乳果糖，甘露醇比值在6h达高峰。结论 失血性休克后肠黏膜屏障早期受累，但同时具有快速重建能力；屏障功能的恢复滞后于形态学重建。     

Disruption of the mucosal barrier during gut ischemia allows entry of digestive enzymes into the intestinal wall

Intestinal ischemia is associated with high morbidity and mortality, but the underlying mechanisms are uncertain. We hypothesize that during ischemia the intestinal mucosal barrier becomes disrupted, allowing digestive enzymes access into the intestinal wall initiating autodigestion. We used a rat model of splanchnic ischemia by occlusion of the superior mesenteric and celiac arteries up to 30 min with and without luminal injection of tranexamic acid as a trypsin inhibitor. We determined the location and activity of digestive proteases on intestinal sections with in situ zymography, and we examined the disruption of two components of the mucosal barrier: mucin isoforms and the extracellular and intracellular domains of E cadherin with immunohistochemistry and Western blot techniques. The results indicate that nonischemic intestine has low levels of protease activity in its wall. After 15-min ischemia, protease activity was visible at the tip of the villi, and after 30 min, enhanced activity was seen across the full thickness of the intestinal wall. This activity was accompanied by disruption of the mucin layer and loss of both intracellular and extracellular domains of E cadherin. Digestive protease inhibition in the intestinal lumen with tranexamic acid reduced morphological damage and entry of digestive enzymes into the intestinal wall. This study demonstrates that disruption of the mucosal epithelial barrier within minutes of intestinal ischemia allows entry of fully activated pancreatic digestive proteases across the intestinal barrier triggering autodigestion.     

三七总皂苷对肠黏膜屏障保护作用的研究

目的:应用大鼠肠缺血/再灌注损伤模型,探讨三七总皂苷(PN S)的肠黏膜屏障保护作用。方法:用阻断肠系膜上动脉(SM A)60 m in后恢复血流方法制备肠缺血/再灌注损伤模型。将60只健康SD大鼠按随机数字表法分组:①模型组(n=10);②假手术组(n=10);③PN S静脉组(n=20):SM A开放前15 m in给予PN S 100 m g/kg静脉注射;④PN S口服组(n=20):给予PN S胃内灌服,每日3次,每次50 m g/kg,共3 d,在最后一次给药2 h后进行手术。再灌注3 h后分别观察血浆内毒素水平,肝、脾和肠系膜淋巴结的细菌移位率及小肠组织病理学改变。结果:①模型组、PN S静脉组和PN S口服组大鼠肠道细菌移位率均明显高于假手术组(P均<0.01);而模型组的细菌移位率也明显高于PN S静脉组和PN S口服组(P均<0.05)。②模型组、PN S静脉组和PN S口服组大鼠血浆内毒素水平也明显高于假手术组(P均<0.01);而模型组血浆内毒素水平也明显高于PN S静脉组和PN S口服组(P均<0.05)。③光镜下Ch iu分级、电镜观察模型组损伤较PN S静脉组和PN S口服组严重,两个PN S治疗组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:PN S对缺血/再灌注3 h的大鼠肠黏膜屏障具有一定保护作用。     

老年患者开胸术后肠黏膜屏障损害及丙胺酰-谷氨酰胺的保护作用研究

目的 观察老年患者开胸术后早期肠黏膜屏障功能变化,并探讨丙胺酰-谷氨酰胺(Aln-Gln)对肠屏障功能的保护作用.方法 采取前瞻性随机对照研究,选取20例开胸非消化道手术老年患者,分为研究组和对照组,每组10例,从术后第1天起,研究组静脉应用Aln-Gln双肽0.5 g/kg,连续4d;对照组用同等量的生理盐水替代.收集分析临床指标(体温、心率、呼吸和白细胞计数等),并分别检测手术前、后血浆Gln浓度、血浆中D-乳酸、二胺氧化酶(DAO)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)浓度.结果 两组患者一般病例资料,如年龄、性别比例及体质量等方面差异均无统计学意义.研究组术后第5天Gln水平明显高于手术前[(478.32 ±47.42) μmol/L与(372.67 ±29.14) μmol/L,P=0.021].对照组术后第5天Gln浓度明显低于手术前[(386.29±19.73) μmol/L与(431.12 ±42.27) μmol/L,P=0.017].研究组术后Gln浓度显著高于对照组术后Gln浓度[(478.32±47.42) μmol/L与(386.29±19.73)μmol/L,P=0.012].两组患者术前血浆D-乳酸和DAO浓度比较差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).术后第5天对照组显著高于术前[DAO:(2.53±0.47) U/ml与(1.66±0.32) U/ml,P=0.003; D-乳酸:(6.82±1.91) mg/L与(4.92±1.57) mg/L,P=0.024],研究组术后显著低于对照组术后[DAO:(1.10±0.23) U/ml与(2.53±0.47) U/ml,P=0.013; D-乳酸:(4.87±1.33) mg/L与(6.82±1.91)mg/L,P=0.019].两组患者术后第1天TNF-α均显著升高,术后第3天开始下降,研究组TNF-α术后第5天显著低于对照组[(6.89±5.21) pg/L与(13.04±4.46) pg/L,P=0.003].研究组患者术后全身炎症反应综合征评分显著低于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 老年患者开胸术后肠黏膜屏障功能受损,术后静脉给予Aln-Gln双肽能有效保护肠黏膜屏障功能,减轻全身炎症反应,有利于术后恢复.     

Poly(adp-ribose) synthetase inhibition reduces bacterial translocation in rats after endotoxin challenge

We investigated whether 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB), a poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase (PARS) inhibitor, reduces bacterial translocation (BT) after intraperitoneal endotoxin administration. Wistar rats were randomized to receive intraperitoneal saline (control, n = 6); endotoxin (n = 8); 3-AB (n = 6); and 3-AB plus endotoxin (n = 8). Six hours later, to evaluate the endotoxin-related intestinal injury and BT, tissue and blood samples were collected. Administration of intraperitoneal endotoxin caused severe intestinal injury and BT to mesenteric lymph nodes. PARS inhibition with 3-AB completely prevented endotoxin-induced BT. No colony-forming bacteria was isolated from the samples obtained from 3-AB-pretreated animals under endotoxin challenge. Treatment with 3-AB significantly reduced the endotoxin-induced intestinal mucosal injury. The inhibition of PARS by its blocker 3-aminobenzamide during endotoxemia prevents bacterial translocation and intestinal injury in rats. PARS activation may provide a novel therapeutic approach in reducing gut barrier failure seen in endotoxemia.     

CT预测急性肠系膜缺血继发性肠坏死

目的 评估CT预测急性肠系膜缺血(AMI)继发性肠坏死的价值。方法 回顾性分析78例经手术病理证实AMI患者的腹部CT资料,根据是否发生继发性肠坏死将其分为肠坏死组(n=26)及无肠坏死组(n=52)。采用单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析筛选CT预测AMI继发性肠坏死的独立因素,并建立联合模型,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,评估其单一CT参数及联合模型预测AMI继发性肠坏死的效能,计算其曲线下面积(AUC)。结果 组间血管狭窄或闭塞、肠壁积气、肠系膜静脉积气、"缆绳征"及肠壁异常强化差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05)。CT所示肠系膜血管3级及以下分支狭窄或闭塞、肠壁积气和肠系膜静脉积气为预测AMI继发性肠坏死的独立预测因素(P均＜0.05);其预测AMI继发性肠坏死的AUC分别为0.66、0.73及0.72,联合模型的AUC为0.89。结论 CT对于预测AMI继发性肠坏死具有一定临床应用价值。     

依达拉奉对失血性休克后的肠屏障功能障碍的保护作用

目的探讨依达拉奉在失血性休克中,对肠组织细胞间粘附分子-1及肠屏障功能的影响。方法新西兰大白兔30只,随机分为失血性休克组、依达拉奉处理组和正常对照组。失血性休克采用股动脉放血制作模型,休克持续2h后回输失血及等量林格液复苏;依达拉奉组在复苏时静注1次依达拉奉5mg/kg;对照组不行放血处理。各组复苏后2h,取小肠组织行常规病理学检查,并制备肠组织匀浆,采用ELISA法测定细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1);检测肠组织匀浆液髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性;留取血浆检测D-乳酸水平。结果与失血性休克组比较,依达拉奉处理组小肠组织中ICAM-1及MPO均降低,肠黏膜损伤程度轻,血浆D-乳酸水平也低。结论早期大剂量运用依达拉奉,能够抑制失血性休克后肠组织ICAM-1的表达。减轻肠结构的破坏,保护肠黏膜屏障功能。     

Effect of mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion or hemorrhagic shock on intestinal mucosal permeability and ATP content in rats.

In a reductionist in vitro system, intestinal epithelial permeability appears to be dependent on cellular ATP content. In order to extend these prior observations, we used rat models of mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and pressure-controlled hemorrhagic shock to test the hypothesis that intestinal barrier function is directly proportional to tissue ATP content. I/R was induced by clamping the mesenteric vessels for 60 min followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Normal, ischemic, and reperfused ileal segments were prepared from each rat (n = 12). Hemorrhagic shock was induced by bleeding rats (n = 9) to a mean arterial pressure of 30 mmHg and maintaining this pressure for 4 h by infusing Ringer's lactate solution as necessary. Ileal segments were harvested before induction of hemorrhage and at 1 h intervals thereafter. Everted gut sacs were prepared to measure the mucosal-to-serosal passage of fluorescein-conjugated dextran (FD4; M.W. = 4 kDa). Tissue ATP levels were determined using a luciferase assay. FD4 clearance rates were plotted as a function of tissue ATP content. Linear regression analyses showed a strong inverse relationship between intestinal permeability and tissue ATP level in rats subjected to I/R (r2 = 0.78; P < 0.001) or hemorrhage (r2 = 0.82; P < 0.001). These data support the idea that ATP content is a determinant of intestinal epithelial barrier function in vivo.     

Ischemic preconditioning protects against gut dysfunction and mucosal injury after ischemia/reperfusion injury

Mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion (IR) damages the gastrointestinal epithelia and impairs gut function. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been shown to protect organs against IR injury. We hypothesized that IPC protects the gut from IR injury. Rats were randomized to a sham group, a sham early IPC + IR group (sham IPC + SMA occlusion for 30 min and 6 h of reperfusion), an early IPC + IR group (IPC, three cycles of SMA occlusion for 4 min and reperfusion for 10 min) followed immediately by SMA occlusion for 30 min and 6 h of reperfusion), a sham 24-h group, a sham late IPC + IR group (sham IPC followed by additional reperfusion for 24 h + SMA occlusion for 30 min and 6 h of reperfusion), and a late IPC + IR group (IPC protocol followed by additional reperfusion for 24 h, and then SMA occlusion for 30 min followed by 6 h of reperfusion). At 6 h, transit was determined and expressed as the mean geometric center. Ileum was harvested for assessment of mucosal injury and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Tissue water was determined using the wet-to-dry weight ratio to assess gut edema. Early IPC + IR significantly improved transit (3.9 +/- 0.2), decreased MPO levels (3 +/- 2), and lessened mucosal injury (1.2 +/- 0.3) compared with animals subjected to sham early IPC + IR (transit, 2.9 +/- 0.2; MPO levels, 9 +/- 1; mucosal injury, 3.0 +/- 0.6). Late IPC + IR also improved transit (6.0 +/- 0.4) and decreased MPO levels (1 +/- 1) compared with sham late IPC + IR (transit, 4.4 +/- 0.2; MPO levels, 8 +/- 1), however, there was no difference in the mucosal protection between late IPC + IR (1 +/- 0.3) and sham late IPC + IR (1 +/- 1). Our results suggest that early and late IPC improves intestinal dysfunction, decreases inflammation, and provides mucosal protection in the intestine after IR. Our results show that IR-induced gut dysfunction can be improved by IPC. Both phases of IPC can potentially be useful in the clinical setting of surgical patient care.     

缺血预处理减轻胰腺移植受体大鼠小肠肠黏膜屏障的损害

背景:胰腺移植过程中的缺血再灌注损伤可以引起术后众多的并发症,其中继发性胰腺炎可以导致受体小肠黏膜的损伤,造成严重的后果。目的:观察缺血预处理对大鼠胰腺移植受体肠黏膜屏障的保护作用。设计:随机对照动物实验。单位:解放军第四军医大学西京医院胃肠外科。材料:实验于2001-09/2004-04在解放军第四军医大学西京医院胃肠外科实验室完成。动物为SD雄性大鼠83只。方法:①取47只大鼠,自阴茎静脉注射脲链霉素65mg/kg制备糖尿病大鼠模型。将造模成功的36只大鼠随机分为缺血再灌注组,供体缺血预处理组(DIPC组),受体双后肢缺血预处理组(RIPC组)3组,每组12只。剩余36只正常大鼠中随机取12只为对照组,另外24只为供体。②对照组仅行开腹术,其他3组行胰腺移植。DIPC组于获取供胰前阻断供体脾血管5min再灌注5min2次;RIPC组于供胰再灌注前阻断受体双后肢血流5min再灌注5min,重复3次;缺血再灌注组不作处理。主要观察指标:①手术后5d各组随机取6只大鼠检测小肠通透性(以血浆中FITC-dextran浓度表示)和吸收功能(以血浆中木糖浓度表示)。②各组其余6只大鼠于术后5d取血检测血清肿瘤坏死因子α、NO、超氧化物歧化酶和淀粉酶活性,取回肠黏膜组织检测小肠黏膜黏膜湿重、微绒毛高度及宽度、丙二醛含量及髓过氧化物酶活性,同时取肠系膜淋巴结、肝及脾组织进行细菌培养,观察细菌易位情况。结果:经补充后72只大鼠进入结果分析。①血浆中FITC-dextran浓度:缺血再灌注组高于对照组、DIPC组和RIPC组(P<0.01)。②血浆中木糖浓度:缺血再灌注组低于对照组、DIPC组和RIPC组(P<0.01)。③细菌易位率:缺血再灌注组高于对照组、DIPC组和RIPC组(P<0.01)。④小肠黏膜损伤程度:缺血再灌注组低于其他3组(P<0.01)。⑤缺血再灌注组小肠髓过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量显著高于其他3组(P<0.01),血清超氧化物歧化酶活性和NO水平低于其他3组,淀粉酶活性和肿瘤坏死因子α水平高于其他3组(P<0.01)。结论:供体和受体双后肢缺血预处理均可保护大鼠胰腺移植受体小肠肠黏膜屏障,降低细菌易位率     

Role of tight junction derangement in the endothelial dysfunction elicited by exogenous and endogenous peroxynitrite and poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase

DNA single-strand breakage and activation of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase (PARS) triggers an energy consuming, inefficient repair cycle, which contributes to peroxynitrite-induced cellular injury. Here, we investigated whether peroxynitrite and PARS activation are involved in tight junctions (tight junction) derangement in the endothelial dysfunction in cells exposed to peroxynitrite and in vascular rings of animals subjected to zymosan non-septic shock. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro, peroxynitrite caused a dose-dependent suppression of mitochondrial respiration, as measured by the mitochondrial-dependent conversion of the dye 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide to formazan. Moreover, peroxynitrite caused activation of PARS. Inhibition of PARS by 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB; 1 mM) reduced the peroxynitrite-induced suppression of mitochondrial respiration in HUVECs. Vascular rings exposed to peroxynitrite exhibited reduced endothelium-dependent relaxant responses in response to acetylcholine. Peroxynitrite incubation also caused a significant derangement of zonula occludens (ZO)-1, which was significantly affected by pharmacological inhibition of PARS. 3-AB ameliorated the development of this peroxynitrite-induced endothelial dysfunction. In vascular rings obtained from the zymosan-treated rats, there was a marked suppression of the endothelium-dependent relaxation ex vivo, which was reduced by in vivo 3-AB treatment. A significant derangement of ZO-1 was observed in vascular rings from zymosan-treated rats. Tight junction alteration was significantly reduced by in vivo 3-AB treatment. Thus, activation of PARS by exogenous and endogenous peroxynitrite may be involved in the tight junction derangement associated with endothelial dysfunction. Inhibition of PARS may be a novel pharmacological approach to preserve endothelial tight junction function in shock and inflammation.     

Demonstration of methionine synthetase in intestinal mucosal cells of the rat

Methionine synthetase was measured in the mucosal cells of the rat duodenum, jejunum and ileum by a previously employed method for mucosal cell isolation. No activity was found in these cells. When a dual buffer system for the isolation of villous and crypt cell population was substituted, however, methionine synthetase was found to be active in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, both in the villous and crypt cell populations. The activity was significantly higher in the crypt cells than in the villous cells throughout the intestine, and higher levels were found in the ileum than in the duodenum or jejunum. As had been previously reported for the rat liver, nitrous oxide in vivo reduced the enzyme activity in both the villous and crypt cell populations, suggesting a role in vivo for the enzyme. We conclude that methionine synthetase is both present and active in the small intestinal mucosal cells of the rat.     

Functional changes of intestinal mucosal barrier in surgically critical patients

BACKGROUND:

The gut is capable of inducing multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). In the diagnosis and treatment of critical ill patients, doctors should pay particular attention to the protection or recovery of intestinal barrier function. However, no reliable diagnostic criteria are available clinically. This study aimed to assess the changes of intestinal mucosal barrier function in surgically critical ill patients as well as their significance.

METHODS:

Thirty-eight surgically critical ill patients were enrolled as a study group (APACHE II>8 scores), and 15 non-critical ill patients without intestinal dysfunction were selected as a control group (APACHE II<6). General information, symptoms, physical signs, and APACHE II scores of the patients were recorded. The patients in the study group were subdivided into an intestinal dysfunction group (n=26) and a non-intestinal dysfunction group (n=12). Three ml venous blood was collected from the control group on admission and the same volume of plasma was collected from the study group both on admission and in the period of recovery. The plasma concentrations of endotoxin, diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactate, and intestinal fatty-acid binding protein (iFABP) were detected respectively. The data collected were analyzed by the SPSS 17.0 software for Windows.

RESULTS:

The levels of variables were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (P<0.01). They were higher in the intestinal dysfunction group than in the non-intestinal dysfunction group (DAO P<0.05, endotoxin, D-lactate, iFABP P<0.01). In the non-intestinal dysfunction group compared with the control group, the level of endotoxin was not significant (P>0.05), but the levels of DAO, D-lactate and iFABP were statistically significant (P<0.05). The levels of variables in acute stage were higher than those in recovery stage (P<0.01). The death group showed higher levels of variables than the survival group (endotoxin and D-lactate P<0.01, DAO and iFABP P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:

The plasma concentrations of endotoxin, DAO, D-lactate, and intestinal fatty-acid binding protein (iFABP) could reflect a better function of the intestinal mucosa barrier in surgically critical ill patients.KEY WORDS: Intestinal mucosal barrier, Endotoxin, Diamine oxidase, D-lactate, Intestinal fatty-acid binding protein