神经肌电检测对单侧喉返神经损伤预后的评价

OBJECTIVE: To determine the comprehensive prognostic value of spontaneous and evoked electromyography (EMG) in laryngeal paralysis. METHODS: The characteristics of laryngeal EMG of 91 cases with unilateral vocal cord paralysis (VCP) after thyroid surgery were assessed. All cases were divided into four groups according to the interval of laryngeal EMG after onset, which were group one (2 months shorter, n = 13), group two (2 to 4 months, n = 23), group three (4 to 6 months, n = 36), group four (6 months longer, n = 19). The waveform morphology and the amplitude of laryngeal EMG and the highest evoked compound muscular active potential (CMAP) of thyroarytenoid muscles were examined and analyzed during voluntary tasks. The potential amplitude was showed by the percentage of that of the healthy lateral. The criterion of evaluation on evoked potential was attained by calculating statistical confidence interval. RESULTS: The highest evoked CMAP in group one was significantly lower than that of the others (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed between group two and group three (P > 0.05), so group two and group three were analyzed together. There were 2 recovered cases and 11 unrecovered cases in group one. On the basis of this criterion that a positive prognosis for laryngeal recovery was indicated when the evoked CMAP presented and there was no misdirect generated potential, correct prognostic rate was 92% (12/13). There were 11 recovered cases and 48 unrecovered cases in group two and three. The highest evoked CMAP was much higher in the recovered than in the unrecovered, significant difference was observed between them (P < 0.001). On the basis of the criterion that a positive prognosis for laryngeal recovery was indicated when the highest evoked CMAP was higher than 26. 4%, correct prognostic rate was 90% (53/59). On the basis of the criterion that a positive prognosis for laryngeal recovery was indicated when there was no misdirect generated potential and the highest evoked CMAP was higher than 26.4%, correct prognostic rate was 93% (55/59). When the interval from onset to laryngeal EMG recovering was longer than 6 months, none of these patients had return of vocal cord mobility whatever were the outcomes of laryngeal EMG. CONCLUSIONS: Correct prognostic rate can be improved if the prognosis of VCP in different courses is judged respectively by analyzing comprehensively spontaneous and evoked EMG.     

喉返神经损伤类型程度与神经肌电位关系的初步探讨

目的探讨临床上外伤性喉返神经损伤类型程度与神经肌电位的关系。方法147例外伤性单侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹,喉返神经探查术前神经肌电位检查观察自发肌电波形、出现率、电位幅度、错向再生电位发生率、诱发电位引出率及最大诱发电位幅度;探查术中观察喉返神经损伤类型及程度。结果喉返神经探查发现喉返神经损伤类型及程度大致分为缝扎伤(58例)、瘢痕粘连伤(28例)及神经断裂伤(61例)。自发肌电图波形缝扎伤及瘢痕粘连伤明显多于断裂伤,差异均具有统计学意义,但缝扎伤与瘢痕粘连伤比较差异无统计学意义。神经断裂伤自发肌电位出现率为75·4%,明显低于缝扎伤(94·8%)及瘢痕粘连伤(96·4%),差异均具有统计学意义。三种不同类型及程度的损伤探查前的自发电位幅度各组间差异均无统计学意义。错向再生电位出现率瘢痕粘连伤为92·9%,明显高于缝扎伤(70·7%)及断裂伤(24·6%),缝扎伤又明显高于断裂伤,差异均具有统计学意义。神经断裂伤诱发电位引出率为29·5%、平均最大诱发电位相对幅度(x-±s)为(2·6±4·2)%,均明显低于瘢痕粘连伤85·7%、(16·3±5·2)%及缝扎伤91·4%、(23·6±8·1)%。瘢痕粘连伤的诱发电位幅度又明显低于缝扎伤,差异均具有统计学意义。结论不同类型程度的损伤神经肌电位差异明显,缝扎伤自发及诱发电位较强,瘢痕粘连伤其次,神经断裂伤最弱,但仍可记录到神经肌电位,临床喉返神经损伤存在明显的亚临床神经支配。     

喉返神经麻痹的肌电特点及相关研究

目的：研究喉返神经麻痹患者不同时间和损伤程度的喉肌电特点。方法：根据发病时间将87例喉返神经麻痹患者分为7组,分析其喉肌电特点,并与30例正常受试者进行对比研究。结果：①发病2周时,最早5d在受累甲杓肌、环杓后肌和环杓侧肌即可出现纤颤波和正锐波等失神经电位;2周-3个月失神经电位增多,可见再生电位;3个月后失神经电位渐少,再生电位渐多;36个月后失神经电位消失。②受累喉肌肌电募集减弱甚至无明显干扰相,干扰相波幅和转折数显著低于正常对照组,其中转折数减低更为明显,未受累喉肌募集电位明显增大。③部分患者受累喉肌诱发电位消失,其他患者可见波幅小、潜伏期长的诱发电位。结论：喉肌电图对于喉返神经麻痹的诊断和鉴别具有重要意义,失神经电位和再生电位特点与神经损伤的程度和时间相关,异常的诱发电位可提示神经损伤的程度。     

单侧喉返神经麻痹声学指标的研究

为了探讨单侧喉返神经麻痹的噪声学指标的客观变化,要用Ｄｒ,Ｓｐｅｅｃｈ Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ ｆｏｒ Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ计算机应用软件对１４例单侧喉返神经麻痹的患者进行噪音测试分析,并与正常噪声及声带息内等病理噪音进行比较。结果：振幅微扰、基步微扰和声门噪声、谐噪比值均比正常噪音高,差异有显著性意义,进一步了解只怕驼神经麻痹的声学特点。为临床提供声音嘶哑的客观指标。该噪音分析技术在噪音学科的科研临床应用等方     

单侧喉返神经麻痹声学指标的研究

为了探讨单侧喉返神经麻痹的嗓音声学指标的客观变化,要用Dr．SpeechScienceforWin－dows计算机机应用软件对14例单侧喉返神经麻痹的患者进行嗓音测试分析,并与正常嗓音及声带息肉等病理嗓音进行比较。结果：振幅微扰、基频微扰和声门噪声、谐噪比值均比正常噪音高,差异有显著性意义,进一步了解喉返神经麻痹的声学特点。为临床提供声音嘶哑的客观指标。该噪音分析技术在噪音学科的科研临床应用等方面具有一定的价值。     

单侧喉返神经损伤神经修复术式探讨

目的 探讨5种神经修复术治疗单侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹的疗效。方法 1993年1月－2001年4月治疗外伤性单侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹38例，病程从损伤即刻至2年不等。资料完整者35例，其中行神经减压术8例、颈襻主支喉返神经吻合术16例、喉返神经端端吻合术6例、颈襻神经肌蒂埋植术3例、颈襻神经植入术2例。手术前后喉镜、噪音声学参数、肌电图检查等评价手术效果。结果 病程4个月内神经减压5例恢复了正常的声带内收及外展功能，4个月以内1例、以上2例及颈襻主支吻合组、喉返神经端端吻合组则未恢复声带运动。但上述3例术式均能使喉内收肌获有效的再神经支配，满意地恢复声带的肌张力、肌体积、声带振动对称性及正常黏膜波，声门闭合良好，嗓音恢复正常。颈襻神经肌蒂埋植术及颈襻神经植入术均能改善声嘶，但无效复正常病例。结论 ①单侧喉返神经损伤神经修复治疗以神经减压效果最佳；②颈襻主支吻合术、喉返神经端端吻合术也能有效地恢复喉的发音功能；③喉神经修复术式选择应根据病程、神经损伤程度、类型而定。     

人喉外肌肌电图研究

采用４号肌电图对７例声麻痹患者１２例各喉外肌肌电图与健侧甲杓肌（ＴＡＭ）肌电图作对比研究，结果表明：①发音时，各喉外肌均呈与ＴＡＭ基本同步的密集放电，音量大放电强。发音条件一致时，诸喉外肌的放电不因发不同的元音而不同。②吞咽及咳嗽时诸喉外肌均呈密集型强放电，但较ＴＡＭ提前约１００及５００ｍｓ，屏气时诸喉外肌均呈与ＴＡＭ基本同步的密集型放电。③深吸气时诸喉外肌也放电，但放电强度低于发音及各种喉括约活     

喉返神经修复术及非喉返神经修复术治疗声带麻痹

目的 探讨喉返神经修复术及非喉返神经修复术这两种不同术式治疗声带麻痹的疗效。方法 ①单侧声带麻痹21例, 其中采用喉返神经修复术(喉返神经减压术、颈袢神经与喉返神经吻合术、颈袢神经肌肉蒂环杓侧肌移植术)15例, 采用非喉返神经修复术(声带自体脂肪注射术、自体软骨Ⅰ型甲状软骨成形术)6例;②双侧声带麻痹16例, 其中采用喉返神经修复术(喉返神经减压术、颈袢神经肌肉蒂环杓后肌移植术)6例, 采用非喉返神经修复术(声带外移术、内镜下杓状软骨切除术)10例。治疗前后以电子喉镜、频闪喉镜、声音评估等评价手术疗效。结果 ①单侧喉返神经麻痹患者中喉返神经修复组15例, 术后术侧声带活动不同程度改善, 发音时声带突明显内收, 声带振动及黏膜波均恢复对称性, 声门闭合良好, 手术前后的最大声时为(5.51±1.05)s和(12.10±1.41)s, 差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);非喉返神经修复术术后声带均不同程度内移, 声嘶症状改善, 但声带均无运动, 手术前后的最大声时为(5.47±0.45)s和(11.83±1.47)s, 差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。神经修复组和非神经修复组术后最大声时比较, 差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);②双侧喉返神经麻痹患者中喉返神经修复术6例中, 术后呼吸困难缓解及声带外展部分恢复4例;非神经修复术10例术后呼吸困难改善;神经修复组术后拔管率为66.7%, 非神经修复组术后拔管率为100%;Fisher精确概率法比较两组术后拔管率, 差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 对于单侧声带麻痹, 喉返神经修复术及非喉返神经修复术疗效相当, 前者的远期疗效更佳。对于双侧声带麻痹, 非喉返神经修复术疗效更佳, 但喉返神经修复术不影响患者的发音功能。选择喉返神经修复术或非喉返神经修复术治疗声带麻痹, 需要医师根据自身的专业知识及技能、患者的身体状况及需求, 作出慎重的决定, 以取得可靠的疗效。     

人喉外肌肌电图研究

采用４导肌电图机对７例声带麻痹患者１２侧各喉外肌肌电图与健侧甲杓肌（ＴＡＭ）肌电图作对比研究。结果表明：①发音时，各喉外肌均呈与ＴＡＭ基本同步的密集型放电，音量大放电强。发音条件一致时，诸喉外肌的放电不因发不同的元音而不同。②吞咽及咳嗽时诸喉外肌均呈密集型强放电，但较ＴＡＭ提前约１００及５００ｍｓ；屏气时诸喉外肌均呈与ＴＡＭ基本同步的密集型放电。③深吸气时诸喉外肌也放电，但放电强度低于发音及各种喉括约活动时电位。     

喉返神经减压术

目的探讨喉返神经减压治疗因甲状腺手术和甲状腺肿物压迫所致喉返神经功能障碍的疗效.方法2002年10月-2005年6月间,行喉返神经减压术治疗单侧喉返神经麻痹9例,声门闭合不全4例.包括甲状腺良性肿物切除术后喉返神经麻痹7例,均为普通外科术后.其中6例神经缝扎,1例神经瘢痕粘连,同时对其中2例行Ⅰ型甲状软骨成形术;甲状腺腺瘤1例和结节性甲状腺肿并喉返神经麻痹1例,均行甲状腺肿物切除喉返神经减压.声门闭合不全的4例中,结节性甲状腺肿3例、桥本甲状腺炎1例分别行甲状腺肿物切除或腺叶部分切除,电子喉镜观察手术前、后声带动度变化,评价手术效果.结果5例神经被结扎和1例神经粘连者于3个月内行减压术,术后1周～3个月声带动度恢复,发声满意;1例神经被结扎于术后4个月行减压术者,随访1年声带动度未见恢复.甲状腺腺瘤和结节性甲状腺肿并喉返神经麻痹患者减压术后3个月内声带动度完全恢复,声门闭合不全并结节性甲状腺肿和桥本甲状腺炎者,术后1周内声门缝隙消失、声嘶消失.结论对于因甲状腺手术所致的喉返神经麻痹,应尽快行喉返神经探查和减压术;声音嘶哑较严重者,可考虑同时行Ⅰ型甲状软骨成形术,以短时间内改善患者发声状况,提高患者生活质量;对于甲状腺肿物合并喉返神经麻痹或声门闭合不良者,应积极行手术探查,行喉返神经减压.     

肌电图检查对声带麻痹预后的评估

目的 :探讨喉肌电图检查对声带麻痹预后的评估作用。方法 :对 4 6例单侧声带麻痹且固定的患者行甲杓肌的自发肌电图检查 ,分析甲杓肌失神经电位及运动单位波形、时程、电位幅度及运动单位平方根 (RMS)值 ;喉镜观察声带运动恢复情况。结果 :病程在 6个月以内 ,肌电图出现正常的运动单位波形、无电静息 ,提示预后较好 ,判断准确率为 76 % ;RMS值在用力发音时大于 2 6 μV ,提示声带运动可恢复 ,判断准确率为 80 %。综合两者 ,判断准确率为 84 %。声带麻痹 6个月以上者 ,无论肌电图检查结果如何 ,声带运动均无恢复。运动单位时程及电位幅度对判断预后价值不大。结论 :将喉肌电图定性指标与RMS值进行综合分析 ,可提高对声带麻痹预后判断的准确率     

甲状腺切除病例喉返神经损伤的分析

目的：研究甲状腺切除术的主要并发症－－喉返神经（ＲＬＮ）麻痹的相关因素。方法：回顾性研究１５６３例甲状腺手术患者的临床资料,重点分析ＲＬＮ损伤与术式、ＲＬＮ在术中是否被分离保护以及与甲状腺疾病的病理关系。结果：ＲＬＮ损伤率是７．８％,与组织病理恶性程度明显相关（Ｐ〈０．０１）,但术中如明确找到ＲＬＮ并加以保护,术后则无ＲＬＮ永外性损害,暂时麻痹仅１．６％。结论：术中对ＲＬＮ的保护应该强调避免医源性     

痉挛性发音障碍与声带麻痹的关系

目的探索痉挛性发音障碍（ｓｐａｓｍｏｄｉｃｄｙｓｐｈｏｎｉａ）与声带麻痹发病关系。方法用肌电图仪测定喉内肌电位，用电视闪光放大喉镜录像观察声带运动状态，将声带麻痹程度分为轻、中、重三度。结果１９８３～１９９４年１２年中遇到轻、中、重声带麻痹１３００例，在１３００例中伴有痉挛性发音障碍者５例；其中重度和中度声带麻痹者各１例，轻度者３例。结论通过５例的观察，发现声带麻痹的进行或治愈过程中皆可出现痉挛性发音障碍，考虑此５例为喉周围神经器质性病变所引起。     

Diagnosis of unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis: laryngeal electromyography, subjective rating scales, acoustic and aerodynamic measures

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: To determine whether specific laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) patterns in patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis/paresis (UVFP) are related to etiology of injury, time from onset of injury, patient perception of symptom severity, acoustic measures, and laryngeal aerodynamic measures. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective review of 75 patients. METHODS: Each patient received LEMG, acoustic and aerodynamic testing, and a subjective rating scale assessment (the Glottal Closure Index). Statistical analysis by groups were performed using both chi and single-factor analysis of variance testing. RESULTS: An iatrogenic etiology was associated with poor tone on LEMG (P = .05). Those individuals evaluated after 3 months after onset demonstrated more nascent units, a sign of reinnervation, compared with individuals evaluated before 3 months (P < .02). Individuals with fewer normal motor units on LEMG had significantly higher mean translaryngeal air flows (P = .044). Individuals with poor recruitment had significantly shorter maximum phonation times (P = .034) and higher mean flows (P = .044). Individuals with better laryngeal tone as noted on LEMG had significantly lower mean flows (P = .06). CONCLUSIONS: Specific LEMG patterns are related to the etiology of the UVFP and time course since recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. LEMG appears to reflect vocal fold muscle tone as seen on laryngeal function studies. In combination, these studies provide a cohesive assessment of laryngeal function in patients with UVFP.     

甲状腺手术解剖喉返神经对其损伤的预防作用

目的：探讨甲状腺手术中解剖喉返神经对预防喉返神经损伤的作用。方法：回顾性分析我科1993年1月～2005年5月手术治疗的甲状腺病变患者517例,解剖喉返神经组（解剖组）163例187侧,未解剖喉返神经组（未解剖组）354例438侧。未解剖组按常规甲状腺手术保护喉返神经行走区的神经。解剖组于甲状腺下极下方离气管食管间沟0～1cm处先找到喉返神经,顺其向上解剖;或先找到喉返神经入喉处,顺其向下解剖。边解剖喉返神经边切除甲状腺病变,解剖长度视甲状腺病变而定。结果：解剖组喉返神经部分解剖123侧,全程解剖64侧,除2例甲状腺癌已侵犯喉返神经术前已有声带麻痹外,无一例发生医源性喉返神经损伤。未解剖组发生喉返神经损伤3例3侧,喉返神经损伤发生率为0．7％,明显高于解剖组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：甲状腺手术中解剖喉返神经对喉返神经损伤有预防作用。解剖喉返神经的长度视病变大小及部位而定。远离气管食管间沟的良性病变可不解剖喉返神经。