Population exposure to diagnostic use of ionizing radiation in The Netherlands

The use of ionizing radiation for diagnostic medical procedures and the exposure of the Dutch population to this radiation were assessed for 1998. The annual average effective dose from diagnostic medical exposures has increased by 26% to 0.59 mSv per capita since the last inventory of medical radiation exposure in the Netherlands a decade ago. The population-averaged effective dose comprises x-ray procedures in hospitals (87%), nuclear medicine examinations (11%), mammography screening (1.5%), and extramural dentistry (0.2%). The rise has resulted mainly from an increase in frequency and patient dose for CT examinations and from vascular radiology. The increase in the number of CT examinations leveled off in the mid-1990's. Medically exposed people were found to be significantly older than the general population. Based on age distribution alone, an "age reduction factor" for the risk coefficient of 0.64 was found to apply to the medically exposed group. More information on patient dose for the complete set of procedures should, according to this study, become available.     

廊坊市放射工作人员医疗照射频度及受照剂量调查分析

目的 了解廊坊市不同级别医院的各类放射工作人员的医疗照射频度与外照射个人剂量,评估放射工作人员职业健康风险,为放射防护工作提供技术依据。方法 对廊坊市6家不同级别医院2016年全部医疗照射频度、外照射个人剂量开展调查,对调查数据进行统计分析。结果 6家医院中,三级、二级、一级医院放射诊断人员医疗照射人均人次数分别为4 217、3 066、883;三级、二级医院介入放射人员医疗照射人均人次数分别为174、115;一家三级医院的放疗人员医疗照射人均人次数为30;各类放射人员全年有效剂量范围为0.78~1.29 mSv;介入、放射治疗、牙科、放射诊断放射工作人员单次暴露有效剂量分别为0.005 6~0.011、0.038、0.001 3~0.004 2、0.000 27~0.002 3 mSv。结论 从事介入、放射治疗的放射工作人员单次电离辐射暴露的健康损害风险远高于其他放射工作人员;应以介入、放射治疗人员和低级别医院为重点,加强放射防护工作。     

2017—2021年某市医疗机构放射工作人员职业性外照射个人剂量监测结果分析

目的 分析某市医疗机构放射工作人员职业性外照射个人剂量水平,为放射防护管理提供参考依据。方法 依据《职业性外照射个人监测规范》,采用热释光剂量测读系统对放射工作人员进行职业性外照射个人剂量监测,将每年监测4次及以上的人员作为研究对象,对监测结果进行汇总与分析。结果 2017—2021年共收集3 010人个人剂量监测结果,放射工作人员年有效剂量中位数为0.11 mSv·a^-1。98.84%放射工作人员的年有效剂量≤1.0 mSv;5人年有效剂量>5.0 m Sv。2019年放射工作人员年有效剂量中位数为0.10 mSv·a^-1,低于2017年的0.11 mSv·a^-1、2018年的0.12 m Sv·a^-1和2020年的0.12 mSv·a^-1(P均<0.05);核医学放射工作人员年有效剂量中位数为0.08 mSv·a^-1,低于诊断放射学的0.11 m Sv·a^-1、牙科放射学的0.14 mSv·a^-1...     

Medical radiation exposures for diagnostic radiology in Malaysia.

The medical radiation usage for diagnostic radiology in Malaysia (a Level II country) for 1990-1994 is reported, enabling a comparison to be made for the first time with the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation Report. In 1994, the number of physicians, radiologists, x-ray units, and x-ray examinations per 1,000 population was 0.45, 0.005, 0.065, and 183, respectively. (Level I countries had averages of 2.6, 0.072, 0.35, and 860, respectively). In 1994, a total of 3.6 million x-ray examinations were performed; the annual effective dose per capita to the population was 0.05 mSv, and the collective effective dose was 1,000 person-Sv. Chest examinations contributed 63% of the total. Almost all examinations experienced increasing frequency from 1990 to 1994 except for barium studies, cholecystography, and intravenous urography (-23%, -36%, -51%). These decreases are related to the increasing use of ultrasound and greater availability of fiberoptic endoscopy. Notable increases during the same period were observed in computed tomography (161%), cardiac procedures (190%), and mammography (240%). In order to progress from Level II to Level I status Malaysia needs to expand and upgrade radiological service in tandem with the health care development of the country.     

江门市放射工作人员职业外照射个人剂量水平的调查

目的 了解江门市放射工作人员职业外照射的个人剂量水平。方法 按《放射工作人员个人剂量监测方法》（ＧＢ５２９４－８５）要求,监测周期为３个月,一共４期。结果 江门市放射工作人员人均年剂量当量为１．１７ｍＳｖ／ａ,其中医用诊断Ｘ射线从业人员为１．４０ｍＳｖ／ａ,工业探伤为０．４１ｍＳｖ／ａ,密封源其它应用为０．３２ｍＳｖ／ａ,镇医院为２．４９ｍＳｖ／ａ。结论 江门市放射工作人员人均年剂量当量远低于个人     

PET/CT职业照射的剂量估算与分析

[目的]介绍正电子发射型计算机断层显像（PET）/计算机断层扫描（CT）应用中职业照射剂量估算方法及辐射防护措施,为评价和技术审评提供参考。[方法]参照国际原子能机构（IAEA）58号技术文件和美国医学物理学家协会（AAPM）108工作组的报告,以某医院PET/CT中心为例,分析辐射源项和工作流程,细化参数,分别估算工作人员各操作岗位的年受照剂量,结合轮岗情况给出年剂量。[结果]该中心工作人员分装、注射、摆位和控制室操作等岗位的年受照剂量分别为0.06、0.14、7.00、0.36 mSv,在轮岗情况下年受照剂量约为1.9 mSv,手部当量剂量为340 mSv。[结论]工作人员应实行轮岗制度,加强分装、注射、摆位环节的辐射防护。     

Radon in the workplace—A study of occupational exposure in BT underground structures

During the period August 1993-October 1994 a study was undertaken throughout British Telecommunications plc to assess occupational exposure to radon. This paper is concerned only with that portion of the work concerned with underground structures. The results show that radon can build up to very high concentrations in manholes and implies a significant risk to those who need to work in them. For various reasons, which are explained, exposures are much less than predicted and in all but a very few cases the annual predicted radiation dose due to radon is expected to be below 5 milliSieverts (mSv). A safe system of work is described which seeks to ensure that no BT people receive an annual radiation dose of greater than 5 mSv as a result of occupational exposure to radon.     

Nuclear medicine staff and patient doses in Manitoba (1981-1985)

The number of diagnostic in vivo nuclear medicine (NM) procedures in the Province of Manitoba (population 1 million) has been examined over the period 1981 to 1985. The annual number of procedures performed has remained relatively constant at about 25 per thousand population. The isotope 99mTc accounted for 86% of all the studies performed and the number of NM procedures per imaging system was approximately 1,300 per annum. The total number of NM operators in the province increased from 30 in 1981 to about 40 in 1985. The mean NM operator dose was reduced from 3.8 mSv to 2.5 mSv over this five-year period and the collective operator dose underwent a smaller reduction of 13% to about 100 person-mSv in 1985. The value of the mean patient effective dose equivalent (HE) was relatively constant at 5.2 mSv. The contribution of diagnostic NM procedures to the annual per caput population dose in Manitoba was 0.13 mSv. Three diagnostic procedures (brain, bone and cardiac) accounted for approximately 80% of the collective patient HE. Patient profiles (age, sex and medical history) were obtained for the patients undergoing these three procedures, which showed them to be atypical in comparison to a normal working population. These data suggested that the application of the International Commission on Radiological Protection risk factor of 1.65 X 10(-2) Sv-1 to this patient population would have significantly overestimated the expected radiation detriment.     

Exposure of the Swiss population by medical x-rays: 2008 review

Nationwide surveys on radiation dose to the population from medical radiology are recommended in order to follow the trends in population exposure and ensure radiation protection.The last survey in Switzerland was conducted in 1998,and the annual effective dose from medical radiology was estimated to be 1 mSv y j(-1) per capita. The purpose of this work was to follow the trends in diagnostic radiology between 1998 and 2008 in Switzerland and determine the contribution of different modalities and types of examinations to the collective effective dose from medical x-rays. For this reason, an online database(www.raddose.ch) was developed. All healthcare providers who hold a license to run an x-ray unit in the country were invited to participate in the survey. More than 225 examinations, covering eight radiological modalities, were included in the survey. The average effective dose for each examination was reassessed. Data from about 3,500 users were collected (42% response rate). The survey showed that the annual effective dose was 1.2 mSv/capita in 2008. The most frequent examinations are conventional and dental radiographies (88%). The contribution of computed tomography was only 6% in terms of examination frequency but 68% in terms of effective dose. The comparison with other countries showed that the effective dose per capita in Switzerland was in the same range as in other countries with similar healthcare systems, although the annual number of examinations performed in Switzerland was higher.     

2002～2008年太原市放射诊疗工作人员个人剂量监测结果分析

[目的]掌握各类放射诊疗工作人员受照剂量水平,为改善其辐射防护措施,更准确地为职业病诊断提供剂量依据。[方法]对2002～2008年太原市145家医疗卫生机构的放射诊疗工作人员个人外照射剂量监测资料进行分析。[结果]2002～2008年累计监测2799人次,人均年剂量当量为1.37±2.14mSv,各年分别为1.71±1.40、1.36±1.62、1.59±3.47、1.28±2.22、1.35±1.90、1.20±2.15、1.22±1.63mSv,人均受到职业照射的年剂量当量呈逐年下降趋势（P〈0.05）。2002～2008年累计人均年剂量当量,介入放射学人员为4.39±7.55mSv,核医学工作人员为1.36±0.92mSv,诊断放射学工作人员为1.28±1.73mSv（P〈0.05）。同一年份中,不同放射工种人员的剂量（除2002年外）的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。监测的2799人次中,剂量当量〈2mSv的占86.75%,2～4mSv的占11.90%,5～19mSv的占1.68%,≥20mSv的占0.29%。[结论]太原市绝大多数放射诊疗人员外照射剂量水平较低,是介入放射工作人员的今后放射防护工作的重点。     

Whole-body doses of occupationally exposed female workers in Nigeria (1999-2001).

The work described in this note is based on the national dose registry of radiation workers in Nigeria kept by the Federal Radiation Protection Service. In each of the three years (1999-2001) used for this analysis, the number of male radiation workers was more than that of female radiation workers in both medicine and industry. The ratio of the number of female radiation workers to that of their male counterparts, however, is smaller in industry. The mean of the annual doses of all radiation workers increased from 3.6 mSv in 1999 to 4.7 mSv in 2000 and to 7.7 mSv in 2001. This increase was a result of the yearly increase in mean annual doses to radiation workers in industry. In the industrial category, the mean annual doses of female radiation workers were higher than those of their male counterparts in 1999 and 2001 in both occupation categories. In 2000, while the mean annual doses were the same for both male and female radiation workers in the medical category, the mean annual dose of male radiation workers was higher than that of female radiation workers in industry. Female radiation workers received the highest annual doses in 1999 and 2001. These results indicate the need for the regulatory authority to pay more careful attention to the control of female radiation workers' exposures.     

2016年南通市放射工作人员外照射个人剂量监测结果

目的 了解南通市放射工作人员职业外照射的剂量水平及分布情况,评价放射工作人员职业危害及防护效果,为放射防护管理工作提供科学依据。方法 使用RGD-3D热释光剂量仪对放射工作人员进行外照射个人剂量当量H_P（10）监测,职业类别包括诊断放射学、介入放射学、核医学、牙科放射学、放射治疗、工业应用等,采用全国放射卫生信息平台个人监测管理系统进行数据汇总统计。结果 南通市放射工作人员外照射人均年有效剂量为0.273 mSv/a,所有监测人员的年有效剂量均小于年剂量限值20 mSv,集体有效剂量为0.570人·Sv,人均年有效剂量以介入放射学（0.375 mSv/a）稍高,其次为核医学（0.316 mSv/a）,人数最多的诊断放射学为0.271 mSv/a,其余职业类别年有效剂量值均在较低水平;不同地区放射工作人员平均年有效剂量相差不大,人均年有效剂量海安县（0.418 mSv/a）较其他地区稍高;二甲医院以下医疗单位监测剂量值（0.361 mSv/a）要高于二甲医院及以上医疗单位（0.182 mSv/a）和工业企业（0.143 mSv/a）。结论 2016年南通市放射工作人员年有效剂量均处于较低水平,我市放射工作人员的放射防护条件良好,工作环境安全。     

The NIOSH/FAA Working Women's Health Study: evaluation of the cosmic-radiation exposures of flight attendants. Federal Aviation Administration

Air crew are exposed to elevated levels of cosmic ionizing radiation of galactic and solar origin and are among the more highly exposed occupational groups to ionizing radiation in the United States. Depending on flight route patterns, the annual dose may range from 0.2 to 5 mSv. By comparison, the average annual radiation dose equivalent of occupationally exposed adults in the United States is estimated to be 1.1 mSv. Cosmic-radiation dose depends primarily on altitude and geomagnetic latitude and to a lesser degree on solar activity. Although the International Commission on Radiological Protection has recommended that air crew exposures to natural radiation in-flight be treated as occupational exposures, United States flight crew exposures to natural cosmic radiation are not regulated or typically monitored. There are approximately 148,000 air crew (flight deck crew and flight attendants) in the United States.     

2010年江苏省部分放射工作人员个人剂量监测结果

目的掌握江苏省省管单位3 273名放射工作人员2010年外照射个人剂量水平及分布情况。方法以2010年3 273名放射工作人员外照射个人剂量值为研究对象,按照《职业性外照射个人监测规范》GBZ 128-2002的要求,采用热释光方法监测放射工作人员外照射剂量当量Hp(10)。结果 3 273名放射工作人员的年有效剂量均低于5 mSv,其中95.0%的放射工作人员年有效剂量低于1 mSv;放射工作人员的年平均有效剂量为0.243 mSv。结论江苏省省管放射工作人员的放射防护条件良好,其中,医疗照射的放射工作人员防护更值得重视。     

Nation-wide survey on radiation doses in diagnostic and interventional radiology in Switzerland in 1998

A nation-wide survey on radiation doses in diagnostic and interventional radiology was conducted in Switzerland in 1998 aiming at establishing their collective radiological impact on the Swiss population. The study consisted on the one hand of surveying the frequency of more than 250 types of examinations, covering conventional radiology, mammography, fluoroscopy, angiography, interventional radiology, CT, bone densitometry, conventional tomography and dental radiology. On the other hand, for each type of examination the associated patient dose was established by modeling. The results of this study show that about 9.5 million diagnostic and interventional examinations are performed annually in Switzerland (1.34 per caput) and that the associated annual collective dose is of the order of 7100 person.Sv (1.0 mSv per caput). Switzerland is similar to other European countries in terms of the frequency of examinations and the collective dose.     

河北省部分放射工作人员个人剂量监测与分析

目的调查河北省部分县级以上(含县级)医院放射防护工作情况。方法对2010年不同工种放射工作人员(248人)年人均剂量当量监测数值进行比较,个人剂量监测采用热释光剂量测量方法。结果放射工作人员年人均剂量当量范围为0.13～1.41 m〕mSv/a,平均值最低的工种为诊断放射学(0.13 mSv/a),最高工种为介入放射学(1.41 mSv/a)。介入放射学及医用加速器年人均有效剂量与诊断放射学相比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。与牙科放射学比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论河北省县级以上医院放射防护工作开展较好。但仍应进一步加强防护工作。对牙科X线机的防护也应加以重视。     

2009—2011年天津市和平区医疗放射工作人员个人剂量监测结果分析

目的了解天津市和平区从事医疗放射工作人员职业性外照射个人剂量水平,建立个人剂量档案,加强放射防护管理,保障放射工作人员健康。方法采用热释光剂量仪检测天津市和平区放射工作人员的个人剂量计,对2009—2011年该区1 232人次的个人剂量监测结果按照不同年份、不同工种、不同剂量组进行统计分析。结果 2009—2011年的总集体剂量当量为807.8人.mSv,人均年剂量当量为0.656 mSv/a,97.40%放射工作人员年剂量小于5 mSv。不同工种中,以临床介入放射工作人员人均年剂量当量最高,为1.479 mSv/a,其次为医用诊断X射线,核医学最低。结论该区大部分放射工作人员个人剂量处于较低水平,工作条件和环境基本是符合要求和安全的,但仍有以临床介入为主的部分放射工作人员的个人剂量监测结果超过了标准规定的限值。提示我们应重视临床介入放射工作人员高剂量的情况,加强对临床介入放射工作人员的放射防护管理,降低个人剂量水平。     

2016 - 2018年天津市职业外照射个人剂量监测结果分析

目的 分析天津市放射工作人员外照射个人剂量监测基本情况。方法　采用方便抽样方法,以2016 - 2018年582家单位进行个人剂量监测的放射工作人员为调查对象,分析连续3年的监测数据。结果　3年连续共监测放射工作人员11 790人次, 年集体有效剂量1 649.55人.mSv,人均年有效剂量为0.07 mSv/a。2016年和2018年均高于2017年年人均有效剂量,差异有统计学意义（Ｈ = 201.04,P＜0.01）。用人单位4个周期监测率,二级医院最高,非医疗机构最低,差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 949.68,P＜0.01）。两两比较显示,核医学和牙科放射人均年有效剂量最高,其次为诊断放射学和放射治疗学,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论　天津市放射工作人员年有效剂量基本符合职业接触人群个人剂量当量年限值的要求。加强三级医疗机构、非医疗机构监管和核医学、诊断放射学和放射治疗学人员的放射危害防护。     

2016年滦南县放射工作人员外照射个人剂量及放射诊疗设备现状分析

目的 了解滦南县放射工作人员外照射个人剂量水平及放射诊疗设备现状,为评价放射工作场所防护现状提供依据。方法 按照《职业性外照射个人监测规范》（GBZ 128-2016）的要求,采用热释光剂量法对滦南县所有医疗卫生机构放射工作人员外照射进行监测。结果 滦南县共有放射诊疗单位30家,放射工作人员146人,实际监测人员131人,监测率89.73%。131人的集体年剂量当量为51.97 mSv人,人均年剂量当量为0.40 mSv。其中128人年剂量当量低于2 mSv,3人年剂量当量在2~5 mSv之间,占2.29%,年剂量当量值均无超过5 mSv。县级医院人均年剂量当量为0.36 mSv,乡镇级医院人均年剂量当量为0.44 mSv,牙科门诊人均年剂量当量为0.34 mSv,个体诊所人均年剂量当量为0.31 mSv。放射工作人员中以普通放射工作人员为主,共计97人,占74.05%,人均年剂量当量0.38 mSv;从事CT人员19人,人均年剂量当量0.50 mSv;从事介入人员9人,人均年剂量当量0.24 mSv;专职牙科人员4人,人均年剂量当量0.34 mSv;放射治疗2人,人均年剂量当量1.04 mSv。经比较,放射治疗与其他放射工种的人均年剂量当量差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 全县放射工作人员人均年有效剂量均远远低于国家标准限值,表明放射职业环境相对安全。     

2015—2017年青岛市职业性外照射个人剂量监测结果分析

目的 通过整理2015—2017年青岛市疾病预防控制中心检测的青岛市职业性外照射个人剂量H_p(10)数据结果,对放射工作人员射线暴露和防护情况进行评估,为更好的保护放射工作人员健康,预防职业性放射性疾病提供依据。方法 采用热释光剂量仪对放射工作人员进行职业性外照射个人剂量监测,分类整理数据结果并进行统计分析。结果 2015—2017年共对2861人进行外照射个人剂量监测,医疗机构2015—2017年人均年有效剂量依次为0.52、0.25和0.17 mSv/a,人均年有效剂量逐年降低,差异有统计学意义;工业企业2015—2017年人均年有效剂量依次为0.17、0.16和0.14 mSv/a,人均年有效剂量逐年降低,不同年份间差异无统计学意义。2015—2017年各职业类别的放射工作人员间人均年有效剂量差异具有统计学意义。诊断和介入工作人员分别有3人和2人年有效剂量超出20 mSv/a。结论 青岛市放射工作人员外照射个人剂量人均年有效剂量逐年降低,各职业类别间差异具有统计学意义,应加强诊断和介入工作人员放射防护。