Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells producing interferon-alpha in a mouse melanoma lung metastasis model

Adult stem cells represent a potential source for cell-based therapy of cancer. The present study evaluated the potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), genetically modified to express interferon (IFN)-alpha, for the treatment of lung metastasis in an immunocompetent mouse model of metastatic melanoma. A recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) 6 vector encoding IFN-alpha was used to transduce mouse bone marrow-derived MSC ex vivo. Expression and bioactivity of the transgenic protein from rAAV-transduced MSC were confirmed prior to in vivo studies. A lung metastasis model of melanoma was developed by i.v. injection of B16F10 cells into 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice. Ten days later, MSC transduced with rAAV-IFN-alpha or green fluorescent protein were intravenously injected. One cohort of mice was sacrificed to determine the effects of the therapy at an earlier time point, and another cohort was observed for long-term survival. Results indicated that systemic administration of MSC producing IFN-alpha reduced the growth of B16F10 melanoma cells and significantly prolonged survival. Immunohistochemistry analysis of the tumors from MSC-IFN-alpha-treated animals indicated an increase in apoptosis and a decrease in proliferation and blood vasculature. These data demonstrate the potential of adult MSC constitutively producing IFN-alpha to reduce the growth of lung metastasis in melanoma.     

骨髓间充质干细胞对高转移肝癌模型的干预

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞具备化学趋向性和归巢作用,对于促进患者免疫系统的重建、消除残留病灶及防止复发转移具有良好的效果。 目的：观察人骨髓间充质干细胞移植入动物模型对肝癌组织的影响情况及对肝癌转移潜能影响。 方法：制作高转移潜能动物模型,实验组在接种肿瘤后第7日开始尾静脉注射骨髓间充质干细胞,5×105/次,2次/周;对照组尾静脉注射骨髓间充质干细胞培养液,0.2 mL/次,实验开始后每4 d用测量肿瘤体积,肿瘤接种后14 d(2周),21 d(3周),28 d(4周),35 d(5周),42 d(6周)处死动物,称质量,取瘤块,称瘤质量,计算肿瘤质量抑制率。PCR检测动物模型标本转移相关因子骨桥蛋白、骨唾液蛋白、整合素αⅤ基因的表达,及肿瘤标本凋亡相关因子bcl-2、bax、caspase3基因的表达。 结果与结论：第3周时肿瘤的质量抑制率效果最好,随着时间的延长,肿瘤的抑制率逐渐下降。肝癌转移相关的生物学指标均呈逐渐下降趋势,代表肿瘤凋亡指标的因子呈两极分化表现,抗凋亡bcl-2因子呈逐渐下降的趋势,凋亡因子bax、caspase3呈逐渐升高的趋势。骨髓间充质干细胞对肝癌动物模型肿瘤抑制效能随时间而变化,骨髓间充质干细胞移植后第3周对肝癌抑制效果最显著,随着时间的延长,抑制效能减弱。骨髓间充质干细胞对肝癌的转移潜能具有抑制作用。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

骨髓间质干细胞研究进展

全能干细胞和多能干细胞具有高度自我更新能力和多向分化潜能 ,是组织工程及细胞和基因治疗中重要的靶细胞。胚胎干细胞是从早期胚胎中分离的 ,具有向机体各种组织细胞分化的潜能 ,但其自身的免疫原性以及取材困难 ,限制了它在临床上的应用。近年来研究发现 ,除了胚胎干细胞外 ,机体内还存在一些多能干细胞 ,它们具有一定的自我更新和分化能力 ,如来源于脑室管膜的神经干细胞可分化为神经元和神经胶质细胞[1] ;骨髓中的造血干细胞可分化为红细胞、粒细胞、巨噬细胞等各种血细胞。而骨髓间质干细胞作为非造血组织干细胞[2 ] ,除了参与构成支…     

非黏附骨髓源干细胞治疗急性放射损伤

背景：目前对于辐射剂量超过8 Gy的急性放射病尚缺乏有效的治疗方案,间充质干细胞可以分泌多种造血因子、重建造血,在放射损伤救治中具有重要意义。 目的：探讨非黏附骨髓源干细胞在8.5 Gy X射线照射所致急性骨髓型放射损伤救治中的作用及作用机制。 方法：取胎儿四肢长骨的非黏附骨髓源干细胞,分析其麦面抗原,细胞周期,成骨和成脂分化潜能,以及血管内皮生长因子及Annexin A2表达。BALB/C小鼠受8.5 Gy一次性全身均匀X射线照射后随机分成骨髓源干细胞组和对照组,骨髓源干细胞组小鼠在X射线照射2 h内经尾静脉输注含3×106 CFDA-SE标记的人非黏附骨髓源干细胞的细胞悬液0.3 mL,对照组小鼠在X射线照射2 h内输注0.3 mL生理盐水。观察骨髓源干细胞的分布情况、小鼠的存活率、白细胞变化、骨髓病理变化及骨髓中新生血管形成情况。 结果与结论：X射线照射后移植的非黏附间充质干细胞可以向损伤部位归巢;骨髓源干细胞组小鼠存活率明显高于对照组;与对照组相比,骨髓源干细胞组小鼠外周血白细胞计数下降慢且恢复迅速,X射线照射后14 d左右达最低,30 d基本恢复至正常水平。X射线照射后21 d,骨髓源干细胞组骨髓增生活跃,骨髓腔内新生造血灶显著多于对照,血管密度亦显著高于对照组。说明人胎儿非黏附骨髓源干细胞促进急性放射损伤小鼠骨髓内新生血管形成,改善并加快受损小鼠造血功能的恢复。     

骨髓间充质干细胞在纳米晶胶原基骨内生长以及成骨潜能

背景：纳米晶胶原基骨修复材料是根据仿生原理制备的纳米骨框架材料,其微结构和成分两方面都与天然骨有相似性 ,具有良好的生物相容性。 目的：研究兔骨髓间充质干细胞与纳米晶胶原基骨修复材料体外复合培养的结合程度,以及构建组织工程骨的可行性。 方法：分离兔骨髓间充质干细胞,体外培养、纯化,取第3代骨髓间充质干细胞与纳米晶胶原基骨修复材料体外复合培养,第3,7,20天后激光共聚焦和扫描电镜观察二者复合程度。 结果与结论：骨髓间充质干细胞和纳米晶胶原基骨修复材料复合良好,共聚焦显微镜和环境扫描电镜观察均可见细胞生长;纳米晶胶原基骨修复材料能够作为良好的支架,它能使骨髓间充质干细胞在其内稳定生长。提示骨髓间充质干细胞在纳米晶胶原基骨修复材料内能很好的生长,并且具有成骨潜能。     

Xenotransplantation of long-term-cultured swine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Swine-derived MSCs were efficiently isolated and extensively expanded using a low fetal serum content growth medium to which selected growth factors were added. After > or =96 cell population doublings (PDs), MSCs were devoid of cytogenetic abnormalities. In vitro chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation capacity was preserved after 80 PDs. To test therapeutic efficacy, 1 x 10(6) 80-PD MSCs were injected directly into the peri-infarct zone of hearts of immunodeficient (non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient) mice at the time of acute myocardial infarction. Engrafted MSCs survived in the infarcted hearts for at least 4 weeks. Echocardiography at 2 and 4 weeks postinfarction revealed a significant preservation of the left ventricular ejection fractions of infarct hearts receiving MSCs compared with infarct hearts receiving saline. Peri-infarct zone capillarity was better preserved in MSC-treated hearts than other infarct groups of hearts, but infarct size was comparable in all groups. Only rare engrafted MSCs expressed cardiac-specific or endothelial cell-specific markers. Hence, 80-PD MSCs retained the capacity to promote functional improvement in the infarcted heart despite minimal differentiation of MSCs into cardiomyocytes or endothelial cells. These data suggest that the beneficial effects of MSC transplantation most likely result from the trophic effects of MSC-released substances on native cardiac and vascular cells. The capacity to massively expand MSC lines without loss of therapeutic efficacy may prove to be useful in the clinical setting where "off the shelf" MSCs may be required for interventions in patients with acute coronary syndromes.     

Functional neuronal differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Recent results have shown the ability of bone marrow cells to migrate in the brain and to acquire neuronal or glial characteristics. In vitro, bone marrow-derived MSCs can be induced by chemical compounds to express markers of these lineages. In an effort to set up a mouse model of such differentiation, we addressed the neuronal potentiality of mouse MSCs (mMSCs) that we recently purified. These cells expressed nestin, a specific marker of neural progenitors. Under differentiating conditions, mMSCs display a distinct neuronal shape and express neuronal markers NF-L (neurofilament-light, or neurofilament 70 kDa) and class III beta-tubulin. Moreover, differentiated mMSCs acquire neuron-like functions characterized by a cytosolic calcium rise in response to various specific neuronal activators. Finally, we further demonstrated for the first time that clonal mMSCs and their progeny are competent to differentiate along the neuronal pathway, demonstrating that these bone marrow-derived stem cells share characteristics of widely multipotent stem cells unrestricted to mesenchymal differentiation pathways.     

胃癌细胞SGC-7901对骨髓来源的间充质干细胞作用的研究

目的 建立胃癌细胞SGC-7901与骨髓来源的间充质干细胞相互作用的体外模型,检测其对间充质干细胞增殖、侵袭及迁移能力的影响,分析处于肿瘤微环境中的间充质干细胞生物学特性的改变.方法 原代培养骨髓来源的间充质干细胞,传代培养胃癌细胞SGC-7901,建立间充质干细胞与胃癌细胞SGC-7901相互作用的体外模型,分析胃癌细胞SGC-7901对间充质干细胞增殖、侵袭及迁移能力的影响.结果 (1)胃癌细胞SGC-7901对间充质干细胞的增殖无影响(P>0.05).(2)胃癌细胞SGC-7901可显著提高间充质干细胞的侵袭及迁移能力(P<0.05).结论 胃癌细胞SGC-7901对间充质干细胞有很强的趋化性,但对其增殖并无影响.     

骨髓间充质干细胞的迁移及其相关力/化学因素调控

骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)是一类具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的多能干细胞,在损伤组织的修复和再生中起着重要作用。MSCs从骨髓中动员、进入外周血循环向损伤组织位点定向迁移是其行使损伤组织修复功能的关键环节之一。近年来研究证实,多种力学、化学因素在MSCs向损伤组织位点定向迁移过程中起着重要的调节作用。综述MSCs通过外周血循环向损伤组织位点移动过程中相关力学、化学因素对其迁移行为的影响及其可能的分子机理,以期深入认识理化因素及其耦合对MSCs迁移行为的影响特征,为体外调控MSCs的高效迁移从而更好地应用于临床发挥其组织修复功能提供理论指导。     

骨髓间充质干细胞诱导分化为神经细胞的表型变化

为了研究大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)诱导分化为神经细胞的表型特征,利用贴壁培养法获得骨髓MSCs。化学诱导剂二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和β-巯基乙醇(BME)联合诱导MSCs。免疫组织化学染色检测神经元特异性标志物MAP2、NSE和NF的表达,以及胶质细胞标志物GFAP的表达。硫堇-伊红染色检测细胞内Nissl体。结果表明,DMSO和BME联合诱导MSCs后48h,80%以上的细胞变为神经元样形态,胞体发出数个突起,有的似轴突,突起交织成网。免疫组化结果表明,诱导后细胞表达神经元特异性标志物MAP2、NSE和NF,其诱导率分别为88.6%,87.1%和85.8%。神经干细胞的特征性生物学标记nestin的诱导率在诱导后2h和10h较高,分别为48%和71.4%,而在诱导后48h仅为0.06%。诱导后细胞不表达GFAP。Nissl染色结果表明,诱导后细胞胞质中含有Nissl体。本研究结果证明DMSO和BME联合诱导MSCs可获得具有神经元表型特征的MSCs源性神经细胞。     

Bioreactor expansion of human adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Supplementation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) during hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation alleviates complications such as graft-versus-host disease, leading to a speedy recovery of hematopoiesis. To meet this clinical demand, a fast MSC expansion method is required. In the present study, we examined the feasibility of using a rotary bioreactor system to expand MSCs from isolated bone marrow mononuclear cells. The cells were cultured in a rotary bioreactor with Myelocult medium containing a combination of supplementary factors, including stem cell factor and interleukin-3 and -6. After 8 days of culture, total cell numbers, Stro-1(+)CD44(+)CD34(-) MSCs, and CD34(+)CD44(+)Stro-1(-) HSCs were increased 9-, 29-, and 8-fold, respectively. Colony-forming efficiency-fibroblast per day of the bioreactor-treated cells was 1.44-fold higher than that of the cells without bioreactor treatment. The bioreactor-expanded MSCs showed expression of primitive MSC markers endoglin (SH2) and vimentin, whereas markers associated with lineage differentiation, including osteocalcin (osteogenesis), type II collagen (chondrogenesis), and C/EBP-alpha (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha) (adipogenesis), were not detected. Upon induction, the bioreactor-expanded MSCs were able to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. We conclude that the rotary bioreactor with the modified Myelocult medium reported in this study may be used to rapidly expand MSCs.     

Optimized lentiviral transduction of mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted much attention as potential platforms for transgene delivery and cell-based therapy for human disease. MSCs have the capability to self-renew and retain multipotency after extensive expansion in vitro, making them attractive targets for ex vivo modification and autologous transplantation. Viral vectors, including lentiviral vectors, provide an efficient means for transgene delivery into human MSCs. In contrast, mouse MSCs have proven more difficult to transduce with lentiviral vectors than their human counterparts, and because many studies use mouse models of human disease, an improved method of transduction would facilitate studies using ex vivo-modified mouse MSCs. We have worked toward improving the production of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-based lentiviral vectors and optimizing transduction conditions for mouse MSCs using lentivirus vectors pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSV-G), the ecotropic murine leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein (MLV-E), and the glycoproteins derived from the Armstrong and WE strains of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV-Arm, LCMV-WE). Mouse MSCs were readily transduced following overnight incubation using a multiplicity of infection of at least 40. Alternatively, mouse MSCs in suspension were readily transduced after a 1-h exposure to lentiviral pseudotypes immediately following trypsin treatment or retrieval from storage in liquid nitrogen. LCMV-WE pseudotypes resulted in efficient transduction of mouse MSCs with less toxicity than VSV-G pseudotypes. In conclusion, our improved production and transduction conditions for lentiviral vectors resulted in efficient transduction of mouse MSCs, and these improvements should facilitate the application of such cells in the context of mouse models of human disease.     

骨髓和脂肪来源间充质干细胞的免疫调节作用

背景：脂肪来源的间充质干细胞是否具有和骨髓来源间充质干细胞类似的免疫调节作用? 目的：观察骨髓来源和脂肪来源间充质干细胞的免疫学特征。 方法：分离骨髓和脂肪来源的间充质干细胞,分别检测它们对T细胞周期、活化、抑制和增殖的作用情况。 结果与结论：骨髓来源和脂肪来源的间充质干细胞同样具有抑制T细胞增殖的能力,在有丝分裂原刺激和混合淋巴细胞反应的T细胞增殖中这种作用都是具有剂量依赖性的,在1︰2时有极强的抑制作用,但是在1︰100时这种作用基本消失,在共培养时骨髓来源和脂肪来源的间充质干细胞都可以使更多的T细胞被抑制在G0/G1期,同时也可以抑制T细胞的早期活化,但是上述作用脂肪来源的间充质干细胞均较骨髓来源间充质干细胞弱,且脂肪来源的间充质干细胞并不具有抑制T细胞凋亡的作用。     

骨髓基质干细胞在软骨组织工程中的应用

骨关节炎等损坏关节软骨的疾病严重影响人们的正常生活。骨髓基质干细胞具有较强的自我更新能力和多向分化潜能,在特定的诱导条件下分化为软骨细胞,为组织工程软骨修复软骨缺损带来希望。就骨髓基质干细胞分离、诱导分化为软骨细胞的方法、载体材料及目前存在的问题加以综述。     

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in repair of the injured lung

We sought to determine whether an intact bone marrow is essential to lung repair following bleomycin-induced lung injury in mice, and the mechanisms of any protective effects conferred by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMDMSC) transfer. We found that myelosupression increased susceptibility to bleomycin injury and that BMDMSC transfer was protective. Protection was associated with the differentiation of engrafted BMDMSC into specific and distinct lung cell phenotypes, with an increase in circulating levels of G-CSF and GM-CSF (known for their ability to promote the mobilization of endogenous stem cells) and with a decrease in inflammatory cytokines. In vitro, cells from injured, but not from normal, mouse lung produced soluble factors that caused BMDMSC to proliferate and migrate toward the injured lung. We conclude that bone marrow stem cells are important in the repair of bleomycin-injured lung and that transfer of mesenchymal stem cells protects against the injury. BMDMSC localize to the injured lung and assume lung cell phenotypes, but protection from injury and fibrosis also involves suppression of inflammation and triggering production of reparative growth factors.     

骨髓基质干细胞在软骨组织工程中的应用

骨关节炎等损坏关节软骨的疾病严重影响人们的正常生活。骨髓基质干细胞具有较强的自我更新能力和多向分化潜能，在特定的诱导条件下分化为软骨细胞，为组织工程软骨修复软骨缺损带来希望。就骨髓基质干细胞分离、诱导分化为软骨细胞的方法、载体材料及目前存在的问题加以综述。     

移植骨髓间充质干细胞减轻脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤

目的 观察移植骨髓间充质干细胞 （MSCs） 对脂多糖 （LPS） 诱导小鼠急性肺损伤 （ALI）的治疗修复作用。方法 全骨髓培养法培养小鼠骨髓MSCs;细胞免疫化学染色鉴定MSCs特异表面标记;小鼠咽后壁吸入LPS制造小鼠肺损伤;尾静脉注射引入MSCs;称重计算肺水肿指数;肺组织切片HE染色观察组织病理改变;ELISA检测肺泡灌洗液和肺组织匀浆中IL-1β含量;Brdu（5-Bromo-2-Deoxyuridine）标记供体MSCs,免疫组织化学染色及双染色观察移植细胞的迁移和分化状态。结果 培养的MSCs细胞表面标记CD44阳性,而造血系表面标记CD34阴性。吸入LPS后,小鼠出现典型的肺损伤病理改变,肺水肿指数和肺组织匀浆IL-1β含量明显增加。标记的MSCs移植入同种异体的肺损伤小鼠,其肺部出现标记的MSCs,并表达上皮细胞标志抗原-细胞角蛋白（CK）。治疗后小鼠的肺水肿指数和肺组织匀浆IL-1β含量下降。结论 外源性MSCs移植到肺损伤小鼠体内,可迁移至肺损伤部位,并表达上皮细胞标志;减轻肺水肿程度,减少炎症因子释放。     

芒果苷对缺氧损伤骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡的保护

背景：缺氧性死亡限制了细胞移植和组织再生中细胞的应用。 目的：观察芒果苷对氯化钴作用下骨髓间充质干细胞缺氧损伤性凋亡的保护作用。 方法：体外培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,应用氯化钴建立细胞缺氧模型,以芒果苷对缺氧损伤下的骨髓间充质干细胞进行保护,通过MTT实验观察芒果苷对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞缺氧损伤的保护作用;采用流式细胞仪检测芒果苷对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞缺氧保护的细胞凋亡及线粒体膜电位检测结果。 结果与结论：氯化钴能显著抑制大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的生长,并且呈明显的剂量依赖关系。氯化钴200 μmol/L处理细胞12 h,诱导细胞凋亡率为(42.49±3.96)%;处理细胞24 h,诱导细胞凋亡率为(46.37±4.49)%,随着芒果苷浓度的增加,大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞缺氧损伤的凋亡率逐步减少(P < 0.01),芒果苷对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞缺氧损伤具有保护作用,且呈浓度依赖性。结果提示,氯化钴缺氧模型能成功诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡,具有剂量准确可控、无特殊设备要求、易操作等优点;芒果苷能有效抑制缺氧损伤时骨髓间充质干细胞的凋亡,对细胞具有保护作用。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：