活动精子总数与宫腔内人工授精妊娠率的关系

目的探讨处理前后的精液特征对IUI妊娠率的影响。方法收集分析342例不育不孕患者共372个IUI治疗周期,检测记录每个周期精液处理前后的各精液参数,并按照妊娠结果分成两组:妊娠组与非妊娠组,按照处理后精子活动总数(PTMS)分成3组:PTMS<10×106/ml,10×106/ml≤PTMS<20×106/ml,PTMS≥20×106/ml。比较各组间的精液参数和IUI妊娠率。结果372个IUI周期共获得62例妊娠,总周期妊娠率是16.67%,总病例妊娠率是18.13%。妊娠组与非妊娠组各精液参数无明显差别;PTMS<10×106/ml组获得的妊娠率明显低于后两组(P<0.05)。结论当PTMS>10×106/ml时,IUI治疗周期才有可能获得较为理想的妊娠率。     

少弱精子冷冻保存在宫腔内人工授精中的应用

目的:探讨精液冷冻保存在少弱精子症患者行宫腔内人工授精(IUI)周期中的应用效果。方法:2008年3月至2009年6月103对原发性不孕夫妇,共计152个IUI治疗周期,其中精液正常者53个周期(组1),少弱精子者52个周期(组2),少弱精子经精液冷冻保存后结合新鲜精液者47个周期(组3)。检测治疗前后精液常规、精液处理后前向活动精子总数,随访3组患者治疗期间配偶妊娠结局。结果:精液处理前组3精液体积、精子活率、a级精子均低于组2,差异极显著(P<0.01);组3处理后前向活动精子总数高于组2,但差异无显著性(P>0.05)。3组间生化妊娠率和临床妊娠率均无显著性差异。结论:精液冷冻保存可以增加少弱精子症患者前向活动精子总数,精液冷冻保存技术可以在一定程度上提高其IUI妊娠率。精液冷冻保存与IUI相结合,可能是治疗少弱精子症一种较为理想的方法。     

精子体外处理技术对供精人工授精妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨不同的精子体外处理技术对供精人工授精（AID）妊娠率的影响。方法对AID过程中的172个周期采用冷冻精液复苏后行宫颈人工授精（ICI），另251个周期采用复苏精液用Tyrode’s、BWW、IVF30、HTF等4种培养液经一步离心法处理后行宫腔内人工授精（IUI）和输卵管内精液灌注（FSP）。观察不同的精液处理结合不同的手术方法对AID妊娠率的影响。结果经复苏后的冷冻精液用IVF30和HTF培养后的精子的活动率较复苏精液和用Tyrode’液、BWW组显著提高（P〈0．05），而精子密度无显著差别（P〉0．05）。在431个周期中，周期妊娠率为10．90％（47／431）。复苏精液后行ICI、Tyrode’液组、BWW组、IVF30组和HTF组的周期妊娠率分别为6．98％（12／172），8．16％（8／98），9．72％（9／72），22．73％（10／44），22．22％（10／45）。5组相比较，精液经IVF30和HTF处理后行IUI或FSP的妊娠率最高（P〈0．05）。结论在进行AID时，选择不同手术方式时还必须与相应的精液处理方法相结合才能提高供精人工授精的妊娠率。     

精子形态与宫腔内人工授精妊娠结局的关系

目的回顾性分析宫腔内人工授精（IUI）周期中精子形态与临床妊娠率及子代安全性的关系。方法281个IUI周期按精子形态分为轻、中、重度畸形精子症和正常形态4组,统计临床妊娠率;观察IUI的子代安全性,以1,226例自然妊娠者为对照组,比较两者的多胎率、流产率、早产率、剖官产率、出生缺陷率和围生儿死亡率。结果畸形精子症组的总临床奸娠牢为9．20％,正常形态组临床妊娠率18．69％,两者差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）;轻、中、重度畸形精子症组的临床妊娠牢分别为12．86％、7．46％、5．4％,组间差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）;IUI组与自然妊娠组多胎率（11．11％vs．3．75％）、异位妊娠牢（13．89％vs．4．65％）、剖宫产率（76．00％vs．46．63％）,均有显著差异（P〈0．05）,流产率（16．67％vs．10．69％）、早产率（13．33％vs．7．03％）、出生缺陷率（3．57％vs．5．02％）和围生儿死亡率（0％vs．0．74％）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论精子形态影响IUI的临床妊娠率;对于畸形精子症患者,IUI是一种安全的助育方法。     

精子蛋白ERp57与宫腔内人工授精周期妊娠率相关性的初步分析

目的:比较不同周期妊娠率的宫腔内人工授精(IUI)所用的精子中,精子蛋白ERp57表达量的差异,探讨其能否作为筛选合格供精者精液的一项指标。方法:将42例用于IUI的精液标本,按IUI周期妊娠率分为A组(16例,IUI周期妊娠率为0)、B组(13例,IUI周期妊娠率为10%～20%)和C组(13例,IUI周期妊娠率大于20%),应用Western印迹检测精子蛋白ERp57的表达情况,其表达量用ERp57蛋白与内参β-微管蛋白的平均吸光度的比值表示。结果:A、B、C组精子蛋白ERp57的表达量分别为:0.95±0.24、1.33±0.43和1.33±0.39,ERp57蛋白在A组中的表达量明显低于B组与C组(P<0.05),而B组与C组之间则无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:ERp57蛋白在A组(IUI周期妊娠率为0)精子中的低表达,可以作为筛选不合格供精者及精子库中低IUI周期妊娠率的精液标本原因分析的一项参考指标。     

夫精宫腔内人工授精临床妊娠率影响因素的分析

目的 探讨影响夫精宫腔内人工授精(IUI)临床妊娠率的各种因素.方法 回顾性分析402例患者进行的726个IUI周期.对女性患者年龄、输卵管条件、子宫内膜厚度、卵泡直径,处理前、后精子密度,精子活力(a级 b级)和活动精子总数(PTMS)与临床妊娠率的关系进行分析.结果 IUI共获89个临床妊娠周期,每周期临床妊娠率12.26%,每例临床妊娠率为22.14%.女方年龄>40岁、子宫内膜厚度＜9mm且输卵管通畅而盆腔造影剂弥散差者,临床妊娠率降低.处理前精子密度＜10×106/ml,PTMS＜10×106;处理后精子密度＜30×106/ml,精子活力<30%,活动精子总数＜5×106的患者临床妊娠率明显降低.治疗周期数对临床妊娠率无影响.结论 IUI中女性的年龄、子宫内膜厚度、输卵管情况和处理前后精子各项参数,尤其是PTMS是影响IUI临床妊娠率的直接因素.     

精子形态对宫腔内人工授精妊娠率的影响

目的探讨正常形态精子比率对宫腔内人工授精（IUI）临床妊娠率的影响。方法回顾分析328个周期宫腔内人工授精临床资料,根据男方精子形态学检查结果分为三组：正常形态精子百分率≥4%、2%～〈4%、〈2%,比较各组间精液处理前后精子浓度、活力、前向运动精子总数以及IUI临床妊娠率。结果处理前精子浓度、活力及前向运动精子总数各组间比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,处理后精子浓度、活力、前向运动精子总数各组间比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,≥4%、2%～〈4%、〈2%各组临床妊娠率分别为19.5%、17.9%、2.6%,有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论正常形态精子比率影响IUI临床妊娠率,正常形态精子百分率≥2%可获得较满意的临床妊娠率。     

精液不同体外处理技术对宫腔内人工授精的临床疗效分析

目的　探讨精液的不同体外处理技术对宫腔内人工授精 (IUI)的疗效。　方法　A组为因女方因素引起的不育 ,采用上游法优选精子。B组为因男性性交和射精障碍 ,精液液化不良 ,免疫学异常 ,精液中有核细胞数目 >5× 10 9/L ,单纯精浆异常等引起的不育 ,采用高速离心法处理精子。C组为少、弱、畸精子症等引起的不育 ,采用双层梯度法处理精子。　结果　妊娠成功率A组 5 0 .5 % ,B组为 4 1.4 % ,C组为 32 .4 %。　结论　对不同的病因采用不同的精液体外处理技术 ,能提高IUI的成功率。     

精液参数对宫腔内人工授精结局的预测价值

目的探讨处理前精液参数对宫腔内人工授精(IUI)结局的预测价值。方法根据处理前精子浓度分为15×109/L、(15~30)×109/L、30×109/L 3组,根据处理前精子活力分为30%、30%~50%、50%3组,根据处理前活动精子总数(total mobile sperm,TMS)分为10×106、10×106~20×106、20×106~50×106、50×1064组,根据处理前精子正常形态率分为4%、4%~10%、10%3组,分别比较各组间的周期妊娠率。结果 355个IUI周期共获得53例妊娠,总周期妊娠率14.9%,处理前精子浓度、精子活力与妊娠率无明显相关性,处理前TMS各组妊娠率依次为6.6%、19.0%、15.9%及17.6%,后面3组与第1组差异有统计学意义(P0.05),处理前精子正常形态率各组间妊娠率依次为4.6%、16.9%及19.0%,后两组明显高于第1组(P0.05)。结论处理前TMS和精子正常形态率对IUI妊娠率有一定的预测价值,当处理前TMS10×106或正常形态率4%时,难以获得满意的IUI妊娠率,故不建议IUI治疗。     

不孕症患者宫腔内人工授精精子优选方法分析

目的:比较分析精子不同优选方法与宫腔内人工授精(IUI)成功率的相关性,以提高IUI妊娠率。方法:回顾性分析本院生殖中心门诊不孕症患者452例671个IUI周期,按精子优选方法分为3组:含5%人血清白蛋白(HSA)的Earle's液上游法、SpermR inse上游法、SupraSperm密度梯度离心法。比较各组患者的处理前后精子密度与活动率及临床妊娠结局。结果:3种精子优选方法处理后精子活动率及a+b级精子百分率显著增加(P<0.01)。含5%HSA的Earle's液上游法221个IUI周期,妊娠21个周期,周期临床妊娠率9.5%;SpermR inse上游法215个IUI周期,妊娠34个周期,周期临床妊娠率15.8%,与含5%HSA的Earle's液上游法比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);SupraSperm密度梯度离心法235个IUI周期,妊娠34个周期,周期临床妊娠率14.5%,与含5%HSA的Earle's液上游法比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:SpermR inse上游法的IUI临床妊娠率明显高于含5%HSA的Earle's液上游法,适用于各类不孕症患者。SupraSperm密度梯度离心法也具有较高的周期临床妊娠率,洗涤效果好,操作便捷高效,尤其适用于含炎症细胞、死精子和畸形精子等不良成分较多的精液。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.