Mechanical complications due to ischemic damage after an acute myocardial infarct

Three patients, two women aged 61 and 60 years and one man aged 78 years, who had sustained a myocardial infarction shortly before, developed acute dyspnoea, shock and (or) chest pain, and a holosystolic souffle. They suffered from rupture of the interventricular septum, acute mitral valve incompetence due to rupture of the papillary muscles, and rupture of the free wall of the ventricle, and died in spite of attempts at surgical repair. In these relatively infrequent mechanical complications of myocardial infarction the interval between the initial myocardial infarction and the onset of dyspnoea or profound shock is characteristic. With the current thrombolytic therapy and beta-blockade, reduction of the mechanical complications of myocardial infarction is possible, in particular of rupture of the free wall of the ventricle.     

The role of echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction.

Our institutional experience with two-dimensional echocardiography and color flow Doppler tests, as well as a review of the literature, reveals that echocardiography is useful in diagnosing myocardial infarction. Furthermore, complications of myocardial infarction such as mitral regurgitation with or without papillary muscle rupture, acquired ventricular septal defect, true and false left ventricular aneurysms, left ventricular thrombi, right ventricular infarction, and pericardial effusion in the setting of acute infarction can be detected by cardiac ultrasound. Echocardiography is also useful in assessing prognosis of postinfarction patients based on degree of left ventricular dysfunction. This test, however, is not 100% sensitive and specific in diagnosing these entities and should be reviewed in context of a patient's history, physical findings, and other laboratory tests.     

Surgical treatment of acute myocardial infarction.

In recent years, advances in surgical techniques and perioperative management of cardiac surgical patients have facilitated more aggressive operative treatment of many serious and even catastrophic complications of acute myocardial infarction (MI). In addition, improved understanding of the natural history of these complications has helped to optimize the indications for and timing of surgical intervention. The role of emergency revascularization for postinfarction angina, evolving acute MI, cardiogenic shock after acute MI, and failed percutaneous transluminal angioplasty has expanded with overall satisfactory to excellent results. Surgical treatment of mechanical with overall satisfactory to excellent results. Surgical treatment of mechanical complications of acute MI such as free-wall rupture, acute ischemic mitral insufficiency, and ventricular septal defect also is undertaken earlier and more aggressively. Although the mortality rates for these conditions remain higher than desired, salvage of many previously doomed patients now is a reality.     

Anatomic correction of the congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels by the first successful "double switch" operation in Hungary

Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries is a rare defect characterized by discordant atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections. Symptoms result from one or a combination of associated cardiovascular malformations, including ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis or atresia, tricuspid valve dysfunction, dextrocardia, hypoplastic left or right ventricle. Correcting exclusively the associated defects, leaving the morphologic right ventricle in systemic position, will determine the patient's life-long prognosis. Anatomic repair by double switch technique may improve survival of patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries by establishing the morphologic left ventricle in the systemic circulation. A 3-year-old girl with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, hypoplastic right ventricle, and previous palliative procedure was corrected by double switch technique and patch closure of ventricular septal defect. The authors prefer the double switch procedure inspite of its many surgical challenges because it has very good long-term outcome. The more simple surgery namely the operation of only associated cardiac defects will involve the possibility of deterioration of right ventricular function.     

Percutaneous implantation of a pulmonary valve in 3 children with surgically corrected cardiac anomalies

An 11-year-old girl, a 15-year-old boy and a 12-year-old girl all underwent percutaneous implantation of a Melody pulmonary valve prosthesis to replace a stenotic and insufficient homograft in the pulmonary artery. Preoperatively, 2 of the children suffered from fatigue and dyspnoea on exertion The homografts had been implanted between the ages of 1-2, to establish surgical continuity between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. The anomalies were tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and pulmonary atresia with a ventricular septum defect. Percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement was successful in all 3 patients. After implantation, right ventricular pressure decreased to 30% of systemic pressure and regurgitation was not observed. All patients were discharged in a good condition on the day after the implantation. Percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement is a promising technique with good short-term results. In selected patients this percutaneous technique can substitute or postpone the surgical replacement ofa stenotic or insufficient homograft.     

先天性房间隔缺损对新生儿心脏结构和血流动力学的影响

目的:通过检测先天性房间隔缺损(atrial septal defect,ASD)新生儿心脏结构和血流动力学的变化,探讨其对新生儿的潜在危害。方法:利用彩色多普勒超声心动图检测68例先天性房间隔缺损患儿与82例正常新生儿心脏各腔室的大小、肺动脉内压力、三尖瓣反流等。结果:进行心脏彩超检查的原因以心脏杂音、紫绀、宫内窘迫或新生儿窒息、呼吸急促、肺动脉瓣第二心音亢进最常见。房间隔缺损有房间隔水平存在异常分流但探测不到回声失落的无缺损型34例,回声失落直径<5mm的小缺损型21例,回声失落直径≥5mm的大缺损型13例。三种类型对室间隔、左心室、主动脉、左室后壁的影响差异无显著性,但对右心房、右心室、肺动脉的影响程度与缺损直径有显著正相关;只有大型房间隔缺损型导致左心房扩张;缺损和分流束的直径与肺动脉压力增高、三尖瓣反流率、反流面积也有显著正相关;但分流方向与缺损直径无关。结论:新生儿先天性ASD以轻型最多见,可导致新生儿心脏结构和血流动力学的异常改变。     

心脏内畸形合并感染性心瓣膜炎的外科治疗

目的探讨心脏内畸形合并感染性心瓣膜炎的诊断及外科治疗特点。方法回顾1997年2月-2003年2月10例心脏内畸形合并感染性心瓣膜炎患者的临床资料，其中室间隔缺损4例，主动脉窦瘤破裂2例，右室流出道狭窄1例，二尖瓣关闭不全1例，主动脉瓣二叶瓣畸形2例。感染的心脏瓣膜分别为主动脉瓣4例。三尖瓣4例，肺动脉瓣1例，二尖瓣1例。合并瓣膜赘生物9例次，合并瓣膜穿孔4例次，均行外科手术治疗，清除赘生物及修复穿孔，同时行室间隔缺损修补术、主动脉瓣置换术、二尖瓣置换术、右室流出道加宽补片术1例。结果患者术后7-14d体温及白细胞计数降至正常，应用抗生素28d后痊愈出院，全组无死亡病例。结论心脏内畸形患者并发感染性心瓣膜炎，如发现瓣膜赘生物形成或瓣膜穿孔，应视病情立刻手术或抗感染治疗后手术，术后根据血细菌培养或瓣膜赘生物培养情况应用抗生索28d，预防人工瓣膜及补片再度感染。     

主动脉球囊反搏联合机械通气治疗心源性休克的临床研究

[目的]探讨主动脉球囊反博联合机械通气治疗急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的疗效。[方法]2010年8月～2011年5月期间,某科共收治急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者39例,联合应用主动脉球囊反博与机械通气对他们进行治疗,现回顾分析上述患者的临床资料。[结果]①39例急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者康复出院12例,治疗有效率为30.8%;院内死亡27例,死亡率69.2%。②康复出院的12例患者,治疗后平均动脉压、动脉血氧分压、pH显著高于治疗前,而中心静脉压显著低于治疗前,治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义(P均﹤0.05)。③27例患者死亡原因包括多脏器功能衰竭16例,重症感染5例,室间隔穿孔4例,乳头肌断裂3例,左心室游离壁破裂1例。[结论应用主动脉球囊反博联合机械通气治疗急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克有一定的疗效,但死亡率仍然较高;多脏器功能衰竭是急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者的主要死亡原因。     

Berry syndrome: successful neonatal repair of a rare complex cardiac malformation

Aortopulmonary septal defect, interrupted aortic arch, aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery, intact ventricular septum, and patent ductus arteriosus (Berry Syndrome) is a rarely reported malformation. A 6-day-old girl underwent successful one-stage complete repair of direct anastomosis between the ascending and descending aorta, reimplantation of the right pulmonary artery augmented with pericardium patch. Stenosis of the origin of the reimplanted right pulmonary artery was treated by balloon angioplasty at the age of 3 months. The authors emphasize the additive nature of surgical correction and interventional cardiology. Review of the literature reveals this patient to be the 25th reported case with Berry syndrome, and the first of that in Hungary.     

The clinical and diagnostic features of mitral valve disease

Mitral valve disease remains common, and requires regular clinical and echocardiographic review. Surgery is indicated soon after the development of symptoms or at the first sign of left ventricular decompensation in mitral regurgitation or of the right ventricle in mitral stenosis.     

Complications of an unrecognized myocardial infarction

Patients with an untreated myocardial infarction may present with serious late complications. 3 patients are described. A 63-year-old woman became progressively more short of breath 4 days after an acute episode of chest pain accompanied by nausea and sweating. It proved to be a cardiogenic shock following a rupture of a papillary muscle. A man aged 65 collapsed 5 days after an episode of back pain and nausea. This was a cardiac tamponade due to rupture of the left ventricle. A woman aged 74 had transient aphasia and during investigations for this was seen to have anomalies on ECG. She had cerebral emboli and a cardiac aneurysm with associated thrombus. All 3 patients recovered following mitral-valve replacement, repair of the rupture and medicinal treatment for the clot, respectively. Around one-third of patients who have a myocardial infarction do not have chest pain but experience shortness of breath, autonomic nervous symptoms (sweating, nausea, vomiting), extreme and inexplicable tiredness and fainting. These atypical symptoms should suggest myocardial infarction. In order to avoid high morbidity and death from complications such as arrhythmias, heart failure, rupture and aneurysm formation it is important that a patient who has had a myocardial infarction should be treated as soon as possible, preferably by reperfusion therapy.     

Aortic endocarditis complicated with a large ventricular septal defect and septic pulmonary embolism

BACKGROUND: Infectious complications of the aortic valve can lead to severe cardiac failure and widespread contiguous lesions by the involvement of subaortic structures such as aorto-left ventricular discontinuity, destruction of the aortic ring, aortic abscesses, true or false aneurysms and shunts. AIM: Report a new case of a large ventricular septal defect due to infection. CASE REPORT: Abnormal communications occurring during acute aortic valve endocarditis are rare but they are very serious complications. We report a case of a 58 year-old-man, referred to our hospital with the diagnosis of aortic endocarditis with complicating root abscesses, acquired ventricular septal defect (VSD) and pulmonary septic embolism. Surgery was indicated and the whole procedure was performed through the aortic root. The patient underwent a radical resection of the abscesses, reconstruction of the aortic ring, closure of the ventricular septal defect and prosthetic replacement of the aortic valve. The immediate postoperative course was marked by persistent sepsis. Transoesophageal echocardiography showed vegetation's in the right side of the patch without signs of dehiscence. The outcome was fatal due to hemodynamic collapse. CONCLUSION: The authors would like to select and analyze some weaknesses of their procedure like using only the transaortic access that often limits exposure of possible right-side lesions, not removing the pulmonary obstruction and using an important amount of foreign material to reconstruct subvalvular lesions.     

小儿室间隔缺损介入治疗失败原因分析

目的探讨经导管室间隔缺损封堵术(TCVSD)介入治疗失败原因及防治措施。方法对2005年1月～2008年12月620例经TCVSD治疗中失败的50例病案资料进行回顾性分析。结合左心室、主动脉造影及经胸超声心动图(TTE)检查,综合分析介入治疗失败原因。结果全组介入治疗失败发生率8%(50/620)。无膜部瘤破裂,无封堵器移位、脱落,无持续溶血。16例合并明显主动脉瓣脱垂,8出现放置后中度以上主动脉瓣返流。因反复出现完全性左、右束支阻滞停止手术4例,释放封堵器后出现完全性左、右束支阻滞及Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞收回封堵器3例,术后出现无法恢复的Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞而外科取出封堵器3例。4例出现三尖瓣返流加重。4例肌部VSD失败病例中,2例建轨困难,2例分流量小于2mm。1例死亡病例,死亡原因为蛛网膜下腔出血。结论TCVSD是安全有效的治疗方法。严格掌握适应症,结合多种检查方法,采用正确的封堵策略,可进一步提高该项技术的成功率。     

In-hospital prognosis of right ventricular myocardial infarction

AIM: To identify prognostic risk factors for in-hospital outcome of right ventricular myocardial infarction (RVI). METHODS: A retrospective study of 20 patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction with a RVI defined by ST segment elevation > or = 1 mm in V3R and V4R leads. RESULTS: The mean age was 62 years. RVI was associated with an inferior myocardial infarction in 18 patients. Half of the patients had hemodynamic complication on admission (cardiogenic shock in 4 cases, right ventricular failure in 6 cases) and third degree atrio-ventricular block was present in 5 patients. Sixteen patients (80%) received thrombolysis and 3 went to an emergency angioplasty. The in-hospital mortality was 25% caused by a cardiogenic shock in 4 patients and a ventricular fibrillation in 1 patient. Statistic analysis showed that cardiogenic shock on admission, the absence of thrombolytic therapy and the low ejection fraction of the left ventricle were associated with a high in-hospital mortality (p = 0.004, p = 0.03, p = 0.03 respectively). CONCLUSION: In-hospital outcome of RVI is characterized by hemodynamic complications leading to a high incidence of mortality. Thus RVI must be diagnosed quickly and maximal therapeutic efforts must be done to procure the opening of the occluded coronary artery.     

Large ostium secundum atrial septal defect discovered after severe mitral regurgitation. A case report

Mitral regurgitation is associated with ostium secundum atrial septal defect in about 22% of cases. mitral valve prolapse induced by atrial shunt is the main cause of this regurgitation. Ususually, atrial septal defect discovery precedes that of mitral regurgitation. The aim of this paper is to focus on clinical, hemodynamic and evolutive details of atrial septal defect and mitral regurgitation association. We report the case of large atrial septal defect in 37 years old girl referred for hemodynamic investigation of mitral regurgitation. The divergence of clinical data, electrocardiogram and echocardiography findings has led to atrial septal defect discovery. Hemodynamic data showed severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (medium pulmonary arterial pressure: 45 mmhg). Hence, mitral valve substitution by mechanical prosthesis and closure of atrial septal defect have been carried out. Ten hours after surgery, death occurred because of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and heart failure. CONCLUSION: Association of severe mitral regurgitation and large ostium secundum atrial septal defect is an original anatomo-clinic entity caracterized by mitral valve lesions diversity and severe secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension. Danger of such a hypertension is due to progressive and infra clinical rise of pulmonary resistances and association of increased pulmonary blood flow and capillary pulmonary hypertension.     

法舒地尔对急性心肌梗死合并心力衰竭的疗效分析

目的：观察法舒地尔对急性心肌梗死合并心力衰竭患者心脏功能的影响。方法：选取2011年1月-2013年10月在本院住院的80例急性心肌梗死合并心力衰竭患者,按照随机数字表法将其分为治疗组和对照组各40例,连续治疗15 d,观察治疗前后两组患者的左室收缩末期内径（LVESV）、左室舒张末期内径（LVEDV）、左室射血分数（LVEF）及血清NT-proBNP含量。结果：经治疗后两组LVESD、LVEDD和血清NT-proBNP均有不同程度减少（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,与对照组相比,治疗组的LVESD、LVEDD和血清NT-proBNP均减少更加明显,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;两组治疗后的LVEF较治疗前均有不同程度提高,与对照组相比,治疗组的LVEF提高更加显著,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：法舒地尔在治疗急性心肌梗死合并心力衰竭上有一定疗效,可以改善左室结构及射血分数,值得临床推广应用。     

A case of surgically treated septum perforation associated with acute myocardial infarct

The authors present the case-history of an elderly female patient with acute myocardial infarction complicated by ventricular septal defect (VSD). She was operated on in order the VSD to be corrected but--probably because of sutural insufficiency--it temporarily reopened, later closed spontaneously. The significance of certain tests in the differential diagnosis of systolic murmur after acute myocardial infarction is discussed, and the importance of these findings compared to the clinical picture is emphasized.     

低体重婴幼儿先天性心脏病的外科治疗

目的总结低体重婴幼儿先天性心脏病外科手术的经验。方法自2000年1月～2004年12月共为133例15公斤以下的低体重婴幼儿(3岁以下)先天性心脏病患儿施行外科手术治疗;其中5～12个月32例(24.1%),13～24个月46例(34.59%),25～36个月55例(41.35%);体重6～15公斤,其中6～10公斤48例,11～15公斤85例。全组非体外循环动脉导管结扎术29例;体外循环手术104例,其中室间隔缺损修补术64例,常温心脏不停跳继发孔房间隔缺损修补术16例,常温心脏不停跳肺动脉瓣狭窄直视分离术7例,部分行房室间隔缺损矫治术2例,部分行肺静脉异位引流矫治术3例,法乐氏四联症一期矫治术5例,房间隔缺损并右室流出道梗阻4例,其它复合畸形一期矫治术3例。结果全组术后住院死亡6例,死亡率4.5%。术后主要并发症包括低心排综合征,呼吸衰竭,心律失常,肺部感染,出血等。死亡原因包括重度低心排综合征,严重室性心律失常,肺动脉高压危象等。结论心外科、心儿科、麻醉、体外循环和术后监护等人员的密切配合是小儿心脏外科迅速发展的重要前提,心内外科镶嵌治疗成为婴幼儿心脏外科手术成功的重要保证。     

超声对妊娠糖尿病胎儿左室形态及功能的动态观察

目的:对妊娠糖尿病胎儿左室形态及功能进行动态观察和系统研究,并与正常胎儿比较,为妊娠糖尿病的围产儿监护提供客观依据。方法:分别在妊娠20~28周、32~38周,应用胎儿超声心动图观察34例妊娠糖尿病孕妇和54例正常孕妇的胎儿心脏结构。测量了舒张末室间隔厚度(IVST)、左室后壁厚度(LVPWT)及左室内径(LVD),并计算左室射血分数(EF)、左室缩短分数(FS)和左室重量(LVMASS)。系统探测了二尖瓣E峰速度、A峰速度、E峰减速时间(DT)、左室等容舒张时间(IVRT),并计算二尖瓣E/A比值。结果:无论在中孕期或晚孕期,研究组舒张末室间隔厚度、左室重量与对照组之间均有明显差异(P<0.05)。二尖瓣血流E/A比值两组之间差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。左室等容舒张时间、二尖瓣血流E峰减速时间等指标两组之间比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:妊娠糖尿病胎儿左室形态及舒张功能在中孕期及晚孕期均已发生改变;胎儿室间隔厚度、左室重量较其它指标反映胎儿左室形态及舒张功能的变化更敏感。     

A patient with heart failure and a new murmur: not always a valvular problem

A 78-year-old man presented with dyspnoea and a 57-year-old with chest pain. Both had a history of coronary atherosclerosis and were now found to have a cardiac murmur. They proved to have a ventricular septal rupture (VSR) that had not been recognized as such. In the older man, the myocardial infarction that caused the VSR had initially not been recognized and in both men the clinical course was erroneously attributed to heart failure caused by myocardial infarction alone. Both underwent surgical correction of the VSR; the older man died due to postoperative intestinal necrosis, the younger man recovered. Patients with a high cardiac-risk profile, atypical chest pain, symptoms ofdyspnoea and a new specific murmur should be suspected of having a VSR. Early recognition and treatment of VSR may reduce mortality significantly.