舟山群岛新生儿脐带血汞暴露水平及影响因素研究

目的了解舟山群岛新生儿脐带血汞暴露水平及影响因素。方法选择2012年6月—2013年7月进行围产保健并住院分娩的舟山户籍孕产妇及其新生儿为研究对象,对孕产妇全血和新生儿脐带血进行汞含量检测,问卷调查新生儿家庭社会环境与健康状况。结果共检测3 052名孕妇全血及其新生儿脐带血汞水平,孕妇血汞平均为(5.33±3.69)μg/kg,中位数为4.63μg/kg,P25~P75为2.8~8.2μg/kg。新生儿脐带血汞含量平均为(7.72±4.87)μg/kg,中位数为7.31μg/kg,P25~P75为4.7~11.2μg/kg。单因素分析提示新生儿脐血汞与母亲孕期吃马鲛鱼有关联(OR=1.79,P0.01),而与新生儿性别,母亲孕期补维生素、补钙、补铁、修补牙齿个数,母亲经常使用皮肤增白化妆品,孕期每月吃鱼及海产品次数及父亲每天吸烟、家庭月平均收入、在本地居住时间等均无关联。经多因素Logistic回归分析显示,脐血汞值与母亲孕期吃马鲛鱼存在关联(OR=1.96,P0.01)。结论舟山地区新生儿脐带血汞量水平较高,孕妇血汞值与脐血汞值相关,孕妇进食马鲛鱼是新生儿脐带血暴露水平的影响因素,有待进一步研究证实。     

胎儿期汞暴露对新生儿神经行为发育影响

目的 了解浙江省舟山市胎儿期汞暴露对新生儿神经行为发育影响,为采取干预措施提供参考依据.方法 采用自行设计调查表,对2006年3月-2007年7月在舟山市妇幼保健院整群随机抽取的418名新生儿母亲进行问卷调查,并检测新生儿脐带血汞及其母亲尿汞、血汞和发汞值,评定新生儿的神经行为发育情况.结果 新生儿脐带血汞平均汞含量为(7.9±4.7)μg/ L;母亲尿汞、血汞和发汞平均汞含量为(2.8±3.2)μg/L、(5.7±4.0)μg/L和(1.2±0.7)mg/kg;Spearman相关分析结果表明,新生儿脐带血汞与母亲尿汞、发汞和血汞,母亲尿汞与发汞、血汞,母亲发汞与血汞均呈正相关关系(P<0.01);除母亲发汞外,新生儿脐带血汞、母亲尿汞和血汞均随母亲怀孕期间吃鱼次数增多而增加(P<0.01);418名新生儿神经行为发育评分平均为(38.41±1.30)分,一般评估、原始反射、被动肌张力、主动肌张力和行为能力5个维度满分率分别为96.89%、94.98%、74.64%、65.55%和49.04%;多因素非条件Lo-gistic回归分析结果表明,新生儿脐带血汞含量≥18μg/L是新生儿NBNA得分的危险因素.结论 舟山市孕妇和新生儿汞暴露与食鱼有关;新生儿脐带血汞含量较高能影响新生儿神经行为发育.     

妊娠期非职业性低水平重金属暴露与新生儿生长发育关系的初步研究

目的研究妊娠期非职业性低水平重金属暴露与新生儿生长发育关系。方法选择2012年3月至2013年5月在江苏中部某电镀工业区3家医院分娩的209例孕妇及其208例新生儿作为研究对象,对基本情况进行问卷调查,并测定孕妇尿、静脉全血和新生儿脐带血中的镉、铅、硒含量及新生儿体重、身长。结果孕妇尿、静脉全血和新生儿脐带血中镉、铅、硒含量中位数分别为0.10、0.66、5.07μg/g Cr,0.48、40.51、131.48μg/L,0.15、32.30、126.33μg/L。尿镉均低于GB/T17221—1998《环境镉污染所致健康危害区标准》限值(15μg/g Cr)。经Wilcoxon配对秩和检验,孕妇血镉、铅、硒的含量均高于新生儿脐带血(P0.01);各有8例孕妇血和脐带血铅高于100μg/L,分别占3.83%和3.85%;孕妇血与新生儿脐带血镉、铅、硒含量均呈正相关(P0.01,P0.05)。经多重逐步回归分析,新生儿出生体重与孕妇血镉的自然对数值呈负相关(P0.05),而与脐带血硒的自然对数值呈正相关(P0.05)。结论本次调查中孕妇和新生儿的血镉、血铅暴露水平较低。孕妇血与新生儿脐带血中镉、铅、硒含量存在相关性,孕妇镉暴露可能影响新生儿出生体重,硒的摄入可能有利于新生儿的生长发育。     

上海市脐带血汞水平及对新生儿体格生长的影响

目的 调查上海市胎儿期汞暴露水平;分析汞暴露对新生儿体格发育的影响;从而为减少汞暴露,提高人口素质提供参考依据.方法 采用分层整群抽样方法 随机抽取上海市10家有助产资格的医院,调查在2008年10月至2009年10月期间分娩的孕产妇及新生儿,分娩时采集脐带全血进行血汞检测;分析脐带血汞水平与新生儿出生身长、体重及头围的关系.结果 共调查1 652对产妇及新生儿,脐带血汞中位数为1.89μg/L,几何均数为(1.95±1.44)μg/L;脐带血汞水平与婴儿(r=-0.078,P=0.012)及男婴(r=-0.087,P=0.041)的出生身长负相关,与女婴的出生身长、体重及头围无相关性.结论 上海市胎儿期汞暴露水平较低.胎儿期低水平汞暴露可影响新生儿出生身长,并存在性别差异.     

低水平铅暴露与新生儿生长发育关系

目的探讨低水平铅暴露对新生儿生长发育的影响。方法在上海和大连市各整群抽取1家医院172,113对健康产妇与新生儿,采集健康产妇周围血及新生儿脐带血检测铅与锌的水平,并进行新生儿生长发育测量和母亲问卷调查。结果上海市和大连市新生儿的平均血铅水平(几何均数)分别为47.66和31.08μg/L;高铅血症(100μg/L)比例分别为5.23%和3.54%。当以国际高铅血症诊断标准100μg/L,以及75μg/L划分低血铅组与高血铅组时,2组新生儿生长发育指标差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);当界值降至50μgl/L时,上海市新生儿高血铅组的身高与体重均低于低铅组(P0.05)。结论低铅暴露(100μg/L)对新生儿生长发育有不良影响。     

舟山海岛地区孕妇及新生儿内环境汞暴露现状调查研究

目的调查研究舟山地区孕妇及新生儿汞暴露现状,为相关防治措施的制定提供科学依据。方法选择2006年3月～2007年7月在舟山市妇幼保健医院分娩的舟山本地户籍孕妇及其新生儿作为本次研究对象,对孕妇尿、血、头发及其新生儿脐带血进行汞含量测定,并进行书面问卷调查。结果本研究共测定孕妇尿汞样2 190份,算术平均值为2.58μg/L;发汞3 109份,算术平均值为1.27 mg/kg;血汞3 337份,算术平均值为5.40μg/L;新生儿脐带血汞样本2 998份,算术平均值为7.71μg/L;获得孕妇尿汞、发汞、血汞及新生儿脐带血汞相对应样本及问卷1 554份,研究显示孕妇的尿汞值、发汞值、血汞值、新生儿脐血汞值存在关联性,其中孕妇血汞值与脐血汞值关联性最强（r=0.600,P〈0.01）,其他的相关系数均小于0.20。孕妇吃鱼次数与尿汞、血汞和新生儿脐带血汞水平相关。结论舟山地区孕妇尿、血和脐带血汞量与孕妇吃鱼次数有关,有很大比例的孕妇和新生儿有潜在的汞危害,需要进一步采取措施进行干预。     

产妇和新生儿体内重金属水平及其影响因素分析

目的了解某地区产妇及新生儿血砷、汞和铅的水平,分析其相关影响因素。方法在某地区随机抽取A、B两所医院,选择2012年4—5月间住院分娩的产妇共226名,采集产妇静脉血和新生儿脐带血,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定全血中砷、汞和铅的浓度,并对产妇进行问卷调查。结果 226对产妇和新生儿血铅浓度范围分别为2.65~67.00μg/L和4.05~70.89μg/L,均低于100μg/L的限值;A医院产妇和新生儿血砷平均浓度分别为1.20μg/L和1.23μg/L,均高于B医院(0.62μg/L和0.71μg/L),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),血汞和血铅浓度差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);新生儿脐带血中砷、汞和铅浓度与产妇静脉血中同种元素浓度呈显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.925、0.832和0.765;多重线性回归分析结果显示,家庭年收入越高,产妇及其新生儿血砷浓度越高(P0.05);产妇文化程度则对血铅水平有显著影响,文化程度越高,产妇及其新生儿血铅浓度越低(P0.05)。结论该地区产妇和新生儿体内砷、汞、铅暴露水平较低,但胎盘对重金属缺乏有效屏障作用,仍应采取有效措施减少产妇和新生儿重金属暴露。     

淮阴市孕期妇女血铅水平及其影响因素研究

为了解淮阴市孕期妇女血铅状况及其影响因素 ,发放孕妇健康问卷、采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法对 5 47例产前建卡的健康孕妇进行血铅水平筛查和高铅孕妇所生子女断脐后脐血铅水平监测。结果显示 :孕妇血铅水平在 0～180μg/ L范围内 ,中位数 5 5μg/ L ,标准差 2 7.77μg/ L ,≥ 90μg/ L占 13.34%,其子代脐带血铅水平是孕母分娩时血铅水平的 88.5 0 %,胎儿呈高水平铅暴露。孕期血钙水平下降、外源性铅暴露源侵袭是影响孕妇及新生儿脐带血铅水平的主要危险因素     

妊娠期重金属暴露水平对母儿的影响及相关因素分析

目的 研究孕妇和脐血中血汞、砷的暴露水平及其对妊娠结局、妊娠并发症的影响,分析脐血中血汞、砷暴露水平的影响因素,用以指导孕产妇优生优育.方法 选取本院分娩的400例病例,采用微波消解和质谱分析方法测定孕妇和脐血中血砷含量,利用原子吸收法测定血汞含量.对孕妇居住环境、生活方式、膳食等情况等进行问卷调查,分析产妇血及胎儿脐血汞、砷暴露水平与妊娠结局的影响.结果 新生儿脐血汞、砷水平[（4.42±1.11）μg/L,（3.75±4.28）μg/L]与其母血汞、砷水平[（2.47±1.09）μg/L,（3.61±2.92）μg/L]呈正相关（r=0.88,0.91,P＜0.05）.血汞、砷升高组的妊娠不良结局发生率（36.78%,31.11%）和妊娠并发症发生率（36.77%,28.90%）分别高于血汞、砷正常组（11.50%,12.90%,14.68%,15.13%,χ2=7.07、9.94,P＜0.01）.多元线性回归结果显示食海鱼为汞暴露的危险因素（χ2=8.28,P＜0.01）,孕期摄入水果和开窗通风换气为预防汞暴露的保护性因素（χ2=9.02、6.05,P＜0.05）;使用化妆品和食用罐装食品为砷暴露的危险因素（χ2=7.35、10.38,P＜0.05）,孕妇高文化程度为预防砷暴露的保护性因素（χ2=8.87,P＜0.05）.结论 新生儿脐血汞、砷水平与母亲血汞、砷水平及环境因素、孕期保健等因素有关.加强健康教育和孕妇孕期保健是预防新生儿汞、砷中毒的有效途径.     

母婴血镉含量及其有关因素的影响

目的研究怀孕30周孕妇和其新生儿脐带血镉的含量,分析有关影响因素。方法收集66名孕妇静脉血和其新生儿脐带血各40μl,采用原子吸收光谱仪测定血镉的含量,并分析孕妇家庭和社会环境等有关因素30个项目。结果孕妇和新生儿脐血镉的平均水平分别为(2.38±0.86)μg/L和(1.66±0.62)μg/L。血镉水平≥2μg/L的人数,孕妇为42例,新生儿为17例,各占63.64%和25.76%,二者之间正相关有统计学意义(r=0.58,P<0.01)。结论孕期被动吸烟、孕期喝牛奶、孕龄、新生儿性别对脐血镉水平有显著影响。妇幼工作者应对围生期的镉损伤给予高度重视。     

吴江地区胎儿宫内汞暴露现状及高危因素

目的:研究吴江地区胎儿宫内汞暴露的现状以及影响脐带血汞值的各种高危因素。方法:采取整群法对入院产妇进行健康因素问卷调查,所分娩的新生儿(除多胎、出生缺陷外)做脐带血汞测定。结果:2 496例新生儿脐血汞均值为(2.02±1.97)μg/kg,其中男婴(1 287例)为(2.01±1.99)μg/kg,女婴(1 209例)为(2.04±1.94)μg/kg,性别间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。4～6月、10～12月分娩新生儿的脐带血汞均值明显高于1～3月、7～9月(P<0.01)。经多因素回归分析,居住环境、工种、较多食用海鱼或河鱼、镶牙、生活燃煤、化妆品使用、丈夫抽烟等与脐血汞值呈显著正相关。结论:除治理工业排放污染、加强涉汞工种劳动保护外,孕期避免生活中各种汞接触高危因素同样重要。     

Prenatal exposure to mercury and neurobehavioral development of neonates in Zhoushan City, China

Exposure to hazardous Hg can adversely affect children's neurodevelopment. However, few data are available on either Hg levels in neonates and their mothers or the impact of prenatal exposure to Hg on neonates' neurobehavioral development in the Chinese population. Therefore, this study examined Hg levels in neonates and their mothers and the relationship between prenatal exposure to Hg and neonates' neurobehavioral development in Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province, China. Between August and October 2004, 417 women who delivered their babies at Zhoushan Women's and Children's Health Hospital, an island city in east China were invited to take part in this study. A total of 408 complete questionnaires, 405 maternal hair samples, and 406 umbilical cord samples were collected. Neonatal behavioral neurological assessments (NBNA) were conducted for 384 neonates. The geometric mean (GM) of Hg level in cord blood was 5.58 microg/L (interquartile range: 3.96-7.82 microg/L), and the GM of maternal hair Hg level was 1246.56 microg/kg (interquartile range: 927.34-1684.67 microg/kg), a level much lower than other reported fish-eating populations, indicating Hg exposure in Zhoushan city is generally below those considered hazardous. However, according to the reference dose of Hg levels (RfD 5.8 microg/L) derived by EPA, 69.9% of newborns had levels at or above the RfD, an estimated level assumed to be without appreciable harm. There was a strong correlation between maternal hair and cord blood Hg levels (r = 0.82, P < 0.01). Frequency of fish consumption was associated with hair Hg (r = 0.48, P < 0.01) and cord blood Hg levels (r = 0.54, P < 0.01). Increased prenatal Hg exposure was associated with decreased behavioral ability for males (OR = 1.235, 95%CI of OR = 1.078-1.414, P < 0.001), but not for females. Our results provide some support for the hypothesis that there is neurodevelopmental risk for males from prenatal MeHg exposure resulting from fish consumption. But the findings of this study may be due to chance, and long-term follow-up research is needed to evaluate cumulative effects of exposure to mercury.     

新生儿脐血砷水平及其与体格生长指标关系的研究

【目的】 调查上海市胎儿期砷暴露水平,分析新生儿体格生长指标与新生儿脐带血砷水平的关系。【方法】 调查2008年10月-2009年10月上海市10家医院足月分娩的产妇及新生儿,采集脐带血,测定脐带血砷浓度,分析脐带血砷与婴儿出生体重、头围、身长等体格生长指标的关系。【结果】 共收集了291名新生儿的脐带血,测定脐带血砷,最高值24.87 μg/L,最低值1.81 μg/L,几何均数(G±S)值为 (5.48±3.49) μg/L,中位数为5.42 μg/L。新生儿体重及身长与脐带血砷均无统计学意义的相关性,但脐带血砷在男婴中与头围呈正相关(r=0.25,P=0.004),但对女婴无影响。【结论】 上海市胎儿期砷暴露处于较低水平,该暴露水平对新生儿体重、身长未发现影响。     

Correlation between blood mercury levels in mothers and newborns in Itaituba, Pará State, Brazil

This study evaluated transplacental mercury transfer by measuring Hg in blood samples of mothers and newborns (umbilical cord) in hospitals in the municipality (county) of Itaituba, Pará State, Brazil. Epidemiological and mercury exposure data were collected, besides clinical birth data. Mercury tests were performed by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A total of 1,510 women and an equal number of their newborns participated in the study. Mean blood mercury was 11.53 microg/L in mothers and 16.68 microg/L in newborns (umbilical cord). The highest Hg levels were in the 31-40-year maternal age group and their newborns, with 14.37 microg/L and 21.87 microg/L, respectively. However, in all age groups the mean mercury level was higher in newborns than in mothers. There was a strong positive correlation between Hg levels in newborns and mothers (r = 0.8019; p = 0.000), with a significant linear regression model (r = 0.5283; p = 0.000). The results highlight the importance of monitoring pregnant women exposed to mercury as part of public health surveillance.     

舟山地区新生儿及其母亲的汞暴露现状与影响因素

目的调查舟山地区新生儿及其母亲的汞暴露现状。方法2004年8至9月,采用整群法选取舟山市定海区第三人民医院产科出生的408名足月新生儿及其母亲,并随访新生儿的神经行为发育情况,直至1岁。抽查舟山市定海区菜市场出售的14种（每种5份）鱼类水产品的汞含量。结果新生儿脐带血汞的几何均值为27．81nmol／L,母亲发汞的几何均值为1246．56μg／kg,新生儿脐带血汞和母亲发汞有明显的相关性。新生儿脐带血汞的影响因素为母亲吃鱼次数、在舟山地区居住时间和父亲吸烟,母亲发汞的影响因素为吃鱼次数和在舟山地区居住时间,吃鱼次数与新生儿脐带血汞和母亲发汞呈显著正相关。所抽查鱼类水产品的汞平均含量在低浓度范围内,但不同种类水产品的汞含量波动较大,2份带鱼和2份鳗鱼鱼干的汞含量达到中等浓度水平。结论舟山地区新生儿及其母亲的汞暴露水平有一定潜在危险性,食鱼是舟山地区人群汞暴露的主要来源。     

Heavy metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) in maternal, cord blood and placenta of healthy women

Lead, cadmium and mercury were measured in placental tissue, umbilical cord and maternal blood samples of 1578 women who delivered at the Al-Kharj King Khalid Hospital between 2005 and 2006. The aim of this study was to evaluate the status of heavy metal exposure in mothers and their newborns and to identify predictors of maternal exposure. Lead was detected in all cord and maternal blood and in 96% of placental tissues. Only in 0.89% and 0.83% of cord and maternal blood samples were the levels of lead above the CDC threshold limit of 10 μg/dl. Maternal blood lead was also higher (2.3%) than the German Reference value in women of 7 μg/dl. Approximately 9.3% of women had a placental lead above the 95th percentile in the range of 0.83-78 μg/g dry wt., a level of possible developmental toxicity. Cadmium was detected in 94.8% and 97.9% of cord and maternal blood samples respectively, though only five newborns had a cadmium level above the OSHA threshold limit of 5 μg/l. Comparing our results to the newly revised German Reference value for nonsmokers, 48.6% of mothers had blood cadmium levels >1.0 μg/l. We found as well that 25% of women had placental cadmium in the >75th percentile, in the range of 0.048-4.36 μg/g dry wt., which is likely to affect fetal growth and development. Of the maternal and cord blood samples, 11.2% and 13%, respectively, had mercury levels >5.8 μg/l, which is the EPA reference dose. Nearly 49% of women had mercury levels >2.0 μg/l, the German Reference value for those who consume fish ≤3 times a month. Around 50% of the mothers had placental mercury in the range of 0.031-13.0 μg/g dry wt. Regression analyses indicated that the levels of metals in the blood and placenta were influenced by several factors. This study provides informative baseline biomonitoring data and reveals a substantial exposure to heavy metals in non-occupationally exposed Saudi mothers and their newborns that might jeopardize the health of both. Additional research is also urgently needed to explore factors such as environment, diet, lifestyle and/or cultural habits contributing to maternal and fetal exposures. Preventive measures to eliminate or minimize the unnecessary risk of fetus exposure to heavy metals or other pollutants during pregnancy should be initiated once these factors are identified.     

产妇及新生儿血铅水平调查

目的:了解佛山市产妇、新生儿血铅水平及其影响因素。方法:采用电感耦合高频等离子体发射光谱法,于2003年6月～2004年2月,取本院产科产妇静脉血及其新生儿脐血588例,进行血铅、钙、锌、铁、铜和锰水平测定,按妇幼保健管理卡内容,进行相关记录。结果:产妇血铅水平0.424±0.170μmol/L,Bpb≥0.483μmol/L者占19.05％,新生儿脐血铅水平0.417±0.164μmol/L,铅中毒率为18.71％;母子血铅值显著正相关(r=0.861,P<0.01),产妇血铅值与其血钙、铁值显著负相关(r=-0.267、-0.298,P<0.05);城郊产妇及新生儿血铅水平显著高于城区。结论:城郊产妇、新生儿血铅较高,血钙、锌、铁含量影响血铅水平。     

广州地区500例母乳铅与母血、脐血铅含量的相关性分析

目的:了解广州地区产妇母乳铅含量与母血、脐血铅含量之间的相关性。方法:采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对广州地区500例产妇抽取母血、脐血、母乳中铅含量进行测定,并进行三者之间的相关性分析。结果:母血铅含量为0~67.590μg/L,均值为(22.005±12.861)μg/L,脐血铅含量为0~69.370μg/L,均值(26.760±9.223)μg/L,母乳铅含量为0~80.420μg/L,均值为(4.474±8.760)μg/L,母血铅与脐血铅含量呈显著正相关(r=0.341,P=0.001),母乳中铅含量与母血中铅含量的相关性没有统计学意义(r=0.064,P=0.367),母乳中铅含量与脐血中铅含量的相关性没有统计学意义(r=0.001,P=0.995)。结论:母血铅含量与脐血铅含量成正相关,血铅可通过胎盘转运给胎儿,母乳中铅含量较母血中铅含量低,母乳喂养是安全的。