D-二聚体、凝血四项在孕妇正常分娩前后变化的临床意义

目的了解孕妇正常分娩前后的凝血与纤溶功能状态。方法D-二聚体采用固相酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）双抗体夹心法、血凝四项采用磁珠血浆凝固法对我院妇产科213例血压正常孕妇、6例血压升高孕妇正常分娩前后进行检测。结果孕妇正常分娩前D-二聚体和血凝四项与健康对照组比较差异均有显著性统计学意义（P〈0．01）,D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原（FIB）明显高于健康对照组,PT/PT—INR凝血酶原时间（PT）／国际标准化比值（PT—INR）、活化部分凝血时间（APTT）、凝血酶时间（TT）明显短于健康对照组．而血压升高孕妇组与血压正常孕妇组产前比较差异均有显著性统计学意义（P〈0．01）,前者D－二聚体、FIB高于后者,PT/PT—INR、APTT、TT低于后者,但是,正常分娩后与正常对照组差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论孕妇正常分娩前血液处于高凝状态．分娩72h后恢复。孕妇分娩前后联合检测D－二聚体、血凝四项能较全面反映孕产妇凝血和纤溶之间的平衡状态,对预防和治疗孕产妇因血栓性疾病、出血而带来的危险以及评估预后有着重要临床实用价值。     

孕妇正常分娩前后凝血指标的变化及临床意义

目的了解孕妇正常分娩前后的凝血功能情况。方法对2008年1—10月我院产科146例孕妇正常分娩前后和40例正常非妊娠妇女进行凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血酶原时间（APTT）、凝血酶时间（TT）和纤维蛋白原（FIB）的检测。结果孕妇正常分娩前凝血四项与健康对照组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）,而分娩后各指标与正常对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论孕妇正常分娩前血液处于高凝状态,分娩后72h恢复正常,动态观察凝血四项指标可以较全面的了解孕产妇凝血功能,对监测和预防孕产妇产后出血及预后评估具有重要的临床意义。     

孕妇剖宫产前后凝血4项与产后出血的相关性探讨

目的探讨孕妇剖宫产前后凝血四项指标的变化与产后出血的相关性。方法对48例剖宫产产后出血（出血量≥500ml）的孕妇及30例正常（出血量〈500ml）剖宫产孕妇作对照，采用日本Sysmex CA-6000全自动血凝分析仪检测剖宫产前后的凝血酶原时间（PT）／国际标准化比值（PT-INR）、活化部分凝血酶原时间（APTT）、凝血酶时间（TT）和纤维蛋白原（FIB）四项指标。结果48例剖宫产产后出血孕妇与30例对照组比较发现：孕子剖宫产前后PT／PTINR、APIT、TT明显高于对照组（P〈0．05），而FIB明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）；产后出血组PT／PT-INR、APTT产前明显高于产后（P〈0．05），FIB产前明显低于产后（P〈0．05），TT产前产后差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论凝血功能障碍是引起孕妇剖宫产产后出血的重要因素，在产前及分娩过程中，及时监测各项凝血指标对预测、预防和治疗产妇产后出血有重要意义。     

D-二聚体、凝血四项在孕妇正常分娩前后变化的临床意义

目的 了解孕妇正常分娩前后的凝血与纤溶功能状态.方法 D-二聚体采用周相酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)双抗体夹心法、血凝四项采用磁珠血浆凝同法对我院妇产科213例血压正常孕妇、6例血压升高孕妇正常分娩前后进行检测.结果 孕妇正常分娩前D-二聚体和血凝四项与健康对照组比较差异均有显著性统计学意义(P<0.01),D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原(FIB)明显高于健康对照组,PT/PT-INR凝血酶原时间(PT)/国际标准化比值(PT-INR)、活化部分凝血时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)明显短于健康对照组,而血压升高孕妇组与血压正常孕妇组产前比较差异均有显著性统计学意义(P<0.01),前者D-二聚体、FIB高于后者,PT/PT-INR、APTT、TT低于后者,但是,正常分娩后与正常对照组差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 孕妇正常分娩前血液处于高凝状态,分娩72h后恢复.孕妇分娩前后联合检测D-二聚体、血凝四项能较全面反映孕产妇凝血和纤溶之间的平衡状态,对预防和治疗孕产妇因血栓性疾病、出血而带来的危险以及评估预后有着重要临床实用价值.     

375例妊娠晚期孕妇凝血4项测定的临床价值

目的探讨检测妊娠晚期孕妇血浆凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶时间（TT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）的临床应用价值。方法对375例晚期孕妇组（实验组）与133例健康非妊娠妇女组（对照组）的凝血4项指标进行比较分析。结果晚期孕妇组PT、APTT、TT较对照组明显缩短（P〈0．01）、FIB明显增多（P〈0．01）。结论妊娠晚期孕妇处于高凝状态,及时监测凝血4项指标对预测、治疗产妇异常出血有临床应用价值。     

重度子痫前期孕妇凝血指标水平变化

目的分析重度子痫前期孕妇凝血指标水平的变化,探讨凝血功能异常与病情程度的关系。方法重度子痫前期孕妇（观察组）、正常待产孕妇（对照组）各64例,检测并比较2组凝血酶原时间（prothrombin time,PT）、PT百分活动度、凝血酶原国际标准化比值（International Normalized Ratio,INR）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT）、纤维蛋白原（fibrinogen,FIB）、凝血酶时间（thrombintime,TT）、D-二聚体（D-dimer,D-D）、血小板计数;采用Shapiro-Wilk检验2组血小板计数分布范围。结果2组PT、PT百分活动度、INR、FIB、TT、D-D水平比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,APTT、血小板计数比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;观察组血小板计数分布范围较对照组增大,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论重度子疴前期孕妇凝血功能除出现异常高凝外,还可能合并继发性纤溶亢进。     

正常妊娠晚期孕妇及其新生儿脐血凝血功能动态变化的研究

目的 探讨正常妊娠晚期孕妇及其新生儿脐血凝血功能改变及动态变化.方法 采用Sysmex-CA-500型全自动凝血分析仪测定80例妊娠晚期孕妇(观察组)及80例健康育龄妇女(对照组)的凝血酶原时间(PT)、国际标准化比值(INR)、纤维蛋白原(Fbg)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT),并进行分析比较.对正常妊娠晚期孕妇分娩前与产后3 d的PT、INR、Fbg、APTT、TT进行分析比较.对正常妊娠晚期孕妇所生新生儿脐血与母血(分娩前)的PT、INR、Fbg、APTT、TT进行分析比较.结果 观察组的PT、INR、APTT均较对照组明显缩短,Fbg明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),两组TT差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组产后3 d的PT、INR、APTT均较分娩前明显延长,Fbg明显低于分娩前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),两组TT差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);脐血的PT、INR、APTT均较对照组明显缩短,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组Fbg、TT差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 正常妊娠晚期孕妇血液处于高凝状态,与母体的高凝状态相比,其新生儿处于更明显的高凝状态.     

正常人1100例凝血功能试验检测指标调查

目的对1100例健康体检者的凝血系统各项指标进行检测,并对其异常改变进行分析。方法利用IN-CVBATION-C2000多功能血凝仪进行检测凝血酶时间（TT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）,活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）、国际标准化比值（INR值）。结果对性别组进行了比较,TT、PT、APTJ、FIB、INR水平均无显著性改变（P〉0.05）。对青年组与老年组进行了比较,TT、PT、APTT、FIB、INR水平无显著性改变（P〉0.05）,老年性FIB结果有显著性改变（P〈0.01）。结论正常人TT、PT、APTJ、FIB及INR指标无性别、年龄差异,完全可替代原出血时间（BT）和凝血时间（CT）。FIB对老年人的凝血状态和血栓形成倾向有一定实用价值。     

妊娠晚期孕妇凝血功能检测与分析

目的探讨妊娠晚期孕妇凝血功能检测的临床意义。方法采用Sysmex-1500型全自动凝血分析仪测定280例妊娠晚期孕妇（观察组）及140例健康育龄妇女（对照组）的凝血酶原时间（PT）、国际化标准比值（INR）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶时间（TT）、纤维蛋白原（Fbg）,并进行分析比较。结果观察组的PT、INR、APTT均较对照组明显缩短,Fbg高于对照组,P〈0．01;而两组TT差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论妊娠晚期妇女血液处于高凝状态。检测其凝血功能,对预防或早期治疗弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）有一定的帮助。     

肝硬化患者血清前清蛋白、胆碱酯酶和止凝血相关指标的变化分析

目的研究血清前清蛋白（PA）、胆碱酯酶（ChE）和凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）、凝血酶时间（TT）等止凝血相关指标在肝硬化患者中的变化及临床意义。方法选择40例肝硬化患者及30例健康人分别测定PA、ChE、PT、APTT、FIB、TT,结果进行统计学处理。结果肝硬化患者组PA、ChE和FIB与健康对照组比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,肝硬化患者组明显低于健康对照组;肝硬化患者组PT、APTT、TT三项明显高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。肝硬化患者阳性检出率为PA（90．0％）〉ChE（77．5％）〉PT（72．5％）〉TT（57．5％）〉APTT（52．5％）〉FIB（50．0％）。结论联合检测PA、ChE和PT、APTT、FIB、TT可作为肝硬化患者的病情监测和预后判断的重要依据。     

现代残疾康复理念、政策与社区康复体系研究

本研究分析了当代残疾康复的理念和理论架构,构建了以国际公约、决议和政策、国内法律和政策以及操作性工具3个层次的康复理论体系;运用包容性发展,分析探讨了当代社区康复的体系和特点;就发展康复事业、为残疾人提供全面系统的康复服务提出相关的政策建议。     

我院文职护士管理和培训的实践与体会

目的构建文职护士培训、使用及管理的科学方法。方法通过规范管理、科学施训、作为骨干大胆任用等多种管理方式,使文职护士得到充分的发展。结果文职护士群体成长为医院优秀骨干,首批满3年的文职护士顺利通过续聘考核。结论科学的管理培训是文职护士成长的重要基石,对医院护理管理有着重要作用。     

Comparison of short-term and long-term protocols for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA of Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium

Molecular tools continue to be important in the prevention and control of parasitic diseases. However, using these techniques directly in the field remains a major challenge. Therefore, the preservation of clinical samples collected from endemic field areas for later analysis remains an important preanalytical process. This study aimed at identifying a suitable protocol for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA in bioclinical specimens for Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium research. Both spiked and unspiked blood samples were preserved in 7 protocols (different media; storage temperatures). Samples were evaluated for possible degradation of DNA and RNA along the storage duration up to the 10th week. Nucleic acid targets were assessed as follows: (i) Trypanosoma and Plasmodium RNA analysis was done using real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) for 18S rRNA and for stage-specific Pfs25 mRNA, respectively; (ii) Trypanosoma DNA assessment analysis was conducted by using a conventional PCR for 18S rDNA; (iii) Leishmania RNA analysis was performed with a quantitative NASBA for 18S rRNA and Leishmania DNA assessment with an RT-PCR for 18S rDNA. Findings suggested that a newly developed L3™ buffer proved to be reliable and suitable for both short- and long-term preservation of parasite nucleic acid material. This buffer is envisaged to be suitable for utilization in field situations where resources are limited.     

国内外唇腭裂专科护理发展现状的文献研究及分析

目的了解和分析国内唇腭裂专科护理工作发展的现状。方法检索并分析万方医学网、中国知网、Springer Link及PubMed英文数据库近6年有关唇腭裂手术的围术期护理、患儿的喂养、手术安全管理、围术期疼痛研究以及心理护理的相关文献。结果共检索出国内文献89篇(核心期刊20篇)、国外文献22篇,其中围术期护理38篇、患儿的喂养16篇、手术安全管理10篇、围术期疼痛研究10篇、心理护理15篇。结论与国外文献相比,国内论文总结和回顾性居多,应增加研究探讨性论文,从而促进唇腭裂临床护理工作专科化的发展。     

城乡学童个性行为特征调查

目的探讨农村与城市儿童的个性行为特征。方法将97名农村学龄儿童设为农村组,97名城市学龄儿童设为城市组,采用艾森克个性问卷一儿童版和Achenbach’s 行为量表一儿童版进行评定分析。结果两组学龄儿童艾森克个性问卷各维度评分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）,且与全国常模相一致（P均〉0．05）;农村组男学童Achenbach’s行为量表违纪行为、攻击行为及外向型因子分均显著高于城市组,女学童退缩、社交问题因子分均显著高于城市组（P〈0．05或0．01）,其他因子分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）。结论农村与城市儿童个性无显著差异,而农村儿童存在较多的行为问题,可能与其所受教养和生活方式有关。     

History of violence and subjective health of mother and child

Objective: To study the self-reported prevalence of experienced violence among a cohort of women about two years after giving birth, their health during pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes and their experience of their child’s health.

Setting and subjects: In 2011, a total of 657 women participated in phase III of the Childbirth and Health Cohort Study in Icelandic Primary Health Care, 18 to 24 months after delivery. The women had previously participated in phase I around pregnancy week 16 and phase II 5–6 months after delivery. Data were collected by postal questionnaires.

Main outcome measures: Women’s reported history of experienced violence, sociodemographic and obstetric background, self-perceived health, the use of medications and their child’s perceived health.

Results: In phase III, 16% of women reported experiencing violence. These women felt less support from their current partner (p?p?p?p?p?p?=?0.008).

Conclusions: Our study confirms that a history of violence is common among women. A history of violence is associated with various maternal health problems during and after pregnancy, a higher rate of caesarean sections and maternal reports of health problems in their child 18–24 months after birth.

• KEY POINTS

• Violence is a major concern worldwide. Understanding the impact of violence on human health and developing effective preventive measures are important elements of any public health agenda.

• ??The reported prevalence of experiencing violence was 16% among women attending antenatal care in the primary health care setting in Iceland.

• ??Women with a history of violence reported worse health in general during pregnancy and delivered more often by caesarean section, compared to women with no such history.

• ??Mothers with a history of violence also evaluated the general health of their child as worse than women with no such history.

• ??The findings of this study support the importance of recognizing and addressing experienced violence among women in primary care.

     

Rates and risks of transmission of smallpox and mechanisms of prevention

In 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated from the world; the last known natural case had occurred in Somalia in 1977, and the United States had stopped routinely vaccinating its citizens in 1972. However, with increasing concerns regarding domestic and international terrorism, smallpox has resurfaced as a potential threat to global health. We review the direct and indirect modes of smallpox transmission and how patterns of transmission vary substantially, depending on the severity of circulating disease, vaccination status, environmental and socioeconomic factors, and the setting of an outbreak. We examine mechanisms for controlling outbreaks of disease and preventing further transmission in the event of an outbreak, with an emphasis on smallpox vaccination.     

通用设计原则与产品研发策略

本文介绍了通用设计的概念和设计原则,并阐述了根据此原则实施通用设计的产品研发策略。通用设计惠及的不仅是残疾人,也惠及了包括普通公众在内的广泛人群,以及企业。应将通用设计的原理应融入政府相关政策和未来发展的规划中,为残疾人以及更多人群提供合理便利的通用设计产品。     

胃癌DNA含量与E-cad、EGFR表达的关系及其意义

目的　探讨胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR表达的关系 ,评价其在浸润、转移潜能及预后判断中的作用。方法　应用图像分析仪及SP免疫组化法检测 30例正常胃黏膜上皮、30例不典型增生和 5 0例胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR蛋白表达情况。结果　①正常胃黏膜上皮、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌组的DI、PI、S %、>5c %逐渐增高 ,与胃癌分期、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。②E cad在正常胃黏膜上皮阳性表达率 10 0 % ,EGFR呈阴性表达 ;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌E cad阳性表达率逐渐降低 ,EGFR的阳性表达率逐渐升高 ,且差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ;E cad表达减弱、EGFR表达升高与胃癌分化差、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。③E cad表达阴性的胃癌DNA指数及EGFR表达水平显著高于E cad阳性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　检测DNA含量及E cad、EGFR蛋白表达有助于胃癌的早期诊断及转移潜能和预后的判断。     

Quality and suitability of antimicrobial discs: theoretical and practical sources of error and variability

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The use of antimicrobial discs remains one of the main methods for assessing antibiotic activity. Most discs are made to one of three main standards (FDA, WHO, DIN); these all describe an assay method for assessing the quality of discs using a linear method. Theory predicts a curved relationship, and this is backed up in many cases in practice. In such cases, the assays are potentially invalid. Other sources of uncertainty arising from the manufacturing processes employed are also discussed.

Areas covered: This includes error arising from applying FDA, WHO, and DIN standards, the manufacturing techniques employed, and variation in the materials used in production. The need for a specification that relates directly to the use of the discs is also discussed.

Expert opinion: Manufactured discs, some of which may be out of specification due to curvature and other sources of error, have been used to establish quality zone sizes. Quality zone sizes have then been used to measure the quality of discs. This circular quality system where there is no quantitative check is potentially unsafe. In the many decades of their use, there has been no comprehensive check on the quality of manufactured discs using quantitative, validated assays.