远隔缺血后处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤内质网应激相关因子的影响

目的探讨远隔缺血后处理(RIPC)对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用,并观察RIPC对缺血再灌注损伤后内质网应激相关蛋白CRT、GRP78和caspase-12表达的影响。方法用线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,并进行远隔缺血后处理。再灌注6 h、12 h、24 h后分别采用Western blot检测CRT、GRP78和Bcl-2蛋白表达情况;RT-PCR检测caspase-12和caspase-3 mRNA表达情况。结果缺血再灌注组(6 h、12 h和24 h)与假手术组相比,CRT、GRP78、caspase-12、Bcl-2和caspase-3表达均升高,差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。远隔缺血后处理组与缺血再灌注组相比,CRT、GRP78和Bcl-2表达升高(12 h和24 h),差异具有显著性(P<0.05);caspase-12和caspase-3表达降低(6 h、12 h和24 h),差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。结论远隔缺血后处理可以减轻大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注产生的损伤,其保护作用机制可能与内质网应激反应有关。     

内质网应激在大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用研究

目的 观察生长停滞及DNA损伤诱导基因153(GADD153)和caspase-12在脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠脑组织中的动态改变,探讨内质网应激在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用. 方法 42只大鼠按随机数字表法分为正常对照组(3只)、假手术组(3只)和脑缺血再灌注损伤组(36只);脑缺血再灌注损伤组又分为脑缺血2h再灌注6h、12h、24 h、72 h组,每组各9只.采用线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注损伤模型.采用免疫组化染色、免疫荧光双标染色、Westem blotting检测各组大鼠脑组织中GADD153和caspase-12的表达. 结果 免疫组化染色和Western blotting结果均显示正常对照组和假手术组大鼠脑组织中GADD 153和caspase-12表达为阴性;再灌注6h组GADD153表达增加,并逐渐增高,持续至72 h时较再灌注6h组明显增高,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);再灌注6h组caspase-12表达增加,至24 h达高峰,72 h时仍维持在较高水平,与再灌注6h组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).免疫荧光双标染色结果显示,再灌注6h组可见少量双标阳性细胞,12h、24 h时双标阳性细胞数均较再灌注6h组明显增多,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),至72 hcaspase-12单标阳性细胞数减少,GADD 153单标阳性细胞数仍较多,双标阳性细胞数减少. 结论 GADD153和caspase-12在脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠脑组织中的表达随时间呈动态改变,表明内质网应激参与了脑缺血再灌注损伤的病理过程.     

丁苯酞预处理对脑缺血再灌注大鼠内质网应激的影响

目的 探讨丁苯酞预处理对脑缺血再灌注大鼠内质网应激的影响.方法 30只SD大鼠随机分成假手术组、缺血再灌注组、丁苯酞预处理组,每组10只大鼠.丁苯酞预处理组大鼠给予丁苯酞80 mg/kg灌胃,1次/d;缺血再灌注组和假手术组大鼠给予等量生理盐水替代.灌胃7d后,采用Zea Longa法制备大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型.假手术组不插入线栓.采用TTC染色检测脑梗死面积;RT-PCR法测定脑组织葡萄糖调控蛋白78(GRP78) mRNA、C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP) mRNA的表达.结果 假手术组大鼠脑组织未见梗死灶;丁苯酞预处理组大鼠脑梗死面积明显小于缺血再灌注组(P＜0.05).缺血再灌注组和丁苯酞预处理组大鼠脑组织GRP78 mRNA、CHOP mRNA的表达量明显高于假手术组(均P＜0.05);丁苯酞预处理组大鼠脑组织GRP78 mRNA、CHOP mRNA的表达量明显低于缺血再灌注组(均P＜0.05).结论 丁苯酞可能通过抑制内质网应激而起到脑保护作用.     

缺血后处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤神经保护作用的研究

目的探讨大鼠脑缺血后处理对缺血再灌注损伤后神经元的保护作用。方法健康雄性SD大鼠30只,随机分为假手术组(SO组)、缺血再灌注对照组(MCAO组)、缺血后处理组(IPOC组)3组。采用线栓法制备大鼠MCAO模型及IPOC模型,分别用TTC染色法计算脑梗死体积、流式细胞术和ELISA法观察,对于大鼠缺血半暗带神经细胞凋亡率及血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)含量的影响。结果 (1)大鼠脑缺血再灌注后24h,IPOC组较MCAO组梗死体积明显减小(P<0.05);(2)MCAO组大鼠脑缺血再灌注24h细胞凋亡发生率及血清中NSE的含量较SO组显著增加(P<0.01);(3)IPOC组神经元凋亡发生率及血清NSE较MCAO组显著降低(P<0.05或0.01)。结论大鼠脑缺血后处理对缺血再灌注神经元损伤有保护作用。     

缺血后处理对糖尿病大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤线粒体的影响

目的观察缺血后处理(I-Post)对糖尿病大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤线粒体超微结构和功能的影响,探讨I-Post诱导的脑保护的可能机制。方法采用链脲佐菌(STZ)腹腔注射建立糖尿病大鼠模型,在此基础上通过线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞/再灌注模型。SD糖尿病大鼠随机分为4组(n=10),空白对照组、假手术组、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)、缺血后处理组(I-Post组)。于缺血90min再灌注6h后电镜下观察线粒体超微结构、测定缺血侧脑组织线粒体中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)、Na+/K+-ATPase和Ca2+-ATPase活性。结果缺血后处理能明显减轻I/R引起的线粒体超微结构的损伤,提高线粒体SOD、GSH-Px、Na+/K+-ATPase和Ca2+-ATPase的活性(P<0.05或0.0),降低MDA的含量(P<0.05)。结论线粒体可能在I-Post诱导的脑保护中起关键性作用,I-Post诱导的脑保护机制可能与SOD、Na+/K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶和GSH-Px活性增加有关。     

缺血后处理对局灶脑缺血再灌注大鼠Toll样受体2表达的影响

目的 探讨缺血后处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注时Toll样受体2(TLR2)表达的影响。方法 成年雄性SD大鼠90只,分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组、缺血后处理组各30只; 用线栓法建立局灶性大脑中动脉闭塞模型(MCAO),随机分为假手术组(sham)、缺血再灌注组(I/R)、缺血后处理组(IPC),分别于再灌注24、48、72 h后留取大脑皮质组织; 采用Longa的等级评分法进行神经行为学评分,免疫组化和蛋白质印记(Western blot)法检测TLR2蛋白的表达水平,逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测TLR2 mRNA表达水平。结果(1)缺血后处理组大鼠神经行为学评分明显改善;(2)缺血再灌注组TLR2蛋白在再灌注24、48、72 h表达水平明显升高(P<0.05); 缺血后处理组TLR2蛋白表达在各时间点均减少(P<0.05); TLR2 mRNA的表达趋势与蛋白表达基本一致。结论 缺血后处理可以降低TLR2表达水平,这可能是其脑保护作用的部分机制之一。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注后内质网应激相关因子表达的改变

目的观察内质网应激相关因子GRP78和CHOP在大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后的表达,探讨内质网应激在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用。方法采用大鼠大脑中动脉线栓模型,应用免疫组化及RT-PCR方法检测脑缺血再灌注后不同时相缺血周围区GRP78和CHOP的表达;缺口末端标记法检测细胞凋亡。结果模型组GRP78和CHOP表达均高于假手术组,分别于再灌注12h和24h达高峰,CHOP表达与神经细胞凋亡时间趋势一致。结论脑缺血再灌注诱导GRP78和GADD153表达上调,与神经细胞凋亡有关,内质网应激机制参与了脑缺血再灌注后的神经细胞凋亡。     

脑缺血后处理对缺血再灌注脑组织线粒体通透性转换的影响

目的观察线粒体通透性转化在脑缺血后处理干预下的改变情况。方法采用SD大鼠局灶脑缺血模型,设立假手术组、缺血/再灌注组、缺血后处理组及延迟缺血后处理组。于大脑中动脉缺血30min,再灌注30min后检测脑组织中丙二醛含量和线粒体通透性转换的改变情况,再灌注24h后检测脑梗死面积。结果脑缺血后处理组脑梗死面积明显减少(P<0.05),脑组织中丙二醛含量减少(P<0.05),线粒体通透性转换减轻(P<0.05);延迟脑缺血后处理组与缺血再灌注组相比无明显改变。结论脑缺血后处理有明显的脑保护作用,但其保护作用有时间依赖性,其机制可能与抑制线粒体通透性转换孔开放有关。     

肢体缺血后处理对糖尿病大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤线粒体结构和功能的影响

目的探讨肢体缺血后处理(I-PostC)诱导的远隔器官I-PostC(RPostC)对糖尿病大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤线粒体结构和功能的影响。方法链脲佐菌素空腹腹腔注射制作糖尿病大鼠模型,线栓法闭塞大脑中动脉(MCAO)制作局灶性I/R大鼠模型。造模成功的40只雄性SD大鼠分为4组:空白对照组、假手术组、I/R组,RPostC组,每组10只。I/R6h后取脑组织行HE染色观察,测定线粒体丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、Na+/K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,观察线粒体超微结构的改变。结果I/R组线粒体MDA含量[(4.99±1.25)nmol/mgprot]较空白对照组和假手术组明显升高(均P<0.01),SOD[(72.52±13.07)U/mg]、Na+/K+-ATP酶[(3.17±0.34)μmolPi/(mg.h)]、Ca2+-ATP酶[(1.56±0.23)μmolPi/(mg.h)]和GSH-Px活性[(22.66±5.29)U/mg)]明显降低(均P<0.01);与I/R组比较,RPostC组MDA含量[(3.58±0.91)...     

依达拉奉对鼠脑缺血再灌后内质网应激相关因子表达的影响

[摘要]目的 研究依达拉奉对内质网应激相关因子表达及神经细胞凋亡的影响。 方法 使用SD大鼠短暂性MCAO模型,RT-PCR法检测缺血侧顶叶皮层PERK mRNA、CHOP mRNA表达,免疫组化法检测p-PERK、CHOP蛋白表达,TUNEL法检测神经细胞凋亡。结果 PERK mRNA表达与p-PERK蛋白表达均于再灌注后1h达高峰,其后逐渐下降;再灌注1h缺血侧顶叶皮层CHOP mRNA表达增加,于再灌注12h表达达高峰,再灌注1h缺血侧顶叶皮层可见CHOP蛋白表达,再灌注24h表达达高峰;再灌注1h缺血侧梗死灶周围可以观察到凋亡细胞,至再灌注24h达高峰;依达拉奉能下调PERK、CHOP表达,减少神经细胞凋亡。 结论 依达拉奉能下调PERK、CHOP等ERS基因表达,减少神经细胞凋亡,可能通过抑制内质网应激在上游发挥神经保护作用。     

Augmentation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury associated with comorbid type 2 diabetes

Abstract

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Objective: Diabetes is one of the major risk factors for ischemic stroke and is reported to aggravate the ischemic brain damage in different experimental models as well as clinical situations. However, the mechanisms underlying the exacerbated ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) brain injury associated with comorbid diabetes are still not clear. This study investigated the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in pathophysiology of aggravated I/R brain injury associated with diabetes.

Methods: Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2 hours followed by 22 hours of reperfusion in high-fat diet-fed and low-dose streptozotocin-treated type 2 diabetic rats. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting analysis were performed to detect the changes in expression of various ER stress and apoptotic markers such as 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein or growth arrest DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (CHOP/GADD153), and caspase-12. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed to detect the extent of DNA fragmentation and cell death.

Results: The diabetic rats subjected to I/R manifested significantly larger brain infarct volume and severe deterioration in neurological deficits than their normal, non-diabetic counterparts. There was a marked upregulation of GRP78 observed in brains of diabetic rats after 22 hours of reperfusion. Furthermore, augmentation of CHOP/GADD153 expression and activation of caspase-12 (ER stress-induced apoptotic factors) were observed in parallel with enhanced TUNEL-positive cells or DNA fragmentation in diabetic rats compared to normal rats following cerebral I/R.

Discussion: Taken together, the current experimental findings demonstrate that diabetes exacerbates brain I/R injury which may be mediated through enhanced ER stress and cell death involving CHOP/GADD153 and caspase-12 activation.     

缺血后处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠的脑保护作用及其最佳时间窗的探讨

目的探讨缺血后处理(IP)对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注(I/R)神经保护作用的最佳时间窗。方法 80只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为5组(假手术组、对照组、IP 15s组、IP 30s组和IP 1min组)。假手术组和对照组行单纯I/R;IP 15s组、IP 30s组和IP 1min组,反复3次缺血再灌注。除假手术组外的大鼠均采用线栓法闭塞大鼠大脑中动脉(MACO)建立脑缺血SD大鼠模型。所有大鼠行神经功能障碍评分(NDS),并应用组织原位标记凋亡细胞检测、免疫组织化学等技术观察IP后海马CA1区细胞凋亡及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)表达的变化。结果再灌注24 h后,IP各组NDS明显低于对照组(P<0.05),其中IP 15s组、IP 30s组NDS低于IP 1min组(P<0.05)。对照组海马CA1区TNF-α、凋亡细胞表达量明显增加,IP 15s组、IP 30s组海马CA1区TNF-α、凋亡细胞的表达量较IP 1min组明显下降(P<0.05)。结论 IP可改善局灶性脑缺血大鼠的神经功能、减少海马CA1区炎性因子TNF-α及细胞凋亡的表达。大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的最佳时间窗为15s、30s。     

Neuroprotective effects of atorvastatin against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress

Cerebral ischemia triggers secondary ischemia/reperfusion injury and endoplasmic reticulum stress initiates cell apoptosis. However, the regulatory mechanism of the signaling pathway remains unclear. We hypothesize that the regulatory mechanisms are mediated by the protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α in the endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway. To verify this hypothesis, we occluded the middle cerebral artery in rats to establish focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model. Results showed that the expression levels of protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and caspase-3, as well as the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α, were increased after ischemia/reperfusion. Administration of atorvastatin decreased the expression of protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, caspase-3 and phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α, reduced the infarct volume and improved ultrastructure in the rat brain. After salubrinal, the specific inhibitor of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α was given into the rats intragastrically, the expression levels of caspase-3 and phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α in the were decreased, a reduction of the infarct volume and less ultrastructural damage were observed than the untreated, ischemic brain. However, salubrinal had no impact on the expression of protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase. Experimental findings indicate that atorvastatin inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress and exerts neuroprotective effects. The underlying mechanisms of attenuating ischemia/reperfusion injury are associated with the protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α/caspase-3 pathway.     

Sodium phenylbutyrate ameliorates focal cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury associated with comorbid type 2 diabetes by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and DNA fragmentation

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been postulated to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury and diabetes. Diabetes is a major risk factor and also common amongst the people who suffer from stroke. In this study, we have investigated the neuroprotective potential of sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (SPB; 30-300 mg/kg), a chemical chaperone by targeting ER stress in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia associated with comorbid type 2 diabetes. Intraperitoneal treatment with SPB (100 and 300 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated brain I/R damage as evidenced by reduction in cerebral infarct and edema volume. It also significantly improved the functional recovery of various neurobehavioral impairments (neurological deficit score, grip strength and rota rod) evoked by I/R compared with vehicle-treatment. Further, SPB (100 mg/kg) significantly reduced the DNA fragmentation as shown by prominent reduction in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells. This effect was observed concomitantly with significant attenuation in upregulation of 78 kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein or growth arrest DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (CHOP/GADD153) and activation of caspase-12, specific markers of ER stress/apoptosis. The neuroprotection observed with SPB was independent of its effect on cerebral blood flow and blood glucose. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the neuroprotective effect of SPB owing to amelioration of ER stress and DNA fragmentation. It also suggest that targeting ER stress might offer a promising therapeutic approach and benefits against ischemic stroke associated with comorbid type 2 diabetes.     

GPER agonist G1 suppresses neuronal apoptosis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Studies have confirmed a strong association between activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion(I/R) injury.In this study,three key proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway(glucose-regulated protein 78,caspase-12,and C/EBP homologous protein) were selected to examine the potential mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the neuroprotective effect of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor.Female Sprague-Dawley rats received ovariectomy(OVX),and then cerebral I/R rat models(OVX+ I/R) were established by middle cerebral artery occlusion.Immediately after I/R,rat models were injected with 100 μg/kg E2(OVX + I/R +E2),or 100 μg/kg G protein-coupled estrogen receptor agonist G1(OVX + I/R + G1) in the lateral ventricle.Longa scoring was used to detect neurobehavioral changes in each group.Infarct volumes were measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining.Morphological changes in neurons were observed by Nissl staining.Terminal dexynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end-labeling staining revealed that compared with the OVX + I/R group,neurological function was remarkably improved,infarct volume was reduced,number of normal Nissl bodies was dramatically increased,and number of apoptotic neurons in the hippocampus was decreased after E2 and G1 intervention.To detect the expression and distribution of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum,caspase-12 distribution and expression were detected by immunofluorescence,and mRNA and protein levels of glucose-regulated protein 78,caspase-12,and C/EBP homologous protein were determined by polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay.The results showed that compared with the OVX+ I/R group,E2 and G1 treatment obviously decreased mRNA and protein expression levels of glucose-regulated protein 78,C/EBP homologous protein,and caspase-12.However,the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor antagonist G15(OVX + I/R + E2 + G15) could eliminate the effect of E2 on cerebral I/R injury.These results confirm that E2 and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor can inhibit the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus,thereby improving dysfunction caused by cerebral I/R injury.Every experimental protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Review Board at the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School of Medicine,China(approval No.SHZ A2017-171) on February 27,2017.