The Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) Score and Injury Severity Score (ISS) for predicting resource utilization and outcome of intensive care in pediatric trauma.

OBJECTIVE: Mortality prediction in trauma is assessed using the Injury Severity Score (ISS) and Revised Trauma Score using Trauma Injury Severity Score (TRISS) methodology. The Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) score assesses mortality risk in critically ill children. We compared the ability of PRISM and ISS (using TRISS methodology) to predict resource utilization and outcome in pediatric trauma. DESIGN: Retrospective chart and database review. SETTING: Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). PATIENTS: Consecutive admissions to a PICU over a 2-yr period. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Demographic data including PICU resource utilization and outcome were recorded. Data were recorded on 1,052 admissions (31 deaths), including 125 pediatric trauma patients (11 deaths). Patients were stratified into low- and high-risk categories based on PRISM and ISS scores. Patients with PRISM scores <6 and ISS scores <10 were classified as low risk. While both low-risk PRISM and ISS scores readily identified survivors, PRISM was the more sensitive indicator of resource utilization. PRISM, however, performed less well in determining risk-adjusted mortality as compared with ISS. CONCLUSION: PRISM readily stratifies pediatric trauma patients for resource utilization. PRISM appears to underestimate mortality in pediatric trauma as compared with ISS using TRISS methodology.     

Outcome in an urban pediatric trauma system with unified prehospital emergency medical services care

HYPOTHESIS: Pediatric mortality is predicted by age, presence of head trauma, head trauma with a low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, a low Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS), and transport directly to a pediatric trauma center. POPULATION: Studied were 1,429 patients younger than 16 years old admitted to or declared dead on arrival (DOA) in a pediatric trauma center from January through October, 1988. The trauma system, which served 3-million persons, included six pediatric trauma centers. METHODS: Data were obtained by a retrospective review of summary statistics provided to the Chicago Department of Health by the pediatric trauma centers. RESULTS: Overall mortality was 4.8% (68 of 1429); 32 of the patients who died (47.1%) were DOA. The in-hospital mortality rate was 2.6%. Head injury was the principal diagnosis in 46.2% of admissions and was a factor in 72.2% of hospital deaths. The mortality rate was 20.3% in children with a GCS < or = 10 and 0.4% when the GCS was > 10 (odds ratio [OR] = 67.0, 95% CI = 15.0-417.4). When the PTS was < or = 5, mortality was 25.6%; with a PTS > 5, the mortality was 0.2% (OR = 420.7, 95% CI = 99.3-2,520). Although transfers to a pediatric trauma center accounted for 73.6% of admissions, direct field triage to a pediatric trauma center was associated with a 3.2 times greater mortality risk (95% CI = 1.58-6.59). Mortality rates were equal for all age groups. Pediatric trauma center volume did not influence mortality rates. CONCLUSIONS: Head injury and death occur in all age groups, suggesting the need for broad prevention strategies. Specific GCS and PTS values that predict mortality can be used in emergency medical services (EMS) triage protocols. Although the high proportion of transfers mandates systemwide transfer protocols, the lower mortality in these patients suggests appropriate EMS field triage. These factors should be considered as states develop pediatric trauma systems.     

The prognostic value of transcranial Doppler studies in children with moderate and severe head injury

Objective To assess the potency of transcranial Doppler (TCD) to predict prognosis in children with moderate and severe head trauma.Design and setting Prospective single-center study in a level I pediatric trauma center.Patients Thirty-six consecutive patients with a prehospital diagnosis of moderate or severe head trauma admitted over a 6-month period.Interventions On arrival in the emergency room, TCD was performed and peak systolic velocities, end-diastolic velocity and time-averaged mean velocity in the middle cerebral artery were recorded. Pulsatility and resistance index were calculated. The Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and Injury Severity Score (ISS) were also calculated. Patient neurological outcome was determined using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at discharge from hospital. GOS 1–2 were considered as good prognosis (group 1) and GOS 3–5 were considered as poor prognosis (group 2).Results Compared with group 1 patients, group 2 patients had a significantly lower mean GCS (5±3 vs 8±4, p<0.05) and PTS (2±2 vs 5±2), and a higher mean ISS (32±8 vs 19±11, p<0.05). An end-diastolic velocity less than 25 cm/s and a pulsatility index more than 1.31 were associated with a poor prognosis (p<0.05).Conclusion In children with moderate and severe head trauma, our data suggest an association between the results of TCD assessment on arrival in the emergency room and the outcome at discharge from the hospital.     

Injury Severity Score versus New Injury Severity Score for penetrating injuries

INTRODUCTION: The New Injury Severity Score (NISS) was introduced in 1997 to improve outcome prediction based on anatomical severity scoring in trauma victims. Studies on populations of blunt trauma victims indicate that the NISS, predicts better than the Injury Severity Score (ISS) mortality post-injury, which is why the NISS has been recommended as the new "gold standard" for severity scoring. However, so far the accuracy of the NISS for penetrating injuries has not been validated against the ISS. METHODS: ISS and NISS scores were collected retrospectively for 1,787 war- and landmine victims in North Iraq. All victims only had penetrating injuries. The two tests were compared for prediction of short-term mortality and post-operative complications using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: Both the ISS and the NISS predicted mortality with high accuracy (ROC area under curve 0.9). There were no significant differences between the two tests. The predictive accuracy for post-operative complications was moderate for both tests (ROC-AUC < 0.8), with the NISS performing significantly better than the ISS. CONCLUSION: The NISS does not perform better than the ISS in penetrating injuries. However, this study was done on a low-risk trauma population, thus the results should not be extrapolated to high severity trauma. Due to statistical shortcomings in studies previously published, studies on far larger cohorts are necessary before the NISS should be adopted as the new "gold standard" for severity scoring.     

Childhood falls: characteristics, outcome, and comparison of the Injury Severity Score and New Injury Severity Score

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine the general characteristics of childhood falls, factors affecting on mortality, and to compare the Injury Severity Score (ISS) and the New Injury Severity Score (NISS) as predictors of mortality and length of hospital stay in childhood falls.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed over a period of 8 years children aged younger than14 years who had sustained falls and who were admitted to our emergency department. Data on the patients'' age, sex, type of fall, height fallen, arrival type, type of injuries, scoring systems, and outcome were investigated retrospectively. The ISS and NISS were calculated for each patient. Comparisons between ISS and NISS for prediction of mortality were made by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Hosmer‐Lemeshow (HL) goodness of fit statistics.

Results

In total, there were 2061 paediatric trauma patients. Falls comprised 36 (n = 749) of these admissions. There were 479 male and 270 female patients. The mean (SD) age was 5.01 (3.48) years, and height fallen was 3.8 (3) metres. Over half (56.6%) of patients were referred by other centres. The most common type of fall was from balconies (38.5%), and head trauma was the most common injury (50%). The overall mortality rate was 3.6%. The cut off value for both the ISS and NISS in predicting mortality was 22 (sensitivity 90.5%, specificity 95.4% for ISS; sensitivity 100%, specificity 88.7% for NISS) (p>0.05). Significant factors affecting mortality in logistic regression analysis were Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) <9, ISS >22, and NISS >22. There were no significant differences in ROC between three scoring systems. The HL statistic showed poorer calibration (p = 0.02 v p = 0.37, respectively) of the NISS compared with the ISS.

Conclusions

In our series, the head was the most frequent site of injury, and the most common type of fall was from balconies. Scores on the GCS, NISS, and ISS are significantly associated with mortality. The performance of the NISS and ISS in predicting mortality in childhood falls was similar.     

Snowmobile injuries in children and adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the risk factors and patterns of injury for children involved in snowmobile incidents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of patients younger than 18 years who required hospital admission for snowmobile-related incidents from 1992 to 2001. Information obtained from these records and from the trauma database included patient demographics, mechanism of injury, injury patterns, medical care, and outcomes. RESULTS: Forty-three patients were admitted to our hospital for snowmobile-related incidents. Snowmobile incidents occurred most commonly in male adolescents. The 2 most common mechanisms of injury were ejection and striking a stationary object. Twenty-seven (63%) of the patients drove the snowmobile. Only 23 patients (53%) wore a helmet. At presentation, the mean +/- SEM Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 12.1 +/- 1.4. Orthopedic injuries predominated (n = 42); however, abdominal (n = 12) and head (n = 8) injuries were also common. Four patients were intubated, and 15 required intensive care unit admission. Twenty-nine patients (67%) required surgical intervention. The mean +/- SEM length of hospitalization was 6.7 +/- 1.4 days. No deaths occurred; however, 7 patients (16%) had long-term disabilities. A significant improvement occurred in both Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and ISS for patients using a helmet. In addition, helmet use increased with age (P = .01). Days in the intensive care unit were proportional to both GCS score (r(s) = -0.47; P = .002) and ISS (r(s) = 0.6; P < .001). Length of hospitalization also correlated with both GCS score (r(s) = -0.03; P = .008) and ISS (r(s) = 0.54; P = .02). CONCLUSION: Snowmobiles are a significant source of multitrauma for children. Orthopedic injuries predominate, especially in older children, and can lead to long-term disabilities. Helmet use significantly reduces injuries; however, vulnerable younger patients do not frequently wear helmets.     

The Prognostic Value of Cystatin C Compared with Trauma Scores in Multiple Blunt Trauma: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background

Many scoring systems have been developed to predict the prognosis of the traumatized patients in Emergency Departments, and the necessary calculations make complex scoring systems difficult to use as a part of the initial trauma patient assessment, and they also have limited accuracy.

Study Objective

This study compares the accuracy of cystatin C with trauma scoring systems in predicting the mortality of trauma patients.

Methods

Serum cystatin C levels were measured upon arrival in consecutive adult multiple blunt trauma patients during a 12-month period. Correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between Injury Severity Score (ISS), Revised Trauma Score (RTS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Score, and cystatin C. Trauma scores and cystatin C were used in Cox regression models to predict trauma patients' risk of death.

Results

During the study period, 153 patients were enrolled and 18 died. There were negative correlations between cystatin C levels and the GCS (r = −0.666, p < 0.001) as well as the RTS (r = −0.229, p = 0.004). A moderate correlation was found between the ISS and the cystatin C level (r = 0.492, p < 0.001). In Cox regression models, every increase in units of cystatin C levels and ISS (the cut-off levels were 0.93 mg/L and ≥ 16, respectively) results in a 4.22- and 1.068-fold increase in mortality, respectively.

Conclusion

Cystatin C may represent an important severity-of-illness indicator, easily available to clinicians during the initial assessment of trauma victims on admission.     

Injury-associated hypothermia: an analysis of the 2004 National Trauma Data Bank

Severe injury and shock are frequently associated with abnormalities in patient body temperature. Substantial increases in mortality have been associated with profound hypothermia, especially below 35 degrees C. The purpose of this study was to further characterize the impact of hypothermia in a large dataset of trauma patients. This study was a retrospective analysis of the 2004 version of the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB), which contains approximately 1.1 million patients from over 400 trauma centers. Admission temperature was analyzed with respect to mortality, injury severity score (ISS), base deficit (BD), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), and hospital outcomes. The NTDB contained 701,491 patients with temperatures recorded upon trauma center admission. Of these, 11,026 patients had admission temperatures <35 degrees C, and 802 had temperatures <32 degrees C. Comparison of core temperature versus mortality revealed that as temperature decreased, the mortality rate increased, reaching approximately 39% at 32 degrees C, and remained constant at lower temperatures. Surprisingly, 477 patients (59.5%) survived with temperatures <32 degrees C. Similarly, BD increased as hypothermia worsened until body temperature reached 31 degrees C, below which there was little further increase. Patients with admission temperatures less than 35 degrees C had significantly greater mortality (25.5% vs. 3.0%, P < 0.001) and BD (7.8 vs. 3.7, P < 0.001) when compared with patients with temperatures >or=35 degrees C. In survivors, average ventilator days and intensive care unit (ICU) days were 14.4 and 12.8, respectively, for patients with temperatures <35 degrees C as opposed to more normothermic patients who demonstrated an average of 9.5 ventilator days and 9.1 ICU days (P < 0.001). When grouped by individual ISS, BD level, and GCS motor score, mortality was significantly greater when admission temperature was below 35 degrees C (ISS mean difference = 11.4%, BD mean difference = 22.8%, and GCS motor mean difference = 9.85%). Logistic regression revealed that hypothermia remains an independent determinant of mortality after correction for confounding variables (odds ratio = 1.54, 95% confidence interval 1.40-1.71). Admission hypothermia is associated with greater mortality, increased injury severity, more profound acidosis, and prolonged ICU/ventilator courses. However, although mortality at <32 degrees C is high, patients with temperatures this low do survive. As temperatures drop below 32 degrees C, mortality rates remain constant, which may indicate a threshold below which physiologic mechanisms are unable to correct body temperature regardless of injury severity. Although shock severity is highly indicative of outcome, hypothermia independently contributes to the substantial mortality associated with severe injury.     

儿童创伤后尿β_2-微球蛋白变化与损伤严重程度的相关分析

目的:分析尿β2-MG变化与损伤严重度评分(ISS)及儿童创伤评分(PTS)的关系,为临床判断儿童创伤严重程度提供一种简单、有效、无创的检查方法。方法:检测117例创伤儿童伤后第1、3、5天尿β2-MG,并与其ISS、PTS值进行比较。结果:创伤组第1天尿β2-MG值与对照组相比有明显差异(P<0.001),伤后第1天尿β2-MG值与ISS呈正相关(P<0.001),与PTS呈负相关(P<0.001),动态观察儿童伤后5 d内尿β2-MG明显降低。结论:尿β2-MG可作为评价儿童创伤严重度的一种简便、快速、无创指标;动态检测创伤儿童尿β2-MG水平可以反映病情的演化趋势,随着创伤情况的好转,尿β2-MG水平逐渐降低。     

The role of the New Trauma and Injury Severity Score (NTRISS) for survival prediction

The objective of this study was to verify if replacing the Injury Severity Score (ISS) by the New Injury Severity Score (NISS) in the original Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) form would improve the survival rate estimation. This retrospective study was performed in a level I trauma center during one year. ROC curve was used to identify the best indicator (TRISS or NTRISS) for survival probability prediction. Participants were 533 victims, with a mean age of 38±16 years. There was predominance of motor vehicle accidents (61.9%). External injuries were more frequent (63.0%), followed by head/neck injuries (55.5%). Survival rate was 76.9%. There is predominance of ISS scores ranging from 9-15 (40.0%), and NISS scores ranging from 16-24 (25.5%). Survival probability equal to or greater than 75.0% was obtained for 83.4% of the victims according to TRISS, and for 78.4% according to NTRISS. The new version (NTRISS) is better than TRISS for survival prediction in trauma patients.     

阿替普酶静脉溶栓对老年脑梗死患者的临床疗效观察

目的探讨阿替普酶（rt-PA）静脉溶栓治疗老年急性脑梗死患者的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析78例老年（年龄≥80岁）急性脑梗死患者的临床资料,根据90 d临床结局改良Rankin量表（mRS）评分将患者分为预后良好组（mRS≤2分）和预后不良组（mRS>2分）,采用χ²检验或t检验比较预后良好组和预后不好组之间的差异,采用Logistic回归分析进行预后因素的多因素分析。 结果结局不良组和结局良好组基线格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）［（13.33±2.04）分 vs （11.50±3.47）分］、基线国立卫生研究院卒中量表（美国）评分（NIHSS）评分［（9.55±6.01）分vs （15.63±8.29）分］、24 h GCS ［（14.48±0.99）分 vs （11.74±3.51）分］、24 h NIHSS［（4.80±3.83）分 vs （15.76±9.69）分]、既往抗血小板情况（1例 vs 8例）、脑出血（0例 vs 4例）及死亡情况（0例 vs 14例）比较,差异具有统计学意义（t=2.812,P=0.007;t=-3.694,P<0.001;t=4.640,P<0.001;t=-6.509,P<0.001;χ²=6.571,P=0.010;χ²=4.438,P=0.035;χ²=17.961,P<0.001）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示溶栓前舒张压、溶栓前血糖、24 h NIHSS是溶栓预后的影响因素。 结论改善24 h NIHSS、溶栓前血糖、溶栓前舒张压可改善高龄脑梗死患者静脉rt-PA溶栓的预后。     

急诊创伤患者死亡的相关因素与救治对策分析

目的探究影响急诊创伤患者死亡的相关因素,并分析其救治对策。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年1月于我院接受急救但无效死亡的46例急诊创伤患者(死亡组)和同期抢救成功的178例急诊创伤患者(存活组)的临床资料。通过单因素及多因素Logistic回归方程分析两组患者的年龄、性别等相关因素,评估影响急诊创伤患者死亡的独立危险因素,并通过总结患者的死因,分析其临床救治对策。结果经单因素分析,两组年龄、ISS评分、GCS评分、就诊时间、损伤部位、机械通气情况有显著差异(P<0.05);而两组的性别、致伤原因、损伤数量、抢救措施比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、ISS评分、GCS评分、损伤部位、机械通气均属于急诊创伤患者死亡的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。46例死亡患者中,中枢性呼吸循环衰竭25例(54.35%),多器官功能衰竭12例(26.09%),失血性休克7例(15.22%),其他2例(4.35%)。结论年龄、ISS评分、GCS评分、损伤部位、机械通气均属于急诊创伤患者死亡的独立危险因素,临床应引起重视,提高抢救质量。     

小儿脑损伤后癫痫的影响因素和预防治疗(附191例病例分析)

目的：探讨小儿脑损伤后并发癫（ＰＴＳ）的危险因素和预防治疗的方法。方法：对１９１例脑外伤患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：全组病人ＰＴＳ发生率为１０％。哥拉斯格昏迷评分（ＧＣＳ评分）３～８分的病人有３９％发生ＰＴＳ，而ＧＣＳ评分９～１５分的病人为４％。结论：小儿ＰＴＳ与ＧＣＳ评分３～８分相关。预防性应用苯妥英可能减少癫发作     

The Efficacy of Factor VIIa in Emergency Department Patients With Warfarin Use and Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage

Objectives: The objective was to compare outcomes in emergency department (ED) patients with preinjury warfarin use and traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (tICH) who did and did not receive recombinant activated factor VIIa (rFVIIa) for international normalized ratio (INR) reversal. Methods: This was a retrospective before‐and‐after study conducted at a Level 1 trauma center, with data from 1999 to 2009. Eligible patients had preinjury warfarin use and tICH on cranial computed tomography (CT) scan. Patients before (standard cohort) and after (rFVIIa cohort) implementation of a protocol for administering 1.2 mg of rFVIIa in the ED were reviewed. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, Revised Trauma Score (RTS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), INR, and Marshall score were collected. Outcome measures included mortality, thromboembolic complications, and INR normalization. Results: Forty patients (median age = 80.5 years, interquartile range [IQR] = 63.5–85) were included (20 in each cohort). Age, GCS score, ISS, RTS, initial INR, and Marshall score were similar (p > 0.05) between the two cohorts. Survival was identical between cohorts (13 of 20, or 65.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 40.8% to 84.6%). There were no differences in rate of thromboembolic complications in the standard cohort (1 of 20, 5.0%, 95% CI = 0.1% to 24.9%) than the rFVIIa cohort (4 of 20, 20.0%, 95% CI = 5.7% to 43.7%; p = 0.34). Time to normal INR was earlier in the rFVIIa cohort (mean = 4.8 hours, 95% CI = 3.0 to 6.7 hours) than in the standard cohort (mean = 17.5 hours, 95% CI = 12.5 to 22.6; p < 0.001). Conclusions: In patients with preinjury warfarin and tICH, use of rFVIIa was associated with a decreased time to normal INR. However, no difference in mortality was identified. Use of rFVIIa in patients on warfarin and tICH requires further study to demonstrate important patient‐oriented outcomes. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:244–251 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine     

创伤性颅脑损伤患者血清 miR-422a，miR-212-5p表达水平与病情和预后的相关性研究

目的　探讨创伤性颅脑损伤患者血清 miR-422a,miR-212-5p表达与病情和预后的相关性,分析 miR-422a,miR-212-5p诊断创伤性脑损伤患者预后的价值。方法　连续性选择 2018年 4月～ 2020年 6月山东省菏泽市中医院收治的 173例创伤性颅脑损伤患者（创伤组）和同期 125例志愿者（对照组）。根据格拉斯哥昏迷量表（ GCS）评分将创伤组患者分为轻度组（ GCS评分 13~15分,57例）,中度组（ GCS评分 9~12分,63例）和重度组（ GCS评分 3~8分,53例）,追踪临床结局,根据格拉斯哥预后量表（ GOS）评分将患者分为预后不良组（ GOS评分 1~3分,62例）和预后良好组（ GOS评分 4~5分,111例）。检测所有受试者血清 miR-422a,miR-212-5p表达,比较组间差异,分析 miR-422a,miR-212-5p与创伤性颅脑损伤患者预后的关系以及 miR-422a,miR-212-5p预测患者预后的价值。结果　创伤组血清 miR-422a表达高于对照组（3.02±1.02 vs 0.95±0.21）,miR-212-5p表达低于对照组（ 1.03±0.28 vs 2.85±0.61）,差异均有统计学意义（ t=22.340,     

The rapid infusion system: a superior method for the resuscitation of hypovolemic trauma patients.

The rapid infusion system (RIS), which can deliver fluids/blood products rapidly at precise rates and normothermic conditions, was compared with conventional fluid administration (CFA) in a randomized study of 36 hypovolemic trauma patients. Admission stratification criteria of the groups were similar relative to age, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Injury Severity Score (ISS) and plasma lactate. Despite the lack of difference in blood loss between the 24-h survivors of the two groups, the CFA group required greater total fluids (23.6/20.21), red blood cells (5.5/4.61), fresh frozen plasma (FFP) (2.8/1.91), platelets (523/204 ml), and crystalloids (12.9/10.61). Lactate levels were lower in the RIS group at virtually all times from hours 1 to 24 (4.3/5.3 mM/l, t-value = 3.3, DF = 279, P = 0.001). Post-admission hypothermia was greater in the CFA group at all times during the first 24 h (35.2/36.4 degrees C, t-value = 5.6, DF = 250, P = 0.001). The mean partial thromboplastin time was significantly higher in the CFA group (47.3/35.1 s, t-value = 3.1, DF = 279, P = 0.002). The PTT and PT were related to the degree of lactic acidosis (P = 0.0001) and hypothermia (P = 0.001) but not to the amount of FFP given (P = 0.14). The hospital costs, days in the ICU, and days on the ventilator were greater for the CFA group, as was the incidence of pneumonia (0/11 vs. 6/17; P = 0.03). Hypovolemic trauma patients resuscitated with the RIS needed fewer fluid/blood products and had less coagulopathy; more rapid resolution of hypoperfusion acidosis; better temperature preservation; and fewer hospital complications than those resuscitated with conventional methods of fluid/blood product administration.     

严重创伤患者预后与创伤性凝血病的相关性及其相关影响因素分析

目的：探讨严重创伤患者预后与创伤性凝血病（TIC）相关性,分析影响预后的相关因素。方法选取严重创伤患者96例,所有患者入院后抽取静脉血10 ml和动脉血2 ml,进行血常规、凝血功能和相关生化检查及动脉血气分析。根据患者预后情况分为存活组（n=81）和死亡组（n=15）,分析严重创伤预后与TIC的相关性,并分析性别、年龄、创伤时间、急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分（APACHE Ⅱ）、格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）、创伤严重程度评分（ISS）、低体温等因素对严重创伤患者预后的影响。结果死亡组TIC发生率53.33%,明显高于存活组的12.34%,差异具有统计学意义（χ2=13.96,P＜0.05）,TIC与严重创伤患者预后呈正相关（r=0.38,P＜0.05）。单因素结果显示：两组APACHEⅡ评分、GCS评分、ISS评分、血糖、血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞比容（HCT）、血小板（Plt）、测定凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、国际标准化比值（INR）、休克指数≥1例数、体温＜35℃例数比较,差异均有统计学意义（t分别=4.01、4.94、3.93、3.42、4.81、6.23、4.85、6.48、4.36、3.64,χ2分别=7.19、7.82,P均＜0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示：APACHEⅡ评分升高、GCS评分降低、ISS评分升高、Plt计数降低和APTT时间延长是严重创伤患者预后的危险因素（OR分别=1.26、0.62、1.10、0.96、5.37,P均＜0.05）。结论严重创伤患者预后与TIC密切相关,APACHEⅡ评分升高、GCS评分降低、ISS评分升高、Plt计数降低和APTT时间延长是严重创伤患者预后的危险因素,提示临床实践中应进一步加强对TIC的防治。     

Use of the BIG score to predict mortality in pediatric trauma

ObjectiveThe BIG score, which is comprised of admission base deficit (B), International Normalized Ratio (I), and GCS (G), is a severity of illness score that can be used to rapidly predict in-hospital mortality in pediatric patients presenting following traumatic injury. We sought to compare the mortality prediction of the pediatric trauma BIG score with other well-established pediatric trauma severity of illness scores: the pediatric logistic organ dysfunction (PELOD); the pediatric index of mortality 2 (PIM2); and the pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM III).MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, data from 2009 to 2015 was collected using a multi-institutional database. All pediatric patients admitted following traumatic injury with a recorded initial GCS were included. BIG, PELOD, PIM2, and PRISM III scores were calculated, and Receiver Operator Characteristic curves were derived for all severity of illness scores. Mortality prediction performance for each score was compared by the area under the curve (AUC).ResultsA total of 29,204 patients were included in this analysis. AUC for BIG, PELOD, PIM2, and PRISM III scores were 0.97 (0.97–0.98), 0.98 (0.98–0.98), 0.98 (0.97–0.98), and 0.99 (0.98–0.99), respectively. At the optimum cut-off point of 16, the BIG score had a sensitivity of 0.937, specificity of 0.938, positive predictive value of 0.514, and negative predictive value of 0.995.ConclusionsIn this massive cohort of pediatric trauma patients, the BIG score using imputation of missing variables performed similarly to the PELOD, PIM2, and PRISM III, further validating the score as a predictor of mortality.