Role of systematic ultrasound-guided staging biopsies in predicting extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle invasion in men with prostate cancer

PURPOSE: To assess the presence of extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle invasion in men with prostate cancer, we performed systematic staging biopsies targeting neurovascular bundles, seminal vesicles, and other extraprostatic tissues before the men underwent radical prostatectomy. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical efficacy of these systematic staging biopsies compared with digital rectal examination (DRE) and transrectal sonography (TRUS). METHODS: Two hundred forty-four candidates for prostatectomy who had a diagnostic biopsy Gleason score of 8 or higher and/or indications of extraprostatic extension (eg, seminal vesicle invasion) by DRE or TRUS underwent staging biopsies using an 18-gauge Tru-Cut needle under real-time TRUS guidance between June 1997 and March 2000. We determined the number of staging biopsy cores to be taken based on the Gleason score of the diagnostic biopsy as well as abnormal DRE and/or TRUS findings. The chi-square test was used to evaluate the statistical significance of differences. RESULTS: There were no complications of staging biopsy. In 75 (31%) of the 244 patients, results of the staging biopsies were positive. The clinical stage was upgraded by staging biopsy in 18 (24%) of these 75 patients. After the staging biopsies, 90 patients underwent radical prostatectomy. Among these 90 patients, staging biopsy specimens were positive for cancer in 20 (47%) of the 43 patients who received neoadjuvant therapy and in 1 (2%) of the 47 patients who did not receive neoadjuvant therapy. There were no false-positive staging biopsies in either group. Among the 90 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy, the false-negative rate for the prediction of organ-confined disease was 43% (30/69) for staging biopsies compared with 29% (10/34) for TRUS. The diagnostic accuracy of staging biopsies (67%; 60/90) was higher than that of DRE (52%; 47/90; p < 0.05) but lower than that of TRUS (79%; 71/90; p = 0.066). CONCLUSIONS: Staging biopsies can reliably sample extraprostatic tissue, including the seminal vesicles and neurovascular bundles. Positive staging biopsy results can aid in the selection of treatment options and in the prediction of outcome for individual patients by providing definitive histologic confirmation of locally advanced disease. Conventional predictive variables for staging can be applied when the results of staging biopsies are negative.     

血清t-PSA、f-PSA/t-PSA、DRE及TRUS对前列腺癌的诊断价值分析

目的探讨前列腺特异抗原(t-PSA)、游离PSA与总PSA比值(f-PSA/t-PSA)、直肠指诊(DRE)和直肠超声(TRUS)诊断前列腺癌(PCa)的价值。方法回顾性分析经病理诊断的31例PCa患者和34例前列腺增生(BPH)患者的血清PSA水平、f-PSA/t-PSA比值、DRE和TRUS的检测结果。结果 ROC曲线分析结果显示t-PSA和f-PSA/t-PSA对PCa的诊断敏感性分别为67.7%和77.4%,特异性分别为58.8%和73.5%,曲线下面积(AUC)分别能达到0.659和0.808。而DRE和TRUS对PCa的诊断敏感性分别为58.1%和51.6%,特异性分别为82.3%和73.5%。联合f-PSA/t-PSA与DRE或TRUS检测,对PCa的诊断敏感性分别上升到87.1%和83.9%,3项指标联合可提高诊断敏感性至90.3%。结论 f-PSA/t-PSA比t-PSA更适合用于临床PCa的诊断,联合f-PSA/t-PSA,TRUS和DRE检查可明显提高临床PCa的检出率。     

经直肠超声诊断前列腺癌的临床价值

目的探讨经直肠超声检查前列腺癌的临床价值。方法应用经直肠超声对临床拟诊53例前列腺癌患进行检查，观察前列腺内腺及外腺回声，发现形态不规则低回声区，仔细分辨与周围组织的关系，并行彩色及能量多普勒血流显像。结果经穿刺活检及手术病理证实46例为前列腺癌，7例为前列腺增生，诊断符合率为86．8％。结论经直肠超声显示前列腺癌声像图的敏感性及特征性较腹部超声明显增高，结合直肠指检(DRE)及前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)测定可提高前列腺癌的检出率。     

A single episode of haematospermia can be safely managed in the community

Introduction: This study is a ten‐year single institution retrospective study of patients presenting with haematospermia, to establish standard tests for investigation, and what tests have low yield and can be omitted. Materials and methods: Investigations that were used were analysed to establish their diagnostic yield. The parameters examined were: digital rectal examination (DRE) findings, prostate specific antigen (PSA), abdominal and scrotal ultrasound, TRUS biopsy result (wherever applicable), flexible cystoscopy findings and final diagnosis. Results: The central findings were that abdominal ultrasound never yielded an abnormality and that flexible cystoscopy never showed bladder tumours. TRUS prostate biopsies were performed in 17% of patients, and prostate cancer was confirmed in 5% of patients. Testicular malignancy was found in 2%. In 90% of patients, no specific diagnosis was made, and 85% of patients were discharged at review. Conclusions: A single episode of haematospermia is usually benign. Flexible cystoscopy and abdominal ultrasound appear valueless. Assessment should consist of clinical examination (including testicular), DRE and PSA testing. It can safely be managed in the community and only referred in the presence of, abnormal examination, elevated PSA or recurrent symptoms.     

Clinical efficacy of prostate cancer detection using power doppler imaging in American and Japanese men

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the detection rates of tumor vascular flow as measured by power Doppler imaging (PDI) in 2 populations and to determine whether PDI can reduce the number of unnecessary prostate biopsies in men with serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations less than 10.1 ng/ml. METHODS: The patient populations were Japanese (group 1) and American (group 2) men with either serum PSA concentrations of 4.1-10.0 ng/ml or abnormal findings on digital rectal examination (DRE) plus PSA concentrations less than 4.1 ng/ml. We compared the overall diagnostic accuracy of DRE, gray-scale transrectal sonography (TRUS), and PDI between the 2 groups. RESULTS: In total, 275 men were studied, 154 in group 1 and 121 in group 2. Cancer was identified in 27% of men in group 1 and in 60% of group 2. Men with cancer in both groups differed significantly in age, peripheral zone volume, and mean number of positive biopsy cores. The sensitivity and specificity of PDI in group 2 were significantly inferior to those in group 1. The negative predictive value (NPV) of PDI was significantly higher for group 1 than for group 2. The NPV of PDI in group 1 was equivalent to that for the combination of DRE and TRUS, whereas the NPV for PDI in group 2 was significantly inferior to that of DRE and TRUS.CONCLUSIONS: Tumor vascularity could be detected by PDI more effectively in Japanese men with cancer than in American men with cancer. We hypothesize that this difference was a result of larger cancer volumes and smaller prostates in the Japanese men. PDI did not provide any performance advantage over DRE and TRUS in avoiding unnecessary biopsies.     

Peripheral zone hypoechoic lesions of the prostate: evaluation with contrast-enhanced gray scale transrectal ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of contrast-enhanced gray scale transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) for detection of prostate cancer in peripheral zone hypoechoic lesions of the prostate. METHODS: The study involved 66 patients with peripheral zone hypoechoic lesions detected by TRUS. The lesions were evaluated with contrast-enhanced TRUS to differentiate prostate cancer from benign lesions, and the results were compared with color Doppler ultrasonographic findings. RESULTS: Transrectal ultrasonographically guided biopsy of the hypoechoic lesions revealed prostate cancer in 30 patients and benign prostatic diseases in 36. Flow signals within the lesions were classified as no, increased, equal, and decreased flow compared with surrounding peripheral zone tissue as follows: 1, 16, 12, and 1, respectively, in the prostate cancer group and 10, 12, 10, and 4 in the benign disease group. If we considered an increased flow signal within a peripheral hypoechoic lesion as a sign of prostate cancer, color Doppler ultrasonography had low sensitivity and specificity (55.2% and 53.8%, respectively). The enhancement intensity within the lesions was classified as no, increased, equal, and decreased enhancement compared with surrounding peripheral zone tissue as follows: 2, 20, 3, and 5 in the prostate cancer group and 14, 8, 4, and 10 in the benign disease group. The difference was statistically significant (P<.05). Thus, the peak enhancement intensity would be the optimal parameter for discriminatory performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.60-0.88). CONCLUSIONS: Contrast-enhanced TRUS could reveal the presence of vasculature within peripheral zone hypoechoic lesions more objectively than color Doppler ultrasonography and could be promising in guidance of prostate biopsy.     

经直肠动态能量多普勒血流显像诊断早期前列腺癌临床价值的评价

目的：评估经直肠动态多普勒能量血流显像（TRDPFI）鉴别诊断早期前列腺癌的临床价值。方法：利用TRDPFI对88例患者的前列腺结节进行观察，并进行前列腺穿刺活检和／或手术，取得病理结果。检测结果与直肠指诊（DRE）、前列腺特异抗原（PSA）、经直肠B超（TRUS）相对照。结果：88例患者中26例（29．5％）为前列腺癌，62例为良性增生结节（70．5％）。运用TRDPFI良性增生结节与癌结节内的动态检出率，结节内的动脉收缩期峰值流速，均有显著差别，经卡方检验、t检验差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05），尤其癌结节内显示穿入血流率达92．31％（24／26），本组良性增生结节无一例测及穿入血流（P＜0．01）。结论：经直肠能量多谱勒血流显像能显著提高早期前列腺癌的检出率，降低假阳性和假阴性。     

Role of transrectal ultrasonography in the prediction of prostate cancer: artificial neural network analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of an artificial neural network (ANN) model with and without transrectal ultrasonographic (TRUS) data. METHODS: Six hundred eighty-four consecutive patients who had undergone TRUS-guided prostate biopsy from May 2003 to January 2005 were enrolled. We constructed 2 ANN models. One (ANN_1) incorporated patient age, digital rectal examination findings, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, PSA density, transitional zone volume, and PSA density in the transitional zone as input data, whereas the other (ANN_2) was constructed with the above and TRUS findings as input data. The performances of these 2 ANN models according to PSA levels (group A, 0-4 ng/mL; group B, 4-10 ng/mL; and group C, >10 ng/mL) were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: Of the 684 patients who underwent prostate biopsy, 214 (31.3%) were confirmed to have prostate cancer; of 137 patients with positive digital rectal examination results, 60 (43.8%) were confirmed to have prostate cancer; and of 131 patients with positive TRUS findings, 93 (71%) were confirmed to have prostate cancer. In groups A, B, and C, the AUCs for ANN_1 were 0.738, 0.753, and 0.774, respectively; the AUCs for ANN_2 were 0.859, 0.797, and 0.894. In all groups, ANN_2 showed better accuracy than ANN_1 (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: According to receiver operating characteristic analysis, ANN with TRUS findings was found to be more accurate than ANN without. We conclude that TRUS findings should be included as an input data component in ANN models used to diagnose prostate cancer.     

Should prostate-specific antigen or prostate-specific antigen density be used as the determining factor when deciding which prostates should undergo biopsy during prostate ultrasound

Prostate ultrasound has been accepted as the appropriate tool for prostate biopsy guidance to determine the presence of prostate cancer if the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level is not normal. Prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) has been used to determine if an increased PSA level may be because of benign enlargement of the gland or possible presence of cancer. The specific "cutoff" for PSA and PSAD to delineate which patients are at highest risk has been controversial. We attempted to assess which PSA level or PSAD level should be used. A retrospective analysis of 600 consecutive men, referred for prostate ultrasound and possible biopsy because of an abnormal DRE result or increased PSA level was undertaken. All had prostate volume determined by biplanar endorectal ultrasound. One hundred sixty-six men had cancer confirmed by biopsy. This latter group was further analyzed and was divided into PSA <4.0, PSA 4 to 10, or PSA >10.0 ng/ml. Groups were divided according to those with PSAD <0.10, <0.12, and <0.15 ng/ml. Correlation with Gleason grade of the tumor was made. Of the 166 men with cancer, 15 had PSA levels <4 ng/ml (all palpable), and 81 had PSA levels between 4.0 and 10.0 ng/ml (48 were not palpable by digital rectal examination [DRE]). There were 38 (22.8%) of 166 men with cancer who had a PSAD <0.15. Using the Gleason scoring system, 30 of 38 men had mid-grade or high-grade cancers. Twenty-one (12.6%) of 166 men with cancer had a PSAD <0.12. Of these, 17 of 21 men had mid-grade or high-grade cancers. Fifteen (9.0%) of 166 men with cancer had a PSAD <0.10. Of these, 13 of 15 had mid-grade or high-grade cancer. If the PSA level is more than 4.0 ng/ml, even if no palpable lesion is discerned by DRE, suspicion for the presence of cancer should be raised. The use of PSAD threshold of 0.15 is not inclusive enough to identify clinically important cancer, and it should not be used. Our data demonstrate that 7.9% of men with cancer had a PSAD <0.15 and mid-grade or high-grade, i.e., clinically important, cancer. Although more negative biopsy results will be obtained, we recommend the use of a lower PSAD "cutoff" than the literature has suggested. We recommend that those men with PSA levels more than 4 ng/ml and a PSAD higher than 0.10 should undergo a prostate biopsy to detect clinically important cancer.     

Seminal vesicle masses detected incidentally during transrectal sonographic examination of the prostate

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to review the incidence and type of seminal vesicle (SV) masses discovered during transrectal sonography (TRUS) of the prostate. METHODS: Patients were a consecutive series of men referred for TRUS of the prostate because of lower urinary tract symptoms or elevated prostate-specific antigen levels, who were found on TRUS to have SV masses. Patients with prostate cancer involving the SVs were excluded. Cystic lesions were sampled by fine-needle aspiration and solid lesions by core biopsy, all under sonographic guidance. RESULTS: Of the 450 patients who underwent TRUS between January 1997 and December 2001, 10 (2%) were found to have SV masses; 5 masses were cystic and 5 were solid. Cytologic evaluation of aspirated specimens revealed benign findings in all 5 cysts. Four of the 5 patients with solid SV masses had chronic schistosomiasis, and the mass in the fifth patient was a metastatic deposit from a renal cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: SV masses may be responsible for lower urinary tract symptoms in a small fraction of cases. A cystic mass is presumptively benign, whereas a solid lesion has a small probability of being malignant, especially if the patient has a primary neoplasm elsewhere. Schistosomiasis should always be considered when making a differential diagnosis in patients who live in areas where infestation is endemic.     

Percent free PSA as an additional measure in a prostate cancer screen.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the ability of the ratio of free prostate specific antigen to total prostate specific antigen (% fPSA) to aid in selection of subjects who would require follow-up studies. DESIGN: Retrospective, nonrandomized analysis measuring total prostate specific antigen (tPSA) and free prostate specific antigen (fPSA) in serum from men enrolled in a community-based prostate cancer screening offered by the Cancer Outreach Program (COP), Christiana Care Health Systems (CCHS), Wilmington, DE. PARTICIPANTS Informed consent was obtained from 172 of the 231 eligible participants. Complete laboratory and follow-up data, excluding ethnic origin, was gathered from 157 participants; therefore, theoretical participation was 75% (172/231) while realized participation rate was 68% (157/231). Criteria for inclusion in this study included ambulatory men of age 40 and older with serum total PSA (tPSA) level >1.9 ng/mL and/or an enlarged or abnormal prostate by digital rectal examination (DRE). Subjects with a history of prostate cancer or prostatitis were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Laboratory tests to determine tPSA and fPSA were performed on serum samples obtained from consenting participants. Percent fPSA was calculated. Results of clinical findings with respect to each participant's DRE were recorded as normal, suggestive of a benign condition, such as benign prostate hyperplasia, or suspicious for prostate cancer. When available, transurethral ultrasound (TRUS) results and biopsy results were also noted. Each participant's results were evaluated and given one of the following diagnoses: Normal prostate (N), Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH), or Prostate Cancer (PCa). RESULTS: Prevalence of cancer 3/157 = 0.0191; of BPH = 0.688; of N = 0.293. Median values for tPSA for each of these groups were as follows: N, 2.9 ng/mL; BPH, 3.0 ng/mL; and PCa, 6.3 ng/mL; (p = 0.079). Median values for fPSA were as follows: N, 0.6 ng/ mL; BPH, 0.5 ng/mL; PCa, 0.5 ng/mL; (p = 0.51). Median values for % fPSA were as follows: N, 19%; BPH, 17%; and PCa, 9%; (p = 0.01). Medians were found to differ for % fPSA measurements, but not for tPSA or fPSA values. DRE screening results of 110 subjects were reported as not normal indicating either an enlarged (n = 97) or abnormal prostate gland (n = 13). Nine subjects had normal DRE results with serum tPSA level above 4.0 ng/mL. Using the combination of DRE and tPSA > 4.0 ng/mL as criteria for the recommendation of follow-up studies, 119 of the participants would have been advised to seek additional testing. CONCLUSION: Using these two routine criteria, 119 (119/157; 76%) subjects would be candidates for follow-up procedures, such as transurethral ultrasound (TRUS) and/or sextant prostate biopsy. By adding % fPSA results of < 10% fPSA to tPSA results > 4.0 mg/mL as criteria for follow-up studies, specificity can be improved threefold with sensitivity unchanged. If an abnormal DRE suggestive of malignancy was included as part of the criteria, sensitivity of the diagnostic scheme would reach 100%. Using the triple diagnostic parameters of tPSA > 4.0 ng/mL, the ratio of free prostate specific antigen to total prostate specific antigen <10%, and an abnormal prostate DRE, 16 participants would be recommended for follow-up studies (16/157; 10%). This would eliminate 103 subjects from unnecessary and expensive testing.     

经直肠超声及其穿刺活检对前列腺增生与前列腺癌的鉴别诊断价值

目的 评价经直肠超声检查及其穿刺活检对鉴别前列腺增生症与前列腺癌的价值。方法 将40例前列腺疾病患者术后病理分组，与术前经直肠超声检查声像图以及13例穿刺活检结果对照分析。结果 术后前列腺增生组27例，前列腺增生伴炎症组4例，前列腺癌组9例，术前经直肠超声检查诊断前列腺增生27例，疑诊前列腺癌13例并行穿刺活检，其中6例术前穿刺确诊为前列腺癌，3例前列腺癌未穿刺，但术后病理证实，经直肠前列腺癌超声诊断敏感性66．7％，特异性77．4％，准确性75％；而本组穿刺活检对前列腺癌选择性检出率为46．2％，其准确性、敏感性、特异性均为100％。结论 经直肠二维及彩色多普勒超声检查对于鉴别良性前列腺增生症与前列腺癌有着重要价值，可以选择性提高穿刺活检中前列腺癌的检出率，而结合经直肠超声检查的前列腺穿刺活检术则是发现并确诊前列腺癌的有效方法。     

经直肠多模态超声影像评分系统诊断前列腺癌的临床研究

目的建立前列腺癌多模态超声影像评分系统,并评价该评分系统对前列腺癌的诊断价值。 方法选取2016年5月至2017年12月在解放军总医院行超声引导下穿刺活检和（或）手术切除的86例可疑前列腺癌患者,术前对前列腺行经直肠常规超声、剪切波弹性成像、超声造影检查,分析三种模态超声影像特征,并与手术或穿刺病理进行对照。总结前列腺癌经直肠多模态超声影像特征,建立评分系统,并评价该系统对前列腺癌的诊断价值。 结果前列腺癌常规超声表现为低回声、边界不清、形态不规则、内外腺分界不清、包膜侵犯、血流信号丰富且为中心血流;剪切波弹性成像表现为非对称分布,前列腺癌病灶平均弹性模量高于良性病灶［（94.7±44.2）kPa vs（60.8±26.0）kPa］,差异有统计学意义（t=-3.578,P=0.001）;超声造影表现为快速高增强,分布不均匀（低增强区伴点状血管结构,点状、片状或结节状高增强）,内外腺分界不清,包膜或直肠壁侵犯。常规超声、超声造影、弹性成像有1项阳性即诊断为前列腺癌,其敏感度、阴性预测值和准确性分别为98.0%、96.7%和89.5%;三者均为阳性诊断为前列腺癌,其特异度和阳性预测值分别为97.3%和97.1%。 结论经直肠多模态超声影像评分系统可提高超声对前列腺癌的诊断价值。     

Prostate cancer screening.

No screening test has been proven to reduce prostate cancer mortality. DRE has been the traditional method of screening, and it is often used to detect other diseases in addition to prostate cancer. Newer modalities, such as TRUS and PSA, can identify patients with nonpalpable prostate cancer, but the use of these tests will also result in many false-positives. In addition, it is not known whether the use of these tests will reduce prostate cancer mortality, or instead cause harm to those patients screened. Given the potential for harm, and the extraordinary expense, routine screening of asymptomatic men with newer modalities should be considered experimental.     

多参数MRI前列腺影像报告和数据系统评分与经直肠超声引导下穿刺病理的相关性分析

目的旨在探讨多参数MRI(multi-parametric MRI,Mp-MRI)前列腺影像报告和数据系统(prostate imaging reporting and data system version 2,PI-RADS V2)评分与经直肠超声引导下穿刺病理的相关性。材料与方法回顾性分析经病理证实的128例前列腺病变患者的MRI资料,其中前列腺癌75例,良性前列腺增生48例、前列腺炎5例,所有患者均行3.0 T MRI扫描,获取完整的T2WI、DWI及DCE图像;由2名前列腺诊断医师在不知患者临床资料及病理的情况下采用PIRADS V2评分标准进行评分,评分结果分别记录;所有患者均行经直肠超声引导下病理穿刺,并由泌尿专业病理诊断医师进行诊断,对前列腺癌则进行Gleason评分。采用Spearman相关分析PI-RADS V2评分与穿刺病理的相关系数,并采用ROC曲线分析PI-RADS V2评分诊断前列腺癌的敏感性、特异性和准确性。结果 PI-RADS V2评分与穿刺病理呈正相关,r=0.887。PI-RADS V2评分诊断前列腺癌的ROC曲线下面积0.975,其敏感性为93.33%,特异性为96.23%,准确性为94.51%,阳性预测值97.22%,阴性预测值91.07%。Gleason评分≥8分的前列腺癌的PI-RADS V2评分为5分。结论 PI-RADS V2评分与经直肠超声引导下穿刺病理的相关性高,PI-RADS V2评分对前列腺疾病的诊断准确性高。     

对直肠内超声诊断用于直肠癌术前分期的探讨

目的评估直肠内超声诊断(transrectalultrasonography,TRUS)对直肠癌术前T分期的价值。方法收集原发性直肠癌45例。观察肿块大小、形态、回声、方位、浸润周径、深度及邻近组织脏器受累。结果45例中,TRUS检出42例;超声分期(uT)与病理分期(pT)相符32例,符合率76%。TRUS所测肿瘤长、短径与pT无明显关系(P=0.083、0.499),而侵犯周径则与pT有关(P=0.015)。结论对于多数直肠癌患者,TRUS是其T分期的有效手段;难以判断肿瘤浸润深度时,结合侵犯周径可提高分期准确性。     

前列腺特异抗原＜4μg/L前列腺癌经直肠超声引导穿刺活检的临床研究

目的 评价经直肠超声(TRUS)引导下前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺特异抗原(PSA)＜4μg/L前列腺癌(PCA)诊断的临床价值,借以探讨提高PSA＜4μg/L的PCA诊断率的方法.方法 选取59例PSA＜4μg/L怀疑PCA的患者进行TRUS引导下前列腺多点穿刺活检.分析其TRUS声像图特点尤其对前列腺内结节声像特点进行总结,并比较PCA与非PCA组患者间的PSA、前列腺特异抗原密度(PSAD)、前列腺游离抗原与总前列腺抗原比值(F/T)、前列腺体积(PV),进一步分析PSAD、F/T的各阈值范围内对PCA诊断的敏感性及特异性.结果 59例受检者中经病理证实PCA 16例,检出率为27%,12例PCA患者声像图检查显示前列腺结节性病变,均分布于外腺,且血流增加较良性病变及癌前病变高.PCA组与非PCA组间的PSA、PSAD、F/T、PV差异均有统计学意义.将PSAD阈值设为0.09μg/L2时有较高的敏感性及特异性,F/T值设为0.20时有较高的敏感性及特异性,但不及PSAD有优势.结论 TRUS前列腺穿刺活检是确诊PSA＜4 μg/L PCA的最有效方法之一,结合TRUS声像图特点及PSA修正方法可进一步提高PCA的检出率.     

泌尿系统疾病诊断和治疗操作对血清前列腺特异抗原检测的影响

目的评估泌尿系统疾病诊断和治疗操作对血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA)检测的影响。方法将80例在深圳市中医院泌尿外科住院的男性患者纳入该研究,其中进行了直肠指检(DRE)的为13例,导尿术10例,硬式膀胱镜12例,前列腺活检术17例,经尿道前列腺切除术(TURP)28例。80例患者分别于泌尿系统疾病诊断和治疗操作前及操作后24h、3d、7d、14d采集血液标本进行血清总前列腺特异抗原(TPSA)和游离前列腺特异抗原(FPSA)测定。结果 DRE操作对TPSA和FPSA水平没影响,操作前后TPSA、FPSA水平差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);导尿术和膀胱镜检查均能使血清TPSA和FPSA水平升高,操作前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且持续时间较长(7~14d)。活检术和TURP术后24h血清TPSA和FPSA水平明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),第3天开始降低,第14天血清TPSA和FPSA水平降至基线。结论 DRE对血清TPSA和FPSA检测没影响,而导尿术、膀胱镜、活检术和TURP等可使血清TPSA和FPSA水平不同程度地升高,但维持时间长短不同。     

经直肠超声引导下徒手经会阴前列腺穿刺在前列腺病变中的应用

目的探讨在经直肠前列腺超声引导下徒手对前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺良恶性病变中的临床价值。方法选取2019年2月~2020年1月在中国科学技术大学附属第一医院南区就诊的临床疑似前列腺癌并行经会阴前列腺穿刺活检患者62例,依最终病理结果分为2组:前列腺癌组,共25例,男性,年龄55~82岁;前列腺良性病变组,共37例,男性,年龄54~83岁。经直肠超声分别观察记录两组前列腺大小、内部回声及有无异常回声、回声大小范围,并按部位系统穿刺及目标靶向性穿刺,对比分析两组间临床资料以及前列腺病变特征。结果前列腺癌组病理类型均为前列腺腺癌（包括腺泡癌）,良性病变组患者病理提示正常前列腺组织、腺体及间质增生、肌肉以及纤维组织。前列腺癌组穿刺取得组织中共145条病理结果为前列腺癌,108条（75%）位于前列腺周缘区穿刺点,癌组织占比标本组织长度大于50%的有81条（56%）。经直肠超声共发现52个异常回声,均穿刺取得病理,对比分析发现不同大小的低回声其病理成分不同,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺对前列腺周缘区有优势性并可对可疑病变区域直观准确的目标性穿刺,对于前列腺良恶性病变的诊断具有重要意义。      

PAP、PSA与前列腺癌的诊断

本院从1992年7月至1996年9月收治经病理检查证实的前列腺癌52例,均行直肠指检(DRE)、B超、血清前列腺酸性磷酸酶(PAP)和前列腺特异抗原(PSA)检查,其诊断前列腺癌阳性率分别为78.8%、50.0%、61.5%、84.6%,PSA阳性率明显高于其它检查(P<0.005),若结合DRE、TRUS(直肠B超),则诊断前列腺癌的敏感性达到96.2%;经直肠前列腺穿刺活检31例,其穿刺阳性率为87.1%。PAP、PSA升高患者的比例与前列腺癌的分期、肿瘤细胞分化程度具相关性。因此,PAP、PSA对前列腺癌的诊断、临床分期、判断预后有较大价值。