肺移植术后曲霉菌感染(附4例报告和文献复习)

目的探讨肺移植术后曲霉菌感染的预防、监测和治疗方法。方法2003年1月至2004年9月，6例重度肺气肿病人成功实行同种异体单肺移植术，其中4例术后痰培养发现曲霉菌。结果2例临床上无肺部感染症状，口服伊曲康唑治疗近2个月。1例术后1个月纤维支气管镜提示支气管吻合口局部侧壁软化、狭窄，被坏死组织覆盖，活检找到霉菌，置入镍钛网状支架后症状改善。另1例术后并发自体肺严重曲霉菌浸润性肺部感染，咳出桔红色痰，量最多达180ml／d。X线胸片提示有空洞表现，经伊曲康唑静脉注射和应用两性霉素B雾化吸入治疗6周后，症状消失、X线胸片空洞关闭而治愈。结论应用伊曲康唑和两性霉素B雾化吸入，对肺移植术后早期曲霉菌感染的预防和治疗都是有效的。     

肝移植术后肺曲霉菌感染的诊治

目的：探讨肝移植术后肺曲霉菌感染的诊治方法。方法：肝移植术后患者常规进行痰培养,应用二性霉素B、伊曲康唑和氟康唑等抗真菌药物治疗,回顾性分析了3例肺部曲霉菌感染患者的诊治经过。结果：54例肝移植患者有3例发生肺曲霉菌感染,治愈1例,死亡2例。结论：（1）过度免疫抑制是导致肺曲霉素感染的重要因素。（2）二性霉素B治疗肺曲霉感染有效。（3）为降低二性霉素B的毒副作用和增强疗效,治疗方法上可采用渐进性给药、间断性给药、低浓度给药、联合给药,真菌培养阴性后用伊曲康唑巩固治疗2-3周。     

肾移植术后肺部真菌感染的诊断与治疗

目的：探讨肾移植术后肺部真菌感染的诊断与治疗。方法：回顾性分析25例肾移植术后肺部真菌感染患者的临床资料，其中男16例，女9例，平均年龄46．2岁，发病时间平均为术后137．8天。结果：25例患者中，白色念珠菌感染6例，光滑念珠菌感染感染1例，假丝酵母菌感染1例，热带念珠菌感染1例，曲霉菌感染1例，新型隐球菌感染1例，镜检见菌丝感染2例，培养阴性12例；合并感染11例。13例培养或镜检阳性者中，采用伊曲康唑治疗有效10例，死亡1例，2例改用两性霉素B脂质体治疗，均康复；12例培养或镜检均阴性者中，采用抗细菌和抗病毒治疗均无效，其中7例采用伊曲康唑治疗3天，5例有效，2例无效后改用两性霉素B脂质体治疗，5例应用醋酸卡泊芬净治疗，患者均康复。本组25例患者在积极抗真菌的同时给予呼吸支持、调节免疫抑制剂剂量、经验性联合抗微生物、小剂量激素及其他支持治疗等，24例康复出院，1例死亡。结论：肺部真菌感染是。肾移植术后常见并发症。早期诊断并应用新型抗真菌药、调节免疫抑制剂剂量、给予经验性联合抗微生物、小剂量激素等，治疗效果良好，治愈率高。     

肝移植术后侵袭性曲菌病的防治

目的探讨原位肝移植术后侵袭性曲菌病的防治。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2005年1月完成的576例原位肝移植的临床资料,总结术后侵袭性曲菌病的预防和治疗经验。结果9例患者术后并发侵袭性曲菌病,发病率为1.74%(9/576),首发感染部位为肺部8例,中枢神经系统感染1例。6例患者停用免疫抑制治疗,3例患者将他克莫司(FK506)或CsA降低到最低有效血药浓度。6例患者选用两性霉素B脂质体(其中1例先试用氟康唑)、3例首选伊曲康唑进行治疗。5例肺部感染患者痊愈,2例因肺部感染无法控制死亡,2例因并发多器官曲霉菌感染死亡。结论早发现并及时调整免疫抑制治疗方案,早期、足量和足程使用抗真菌药物,积极行手术治疗是降低肝移植术后侵袭性曲菌病发病率和病死率的根本措施。     

肺移植后侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的诊治一例

目的总结双肺移植后侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的诊疗体会。方法1例双肺移植患者,术后8个月肺部发生嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌和黄曲霉菌感染,胸部X线片显示双肺呈浸润性病变,以右肺为主,应用伊曲康唑抗曲霉菌治疗,应用头孢哌酮/舒巴坦抗嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌治疗。结果用药6d后痰真菌培养结果转阴,患者症状逐步好转;头孢哌酮/舒巴坦抗嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌治疗效果不佳,后换用替卡西林/克拉维酸后痰细菌培养转阴。在维持血他克莫司(FK506)浓度在有效水平的基础上,FK506的用量从6mg/d减至0.5mg/d。结论CT在侵袭性肺曲霉菌病诊断中的价值优于X线片;应用伊曲康唑治疗侵袭性肺曲霉菌病有效,同时应注意血FK506浓度的监测。     

肾移植术后侵袭性肺曲霉感染15例临床诊治

目的：探讨肾移植受者术后侵袭性肺曲霉（ IPA）感染的诊治。方法回顾性分析济南军区总医院泌尿外科2008年7月至2013年5月肾移植术后15例IPA感染受者的临床资料。结果15例受者均为首次肾移植,均为肾移植术后半年内发生IPA感染,最早于术后16 d发现。经半乳甘露聚糖试验（ GM试验）检出IPA 9例,肺部CT检查检出4例,血培养检出3例,痰培养检出5例。9例合并CMV或细菌感染,2例合并假丝酵母菌属感染,4例为单纯性IPA感染。13例IPA感染受者给予伏立康唑注射液治疗（3例为确诊病例,10例为临床诊断病例）,其中2例合并或序贯给予米卡芬净;另2例临床诊断病例给予伊曲康唑注射液治疗。共有9例受者治愈,6例死亡。结论 GM试验、肺部CT检查等对肾移植术后IPA感染具有一定的诊断价值,结合临床表现,能够较早诊断IPA感染,有助于及时进行早期治疗,提高患者生存率。     

两性霉素B脂质体治疗肝、肾联合移植后肺曲霉菌感染一例

我院于2002年12月施行同种异体肝、肾联合移植1例，术后患者发生严重的肺部曲霉菌感染，给予两性霉素B脂质体治疗21d后痊愈，肝、肾功能无明显损害，报告如下。     

肝移植术后肺部真菌感染的诊断和治疗

目的探讨肝移植术后肺部真菌感染的早期诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾分析20例肝移植术后肺部真菌感染患者的临床资料，分析其原发病、免疫状态、感染真菌的种类及抗真菌药物的应用。结果20例患者念珠菌感染17例，死亡2例，曲霉菌感染3例，死亡2例。氟康唑、伊曲康唑、两性霉素B治疗有效率70％，伏立康唑、卡泊芬净治疗有效率100％。结论肝移植术后真菌感染高发，以危重患者为主要目标人群，发生早，病情重。诊断分三级，达到临床诊断即应及早治疗。治疗以伏立康唑为首选，严重感染者联合应用卡泊芬净效果良好。     

肾移植术后肺部曲霉菌感染

肺部真菌感染为肾移植术后较常见并发症之一,主要致病菌有念珠菌、曲霉菌、隐球菌.其中侵袭性肺曲霉病的病死率最高,已引起人们的关注.我们对肾移植术后肺部曲霉菌感染的流行病学、致病因素、诊断及治疗进行综述.     

肾移植术后肺部真菌感染的诊治

目的　探讨肾移植术后肺部真菌感染的诊断与治疗。　方法　回顾性分析 4 3例肾移植术后肺部真菌感染患者的临床资料。男 35例 ,女 8例 ,平均年龄 32岁。发病时间平均为术后 5 9d。　结果　 4 3例患者中 ,白色念珠菌 16例 ,克柔念珠菌 4例 ,近平滑念珠菌 2例 ,曲霉菌 4例 ,毛霉菌 3例 ,新型隐球菌 1例 ,奴卡菌 2例 ,其中 14例有细菌、巨细胞病毒混合感染。 11例培养阴性。氟康唑10 0mg/次 ,3次 /d ,连续 10d ,治愈 2 3例 ;两性霉素B脂质体 5 0mg/d ,连续 10d ,治愈 17例 ;死亡 3例。　结论　肺部真菌感染是肾移植术后的严重并发症 ,死亡率高。早期诊断与治疗效果良好。     

Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Solid Organ Transplant Patients: A Report From Iran

Background

Aspergillosis is one of the most important opportunistic infections after organ transplantation. Early diagnosis and initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy are key factors for better prognosis.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records of patients with solid organ transplantation with evidence of Aspergillus infections from December 2001 to January 2008, evaluating patient demographics, time of onset after transplantation, risk factors, radiologic appearance, diagnostic criteria, antifungal therapy, and outcome.

Results

We observed aspergillosis in 8 lung, 3 kidney, and 1 heart recipient, with overall mean age of 40.6 years. Seven cases of Aspergillus tracheobronchitis were diagnosed in lung transplant recipients, all of them in the first 6 months after transplantation. All patients responded to antifungal therapy and bronchoscopic debridement. We observed 5 cases of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Three patients survived in response to antifungal treatment. The two patients who died were treated with a combination of itraconazole and amphotericin B, whereas all cured patients had been treated with voriconazole alone or in combination with caspofungin.

Conclusion

It seems that the prognosis of aspergillosis in solid organ recipients is improving with new treatment regimens, particularly if they are used in early stages of infection.     

Invasive Aspergillosis in solid‐organ transplant recipients: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice

These updated AST‐IDCOP guidelines provide information on epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of Aspergillus after organ transplantation. Aspergillus is the most common invasive mold infection in solid‐organ transplant (SOT) recipients, and it is the most common invasive fungal infection among lung transplant recipients. Time from transplant to diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis (IA) is variable, but most cases present within the first year post‐transplant, with shortest time to onset among liver and heart transplant recipients. The overall 12‐week mortality of IA in SOT exceeds 20%; prognosis is worse among those with central nervous system involvement or disseminated disease. Bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan is preferred for the diagnosis of IA in lung and non‐lung transplant recipients, in combination with other diagnostic modalities (eg, chest CT scan, culture). Voriconazole remains the drug of choice to treat IA, with isavuconazole and lipid formulations of amphotericin B regarded as alternative agents. The role of combination antifungals for primary therapy of IA remains controversial. Either universal prophylaxis or preemptive therapy is recommended in lung transplant recipients, whereas targeted prophylaxis is favored in liver and heart transplant recipients. In these guidelines, we also discuss newer antifungals and diagnostic tests, antifungal susceptibility testing, and special patient populations.     

原位肝移植术后侵袭性曲菌病的诊断和治疗

目的探讨原位肝移植术后侵袭性曲菌病的诊治。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2005年1月完成的576例原位肝移植的临床资料,总结术后侵袭性曲菌病的防治经验。结果9例患者术后并发侵袭性曲菌病,疾病发生率为1．74％（9／576）,首发感染部位为肺部8例,中枢神经系统感染1例,发病时间在术后10d至2个月,术后持续或间断的低热可以是发病早期的主要症状。痰或其他分泌物的真菌镜检和培养是确诊的主要依据。二性霉素B脂质体是治疗的首选用药,对早期病例疗效满意,5例肺部感染患者痊愈,2例因肺部感染无法控制死亡,2例因并发多器官侵袭死亡。结论肝移植术后侵袭性曲菌病具有早期临床表现不典型和易于播散的特点,合理调整免疫抑制治疗方案及早期、足量和足程的抗真菌药物的使用是取得良好疗效的关键。     

肾移植术后合并卡氏肺囊虫肺炎的早期诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肾移植术后合并卡氏肺囊虫肺炎(PCP)的早期诊断与治疗方法.方法 2005年1月至2008年12月共行同种肾移植术377例.术后发现合并PCP的患者15例,发生率为3.98%.15例合并DCP的患者中,男性10例,女性5例,平均年龄37.87岁;移植后均采用三联免疫抑制方案;有10例应用免疫诱导治疗,其中3例用抗CD25单克隆抗体,7例用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG);有6例曾发生急性排斥反应,应用甲泼尼龙和ATG冲击治疗.结果 肾移植术后合并PCP的发病时间为2～18个月.平均4个月,有12例患者是在术后6个月内发病.术后合并PCP的早期临床表现不典型.发热是早期的主要症状,临床确诊主要靠使用肺部高分辨CT和纤维支气管镜肺组织活检.治疗的首选药物为复方磺胺甲噁唑(SMZco),15例患者经过早期明确诊断和治疗均治愈,移植肾功能维持在正常水平.结论 术后合并PCP的危险因素为大剂量应用ATG、抗CD25单克隆抗体和皮质激素.肺部高分辨CT是发病早期的重要检查手段,纤维支气管镜肺组织活检是确诊的主要依据.早期明确诊断和使用敏感药物SMZco治疗是决定预后的关键.     

Aspergillus infections after lung transplantation: clinical differences in type of transplant and implications for management.

BACKGROUND: Invasive aspergillosis is a serious opportunistic infection in lung transplant recipients. It has not been fully discerned whether there are differences in the characteristics, risk factors and outcome of Aspergillus infection in single as compared with bilateral lung transplant recipients. METHODS: English-language articles identified by a MEDLINE search through December 2000 and bibliographies were used as data sources to identify cases of Aspergillus infections in lung transplant recipients. The studies selected had to have provided a definition of invasive aspergillosis to distinguish colonization from infection. RESULTS: The median incidence of Aspergillus infections in lung transplant recipients was 6.2%. In total, 58% (45 of 78) of the Aspergillus infections were tracheobronchitis or bronchial anastomotic infections, 32% (25 of 78) were invasive pulmonary, and 22% (25 of 78) were disseminated infections. Single lung transplant recipients with Aspergillus infections were significantly older (p = 0.006), more likely to have had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as an underlying illness (p = 0.05), more likely to have developed Aspergillus infections later after transplantation (p = 0.019), and tended to have a higher incidence of invasive aspergillosis (p = 0.11) than all other lung transplant recipients. Overall mortality in lung transplant recipients with Aspergillus infections was 52%. Single lung transplant recipients (p = 0.03), and patients with late-onset infections (occurring at least 3 months after transplantation ([p = 0.045]) infections had significantly higher mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Single lung transplant recipients with Aspergillus infections had an overall greater morbidity and poorer outcome than other types of lung transplant recipients. Recognition of the unique characteristics of Aspergillus infections in single lung (vs bilateral or heart-lung) transplant recipients has implications relevant for the management of lung transplant recipients with aspergillosis.     

Risk factors for invasive aspergillosis in living donor liver transplant recipients.

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a severe complication of liver transplantation. Risk factors for IA after deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) have been presented in several reports, but are not well established for living donor liver transplant recipients. Here, a retrospective case-control study was performed. Five cases with IA were investigated after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) between January 1999 and December 2002 at Kyoto University Hospital. For comparison, living donor liver transplant recipients without IA were taken as controls. These patients had undergone LDLT 1 month before or after each IA case and had the same survival times as the latter. We evaluated the clinical and laboratory findings for both groups up until their demise. Patients with IA after LDLT had a very poor prognosis. By univariate analysis, risk factors for IA were preoperative intensive care unit stay (P = 0.02) and preoperative steroid administration (P = 0.02). Preoperative steroid administration for fulminant hepatitis possibly predisposed to the development of IA after LDLT.     

肾移植术后肺部感染的诊疗

目的 探讨肾移植术后肺部感染发病特点及有效的临床诊疗措施.方法 对我院2012年1月至2016年2月49例肾移植术后发生肺部感染患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 49例肾移植术后肺部感染的患者中,细菌感染者22例,真菌感染者18例,病毒感染者7例,支原体、衣原体感染者各1例.其中31例发生于术后半年以内,28例为混合感染.住院治疗后46例康复出院,3例因重度肺部感染死亡.结论 肾移植术后肺部感染发生率和病死率高,在明确感染病原体之前可采用经验性抗感染治疗,待培养和药敏试验结果出来时及时选择有效的治疗药物.