大学生紧急救助知识现状及需求调查

目的 了解目前高校大学生紧急救助知识知晓现状及需求情况,发现大学生在紧急救助知识方面的特点和存在的问题,为进一步宣传和教育提供参考依据.方法 采用问卷对大学生紧急救助知识进行调查,并对结果进行分析.结果 调查对象对烧伤、异物入眼、流鼻血、接触有毒物质、冻伤、蛰伤、蛇咬伤等急救知识的正确回答率分别为65.45%、70.86%、48.56%、67.17%、33.69%、47.12%、55.24%;大学生普遍未接受系统和有组织的急救知识培训,希望获得多方面的急救知识.结论 目前高校大学生紧急救助知识掌握程度不容乐观,其知晓水平急待提高.有必要加强大学生紧急救助知识的教育和训练.     

琼州学院大学生急救知识认知及教育分析

目的了解琼州学院大学生对急救知识的认知现状,为进一步宣传和教育提供参考依据。方法随机调查1 200名学生,并对结果进行分析。开展急救知识宣传与培训,并判断培训效果。结果在被调查的1 014人中,大学生急救知识主要来源于电视、网络、科普书籍。大学生急救常识得分低,急救方法掌握情况差,急救水平不容乐观。结论目前高校有必要加强大学生紧急救助知识的教育和训练,以提高大学生急救知识水平。     

南京市某高校学生急救知识现状调查

目的了解高校学生对急救教育的态度以及对急救知识、急救技能的掌握程度,为开展高校急救宣教提供科学依据。方法应用自行设计的急救知识与技能调查问卷对某高校659名大学生进行调查。结果大学生急救知识的来源较分散,主要来源是电视、课本及教师等;急救技能掌握不够全面,紧急救助电话号的知晓率为70.30%,人工呼吸急救方法知晓率为66.77%,动物咬伤处理方式知晓率仅为47.04%,其他急救知识知晓率为65.0%~75.8%;35.36%的大学生曾遭遇急救情况,有30.05%的大学生曾接受急救知识训练,95.30%的大学生希望学习急救知识和技能。结论急救知识的推广已成迫切需要,应积极开展高校急救宣教工作。     

某师范学院大学生急救知识现况调查

目的了解某师范院校的大学生对急救知识的知晓现状及影响因素。方法本研究采用问卷调查法、文献资料法、数理统计方法对吉林市某师范院校5个专业的551名在校大学生进行调查;数据采用SPSS 20.0软件录入,并进行统计分析。结果该校学生对急救相关知识的综合知晓率为48.1%;单因素分析和Logistic多因素分析均显示,性别、生源地、是否参加培训和大学生急救知识知晓水平差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且女性急救知识知晓水平高于男性(OR=1.987),城市生源的急救知晓水平高于乡镇生源(OR=0.520),参加过培训的学生知晓水平高于没参加过的(OR=1.976)。网络途径是目前大学生获取急救知识的最主要途径(50.5%)。结论该校大学生对急救知识缺乏正确的认知和态度,应加强急救知识的宣传教育和普及工作,以提高师范院校大学生的急救知识的知晓程度。     

大学生避孕知识调查

目的了解高校大学生避孕知识的知晓状况,为开展高质量的生殖健康教育提供科学根据。方法采用自行设计的调查问卷,对广东商学院2006级和2008级335名大学生进行问卷调查。结果在避孕方法中,对避孕套和避孕药的知晓率最高,知道有这些方法的人分别为98.5%和96.7%,知道如何使用的人分别为77.0%和73.1%;47.2%的学生不知道紧急避孕方法;只有45.7%的学生能正确认识到紧急避孕不可代替常规避孕。大学生获得避孕知识主要来源于报刊杂志、电视广播和同学朋友。结论大学生有一定的避孕知识,但在大学生的生殖健康教育课程中仍需要针对性地讲解各种避孕方法的选择及使用。     

张掖市某高中学生急救知识现状调查

目的了解高中学生对急救教育的态度以及对急救知识及急救技能的掌握程度,为开展高中急救宣教提供科学依据。方法应用自行设计的急救知识与技能调查问卷对高中1500名学生进行问卷调查。结果高中生急救知识来源较窄,主要来源电视、网络、急救技能掌握不够全面,紧急救助电话知晓率为57%,中暑、溺水、外伤处理方式知晓率仅为30%,其他急救知识知晓率为30.5 ~ 49%。25%的高中学生曾遭遇急救情况,有10%的学生曾接受过急救训练。95%的高中学生希望学习急救知识的技能。结论急救知识的推广已成迫切需要。应积极开展青少年急救宣教工作。     

某理工院校大学生急救知识及干预结果分析

目的 了解理工科大学生心肺复苏和现场急救的知识和技能水平现状及需求,为高等院校开展相关教育工作提供思路和方法.方法 对某高校325名在校理工科大学生开展急救知识教育调查,并进行现场急救和心肺复苏知识技能的教育培训,于培训教育后再次调查,并将2次调查结果进行对比.结果 被测试大学生的心肺复苏和现场急救知识技能水平堪忧.经培训,学生的心肺复苏及其他急救知识水平提高明显,急救相关知识知晓率从学习前的29.7%上升至培训教育后的69.0%(P<0.01).结论 对大学生进行心肺复苏操作技能培训和急救知识教育十分必要,建议在全国高等院校普遍实施.     

宁夏地区高校大学生艾滋病知识知晓及需求情况调查

目的 了解宁夏高校大学生对艾滋病知识的认知、态度及相关性行为特征情况,为大学生艾滋病健康教育干预提供有针对性的建议。方法 随机抽取宁夏本科院校大学生1 173人,利用问卷星平台,设计“宁夏高校大学生艾滋病知识知晓调查问卷”,进行不记名自填式问卷调查。结果 共调查理工农、艺术类等不同专业大学生1 173人,8条艾滋病核心防治知识正确率为48.08%~98.21%;有32.91%(386人)的学生有男/女朋友,其中有过性行为的占17.73%,而在发生性行为时使用安全套的比例仅有52.69%;87.64%(1 028人)的大学生渴望获得艾滋病知识和信息,93.27%(1 094人)认为有必要对大学生行为进行干预教育。结论 大学生对艾滋病知识知晓总体尚好,但是对于高危性行为没有忧患意识,对艾滋病知识需求较高,高校应针对艾滋病健康教育工作更全面、更系统地进行干预。     

浙江师范大学学生急救知识知晓及需求现况调查

目的了解大学生对急救知识与技能的获取途径、掌握现状及学习需求,探讨开展大学生急救知识与技能培训的意义与方法。方法采用分层整群抽样的方法抽取浙江师范大学938名学生为调查对象,采用自编问卷对学生进行调查。结果师范大学生急救知识知晓情况参差不齐,大学生急救项目基本掌握情况:能正确拨打120电话的占97.87%,会晕厥急救的占26.12%,心肺复苏术没有人基本掌握,其余各项均在20%以下;是否接受过《大学生健康教程》课程学习,对大学生急救知识影响存在明显的差异(χ2=56.95,P<0.01);96.00%的大学生希望掌握急救知识与技能。结论大学生急救知识与技能掌握状况不佳,急需开设大学生急救知识与技能培训,提高师范大学生急救知识与技能水平。     

长沙市本科生急救知识知晓情况及其影响因素分析

目的了解长沙市本科生急救知识知晓情况及其影响因素。方法采用多阶段整群抽样,利用自行设计的调查问卷,以不记名方式对长沙市6所大学的2130名在校本科生进行调查。结果急救电话知晓率为95．9％,急救知识知晓率为58．3％。单因素分析结果显示,本科批次、专业、年级、父亲文化程度、母亲文化程度、是否对急救感兴趣、以前是否培训过等7个因素与大学生急救知识知晓率相关（均有P〈0．05）;多元Logistic回归分析表明,是否为医学专业、是否对急救感兴趣以及是否参加过培训对学生急救知识知晓情况的影响差异有统计学意义（均有P〈0．05）。结论长沙市本科生急救知识总体水平不高,应加大对非医学专业及一般本科院校学生的急救知识普及力度,加强青少年的急救知识教育。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.