经肠道补充精氨酸对严重烧伤家兔免疫功能的影响

目的 :研究精氨酸对烧伤家兔免疫功能的影响及其机制。　方法 :采用 30 %体表面积三度烧伤家兔模型。将 2 6只日本长耳白兔随机分成三组 :即正常对照组 (n =8)、烧伤对照组 (n =9)和精氨酸喂养组 (n =9)。精氨酸组给予醋酸精氨酸 1.2g/ (kg·d) (精氨酸净重 0 .89g) ,烧伤对照组给予等量的酪氨酸 ,观察给药 7天后精氨酸对烧伤家兔免疫功能的影响。　结果 :烧伤 7天后两组动物免疫功能均明显下降 ,两组相比 ,精氨酸组家兔免疫功能明显优于烧伤对照组 ,各项免疫指标的变化均有显著意义 ,淋巴细胞转化率为 (5 8.4 4± 5 .2 0 ) %vs.(48.0 0± 3.2 8) % ,P<0 .0 1;白细胞吞噬率为 (30 .5 6± 3.13) %vs.(2 2 .33± 3.71) % ,P <0 .0 1;白细胞趋化指数为 1.92± 0 .35vs.1.6 1± 0 .16 ,P <0 .0 1;CD4 /CD8比值为 :1.4 2± 0 .10vs.1.0 2± 0 .12 ,P <0 .0 1;血浆IgG含量为 8.10± 1.2 2 )g/Lvs.(5 .5 1± 1.6 2 )g/L ,P <0 .0 1;IgM为 (1.2 2± 0 .2 2 )g/Lvs.(0 .6 1± 0 .15 )g/L ,P <0 .0 1;动物病死率也明显降低 ,为 10 .0 0 %vs.35 .71% ,P <0 .0 1。　结论 :严重烧伤家兔机体免疫功能下降 ,经肠道补充精氨酸能有效提高烧伤后免疫功能 ,降低动物死亡率     

家庭肠内营养支持治疗胃癌全胃切除术后营养不良

目的:总结家庭肠内营养支持用于胃癌病人全胃切除术后治疗营养不良的经验. 方法:对3例全胃切除术后营养不良的胃癌病人,评估其营养状况,建立输注途径,做好病人及家属的指导,行家庭肠内营养支持并作随访. 结果:家庭肠内营养支持后,病人营养状况改善,免疫功能增强,生活质量提高,支持抗肿瘤治疗. 结论:对全胃切除术后营养不良的胃癌病人,应积极开展家庭肠内营养支持治疗.     

早期肠内营养支持对卒中后吞咽功能障碍患者营养状况及结局的影响

目的 评价肠内营养支持对卒中后吞咽功能障碍患者的营养状况及临床结局的影响.方法 选取2013年8月至2014年7月在郑州大学第五附属医院住院的急性卒中合并吞咽功能障碍的患者148例,于入院48内采用抽签法随机分入肠内营养组(n =75,早期肠内营养支持)和对照组(n =73,常规饮食).比较入院第1天和第21天两组患者的营养状况(肱三头肌皮褶厚度,血清总蛋白、白蛋白及血红蛋白水平)、肺部感染发生率、病死率及神经功能恢复情况.结果 入院第1天,肠内营养组的肱三头肌皮褶厚度,血清总蛋白、白蛋白、血红蛋白水平与对照组差异无统计学意义[(15.4±4.1)mm比(15.1±3.7) mm,t=1.36,P=0.392; (75.7±2.6) g/L比(76.6±3.1) g/L,t=1.12,P=0.254; (39.2±1.8) g/L比(38.7±2.1) g/L,t=1.24,P=0.200; (137.4±14.5) g/L比(135.1 ±15.3) g/L,t=1.01,P=0.461];入院第21天,肠内营养组这4项营养状况指标均显著高于对照组[(13.5±3.9)mm比(11.2±4.6) mm,t=2.08,P=0.019;(63.3±4.1) g/L比(57.1±4.7) g/L,t=4.01,P=0.001; (35.7±1.6) g/L比(34.1±2.0)g/L,t=2.31,P=0.022;(125.7±17.9) g/L比(120.3±16.7)g/L,t=2.39,P=0.027].肠内营养组肺部感染发生率、病死率及美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表评分均显著低于对照组(41.3％比63.2％,x2=9.69,P=0.002; 15.3％比21.2％,x2 =3.27,P=0.01; 11.1±4.1比14.7±3.9,t=2.98,P=0.007).结论 早期肠内营养支持可改善卒中合并吞咽功能障碍患者的营养状况及临床结局,可能还有助于改善患者的神经功能.     

Effects of preoperative parenteral nutrition on cell-mediated immunity in malnourished patients

Cell-mediated immunity was studied in 19 malnourished patients admitted for major abdominal surgery. Nine of them received total parenteral nutrition (TPN) before operation (the TPN group), while ten (the control group) were operated on without a period of TPN. In vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD), were measured in whole blood cultures preoperatively, at the end of surgery and 5 days after operation. In vivo delayed skin hypersensitivity to candida, mumps, streptokinase-streptodornase and PPD was studied preoperatively and 5 days after operation. Complications in both groups were observed and recorded. Nutritional assessment was carried out by evaluating the extent of recent weight loss, the weight for height index and by measuring the arm muscle circumference (AMC), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), the creatinine-height index (CHI) and serum albumin and prealbumin concentrations. The patient was considered to be malnourished and was included in the study, if at least three of these criteria were abnormal. In the TPN group changes in mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferative responses caused by surgery were not significant. By contrast, responses in the control group decreased significantly (P < 0.01) during surgery and most of these responses differed from the preoperative values even at the fifth postoperative day. Anergy was equally common in both groups before and after surgery. The number of infectious complications was lower in the TPN group.     

Effects of refeeding by cyclic enteral nutrition on body composition: comparative study of elderly and younger patients

Previous reports suggest that correcting the malnourished state may be more difficult in elderly people than in younger people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 21 days of cyclic enteral nutrition (CyEN) on nutritional and body composition parameters in elderly, compared with younger patients. Twenty-four patients younger than 65 years (mean age 50 years) and 26 patients 65 years of age and older (mean age 75 years) referred for refeeding, having lost at least 20% of their body weight or at least 10% in 3 months, were studied. All patients were ambulatory. Cyclic enteral nutrition was administered nocturnally via a nasogastric tube; in the daytime patients were allowed to eat normally and to walk. Resting energy expenditure was measured at day 0 by indirect calorimetry. Ten anthropometric and biological nutritional parameters and a global nutritional deficiency (GND) were measured at day 0 and 21. Body composition was measured at day 0 and 21 by bioelectric impedance analysis. Total energy intakes were 286% and 280% of resting energy expenditure in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Body weight, serum prealbumin, serum transferrin, 24 h urinary creatinine, and the GND (39.9% vs 23.3%; P < 0.01) improved significantly more in younger than in elderly patients. Fat free mass (3.9 vs 2.4 kg; P < 0.05) and body cell mass (2.7 vs 1.6 kg; P < 0.01) but not fat mass improved significantly more in younger than in elderly patients. In conclusion, 21 days refeeding by cyclic enteral nutrition with similar energy amounts is less effective to correct malnutrition in elderly than in younger patients.     

营养支持对体外循环术后病人营养状况和免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨体外循环心内直视术后应用肠内营养支持的营养和免疫作用. 方法:将60例体外循环心内直视术后病人随机分为对照组和试验组(n=30).对照组自由进食,试验组在自由进食基础上,额外补充肠内营养3 138 kJ/d,连续7天.检测术前、术后第1、8天血清清蛋白(ALB)、转铁蛋白(TF)、前清蛋白(PA)以及术前、术后第1、4、8天T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8)、自然杀伤(NK)细胞活性、可溶性白细胞介素2受体(SIL-2R)等指标. 结果:两组病人术后第1天营养状况及免疫功能均迅速下降?vP<0.01).术后第4天,试验组CD4 已恢复,D8 明显下降(P<0.05),对照组CD4 仍低于术前水平(P<0.05).两组NK细胞活性均低于术前(P<0.01),试验组术后第4天SIL-2R已恢复,与对照组比差异有显著性意义(P<0.05).术后第8天,试验组血清蛋白质水平(ALB、TF、PA)明显高于对照组,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01).试验组CD4 /CD8 比值明显高于术前(P<0.05),两组CD4 、CD8 和SIL-2R水平均已恢复至术前水平,K细胞活性均未恢复(P<0.01).对照组感染性并发症率高达13.3%(4/30),试验组无感染性并发症的发生. 结论:肠内营养支持能改善体外循环术后病人的营养状况及免疫功能.     

术前使用免疫增强型肠内营养对结直肠癌病人术后营养和并发症影响的前瞻性研究

目的:观察术前使用免疫增强型肠内营养(EN)制剂对结直肠癌病人术后营养和并发症发生情况的影响,以探讨术前辅助免疫增强型EN的有效性和安全性. 方法:前瞻性纳入我院胃肠外科结直肠癌专业组收治的123例符合条件的病人,随机分为两组.试验组58例病人,在术前常规治疗的基础上口服免疫增强型EN制剂;对照组65例,术前行常规治疗,使用普通口服EN制剂.比较两组病人术后营养情况以及并发症发生情况的差异. 结果:两组病人术前营养情况无统计学差异(P＞0.05).术后试验组病人血清清蛋白明显高于对照组,且差异有显著性统计学意义(P＜0.05);术后NRS 2002营养风险评分亦明显低于对照组(P＜0.05);术后总并发症的发生率明显少于对照组(P＜0.05),其中切口出血、伤口感染、肺部感染的发生率明显低于对照组,且差异有显著性统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论:术前使用免疫增强型EN制剂可有效地提高结直肠癌病人术后的营养状况,降低术后并发症的发生率.     

The effect of total enteral tube feeding on the vitamin status of malnourished patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Eight malnourished patients (5 men and 3 women, mean age 26.5 +/- 0.4 years) suffering from Inflammatory Bowel Disease were prospectively included at admission to study the effect on protein-energy and vitamin status of a specially designed enterally tube fed formula diet. Eighty nine healthy individuals (36 men and 53 women, mean age 34 +/- 2 years) were used as controls. All but one patient were on steroids. The mean caloric supply was 58.2 +/- 2.4 kcal/kg/day with a mean nitrogen content of 0.37 +/- 0.02 gN/kg/day. The mean Total Enteral Nutrition period lasted 20.8 +/- 2.3 days (range 12 to 28 days). Fat- and water-soluble vitamins were studied at admission and after the nutritional period. Likewise both the protein-energy nutritional status and the activity of the disease were evaluated. At admission, plasma levels of folate, biotin, beta-carotene and vitamins A, C and E were significantly lower in patients than in controls. Tocopherol/cholesterol ratio, and vitamin B1, B2, B6, and B12 status were normal. At the end, plasma values of folate, biotin and vitamin C remained unchanged. However, the protein-energy nutritional status and the activity of the disease significantly improved. At admission, 4 out of 8 patients were at risk of developing hypovitaminosis for vitamins A, C, biotin, beta-carotene, and folate. At the end, a similar percentage remained at risk for these vitamins except for vitamin A. The content of some vitamins in the best designed formula diets does not meet the needs for patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.     

高蛋白肠内营养制剂对老年脑卒中病人营养状况的影响

目的:评价高蛋白肠内营养(EN)制剂对老年脑卒中病人营养状况的影响。方法:将104例老年脑卒中病人随机分为高蛋白EN组和标准EN组,每组52例。于入院营养支持前、营养支持第1和第2周分别检测两组病人的空腹血糖(Glu)、Hb、血清总蛋白(TP)、清蛋白(ALB)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)等水平,观察病人营养支持过程中胃肠道不良反应的发生情况和患病3个月内生存率和病死率。结果:两组病人营养支持第1周TP、ALB、Hb和HDL均下降,高蛋白EN组Glu、TG升高,标准EN组TG、TC、LDH下降。高蛋白EN组病人Hb、TG、TC和LDL均高于标准EN组,营养支持第2周ALB就回升,TG和HDL下降;而标准EN组TP、ALB、TC和HDL继续下降。高蛋白EN组低蛋白血症的发生率明显低于标准EN组。两组病人胃肠道并发症和3个月生存率无显著性差异。结论:高蛋白EN制剂可改善老年脑卒中病人的营养状况,减少低蛋白质血症的发生率。     

Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition improves immunological status in anorectic patients

ObjectiveGlutamine is an important substrate for critical cells of the immune system, in particular lymphocytes and macrophages, and it is considered a conditionally essential amino acid. Several studies have indicated that glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition improves immunologic status and shortens length of stay of critically ill patients. We investigated the effect of total parenteral nutrition supplemented with glutamine on the immune system in anorectic patients.MethodsThirty-six anorectic patients were randomized to receive standard parenteral nutrition or parenteral nutrition supplemented with glutamine 0.18 g · kg^?1 · d^?1 for 20 d. To evaluate the immune system status, we determined serum levels of neopterin and insulin growth factor-1 and lymphocyte count at baseline and after 10 and 20 d from the beginning of the therapy.Results and ConclusionsThe results showed a significant increase of the serum levels of neopterin after 10 d of treatment with glutamine (26.44 ± 3.08 versus 6.75 ± 1.73 nmol/L, P < 0.001), thus proving a probable stimulating action carried out by glutamine on the immune system, as testified by the increase of lymphocytes.     

早期肠内营养对重症脓毒症病人预后的影响

目的:分析早期肠内营养(EEN)对脓毒症病人预后的影响。方法:回顾性分析77例脓毒症病例。EEN组病人于48 h内行肠内营养(EN)支持;肠外营养(PN)组病人给予PN支持。观察并记录病人28 d病死率、入住ICU时间、血糖最高值、急性生理学和慢性健康评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)、机械通气时间、抗生素使用时间、7 d降钙素原(PCT)值等。结果:使用EEN能降低脓毒症病人的入住ICU时间,改善APACHEⅡ评分,缩短抗生素使用时间,减少机械通气时间,降低高血糖风险,降低PCT值,但不能降低脓毒症病人的病死率。结论:EEN能减少脓毒症病人的并发症,但不能改变预后。     

Selenium status of malnourished hospitalized patients

We evaluated selenium (Se) status of 44 hospitalized patients with protein-energy malnutrition. The patients were assigned to "normal" or "low" Se groups-1 and 2, respectively-based on whether the plasma Se level exceeded or was below the value of the mean-2SD of healthy Georgians'. Plasma and erythrocyte Se levels correlated significantly (r = .52, P less than .01). Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity was highly correlated with plasma Se (r = .68) in group 2; there was no significant correlation between these parameters in group 1. In group 2 the mean plasma prealbumin level was significantly lower, and the mean corpuscular volume and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase level were significantly higher compared to group 1. Other nutritional parameters did not correlate with Se status. Concomitant deficiencies of other nutrients were common in both patient groups. Se levels may relate to protein status, and abnormal hematologic and hepatic parameters may reflect low Se status and/or protein-energy malnutrition. Low Se status is common in malnourished patients from a low Se area, and Se supplementation should be included in their nutritional-repletion regimens.     

早期肠内营养对患者免疫与营养状态及术后感染的影响观察

目的 观察胃肠道术后早期给予肠内营养对患者免疫和营养状态及术后感染的影响,以降低术后感染率.方法 选取在医院行手术治疗的186例胃肠道疾病患者为研究对象,根据入院顺序随机分为观察组和对照组各93例,观察组患者在手术后早期给予肠内营养支持治疗,对照组患者术后常规给予补液支持治疗,比较两组患者术后机体免疫和营养状态及术后感染率.结果 观察组患者术后10d前白蛋白为(285.2±17.1)mg/L,白蛋白为(36.7±1.3)g/L,体重为(59.7±5.4)kg; IgG、IgM和IgA分别为(14.47±1.92) g/L、(1.47±0.15) g/L和(2.62±0.14) g/L;CD3+、CD4+和CD4+/CD8+比值分别为(54.06±5.31)％、(43.29±3.06)％和(2.49±0.47),均明显高于术前和对照组,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组患者术后感染发生率为1.08％,低于对照组的7.53％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 对胃肠道手术患者术后给予早期肠内营养有利于改善患者营养和免疫状况,降低术后感染率.     

Effects of artificial nutrition on the nutritional status of cancer patients

The paper critically analyzes available data on the nutritional and metabolic effects of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and enteral nutrition (EN) in cachectic cancer patients. Only papers dealing with adult cancer patients and providing data regarding type of tumor, duration of the nutritional support, and administration rate of calories and amino acids, validated by statistical analysis of the results, are included. The main conclusions are the following: (1) No nutritional variable worsened in cancer patients receiving TPN or EN, in conditions in which progressive deterioration of the nutritional status is the rule. (2) The nutritional variables improved by TPN and EN were body weight, fat mass, and some indicators of lean body mass (nitrogen balance and whole body potassium). Thyroxin-binding prealbumin and retinol-binding protein increased only with TPN, whereas some immunologic indexes (complement factors and lymphocytes) improved only with EN. (3) The daily regimens which improved lean body mass and visceral proteins ranged from 35 to 55 kcal/kg and from 1.2 to 2.0 g of amino acids/kg for TPN; for EN it was 35 kcal/kg and 1.3 g of amino acids/kg. However, the enteral regimen capable of improving some immune responses included at least 42 kcal/kg and 2.3 g of amino acids/kg. (4) Only three randomized studies were performed to compare TPN and EN, and conflicting results were obtained. Only TPN showed some significant advantages with regard to weight gain, nitrogen balance, maintenance of serum albumin levels and some mineral balances. However, the advantage of TPN was not clear enough to recommend its indiscriminate use. The choice between TPN and EN should always consider the functionality of the GI tract, the need for hospitalization to start a TPN regimen, and the higher cost of intravenous feeding. (5) When comparing TPN to a standard oral diet, the following variables improved with the nutritional support: body weight, nitrogen balance, 3-methylhistidine, urinary excretion, and serum levels of transferrin, cholinesterase, thyroxin-binding prealbumin, and retinol-binding protein. (6) When comparing TPN with glucose vs TPN with glucose-lipids, no major difference was found with regard to most nutritional variables. In conclusion, nutritional support alone probably has a small role in managing a limited number of advanced cancer patients dying primarily because of malnutrition or mainly suffering from nutritional deterioration. It can also have a "permissive" role in those patients potentially candidate to an oncologic treatment which cannot be delivered because of a poor nutritional status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

早期肠内营养对脑卒中病人营养状态和预后的影响

目的:评估EEN对脑卒中病人营养状态和预后的影响. 方法:将48例脑卒中病人随机分为EEN组和延迟EN(DEN)组.EEN组于患病72 h内开始给予EN支持;DEN组患病72 h后、6 d内开始给予EN支持.入院第l和第14天检测两组病人的营养指标和NIHSS评分,第14天观察感染性并发症,第30 天对住院病人和已出院的病人进行Rankin修订量表评分. 结果:入院时,两组的营养指标和NIHSS评分均无显著性差异.入院后14d.EEN组血清ALB和PA显著高于DEN组(P<0.05);两组病人N1HSS评分较入院时均有改善,EEN组优于DEN组;EEN组病人的感染发生率明显少于DEN组(P<0.05).人院第30天,EEN组病人的Rankin修订量表优于DEN组(P<0.05). 结论:对伴有进食障碍的脑卒中病人,EEN支持能稳定营养状态,减少感染性并发症,促进神经功能恢复,提高生活质量,改善预后.     

早期肠内营养对食管癌患者术后康复的影响

目的 观察早期肠内营养(EEN)对食管癌患者术后恢复的影响.方法 随机将186例食管癌术后的患者分为两组,其中试验组92例施行EEN,对照组94例未施行EEN.分别对两组患者的术后并发症的发生率、血清白蛋白、前清蛋白、转铁蛋白,术后肠功能恢复时间,以及血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、胆红素、肌酐和血糖进行统计分析.结果 186例患者术后出现并发症28例,其中试验组8例(8.7%),对照组20例(21.3%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).试验组血清清蛋白、前清蛋白、转铁蛋白在术后第5、9天与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).试验组术后排气和排便时间明显早于对照组.两组术后肝肾功能、血糖差异均无统计学意义.结论 EEN能明显降低食管癌患者术后并发症的发生率,显著改善术患者后的营养不良状况,促进患者的康复.     

早期肠内营养对胃癌术后恢复的影响

目的:观察早期胃肠内营养(EEN)对胃癌病人术后恢复的影响.方法:将150例胃癌术后的病人分为两组,其中试验组82例施行EEN,对照组68例未施行EEN.分别对两组病人的术后并发症的发生率、血清清蛋白、前清蛋白、转铁蛋白,术后肠功能恢复时间,以及血清谷丙转氨酶、胆红素、尿素氮、肌酐、血糖、胆固醇和三酰甘油进行统计分析.结果:150例病人术后出现并发症21例,其中试验组5例(6.1%),对照组16例(26.2%),两组比较差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01).试验组血清清蛋白、前清蛋白、转铁蛋白和血脂在术后第9天与对照组相比差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).试验组病人术后排气和排便时间明显早于对照组.两组病人术后肝肾功能、血糖均无显著差异.结论:早期胃肠内营养支持能明显减少胃癌病人术后并发症的发生率,并能显著改善术后的营养不良状况.