盆底器官脱垂女性盆膈裂孔的三维超声影像学观察

目的 应用三维超声观察盆底器官脱垂女性盆膈裂孔的形态、结构,探讨三维超声技术评估盆底器官脱垂的应用价值。方法 选取40例盆底器官脱垂女性;同期选择30例未孕、未产的健康妇女作为对照组。两组患者均行经会阴盆底三维超声检查,观察并比较各组妇女的盆膈裂孔的形态、结构、组成及大小。结果 与正常组相比,盆底器官脱垂患者盆膈裂孔形态和结构有明显的差异,表现为盆膈裂孔明显增大,形态由正常的菱形变为类圆形,盆膈裂孔中轴线偏移,裂孔内器官排列有异常,裂孔内结缔组织有缺损表现。结论 三维超声能够有效地对女性盆底结构进行观察,盆底器官脱垂患者存在盆膈裂孔形态和结构的异常。     

Pelvic organ prolapse: An unusual cause of small bowel obstruction

We present the rare case of a small bowel obstruction secondary to pelvic organ prolapse (POP). A 77-year-old female presented with four days of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. She had a history of abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-opherectomy and a mildly symptomatic cystocele. She was found to have an enterocele causing small bowel obstruction. The enterocele was manually reduced and subsequently managed non-operatively with a pessary. Prior case reports of small bowel obstructions secondary to POP required emergent surgical intervention. Post-menopausal women should be asked about symptoms or presence of pelvic organ prolapse and in the correct patient population, pelvic examination can be important for diagnosis and treatment of small bowel obstruction. If the enterocele is manually reduced non-operative management can be safe and effective.     

The assessment of bladder neck movement in postpartum women using perineal ultrasonography.

Twenty-three postpartum women underwent perineal ultrasonography to determine bladder neck position at rest, on Valsalva and during pelvic floor contraction. On Valsalva, significant descent of the bladder neck and apposition to the symphysis pubis occurred. During pelvic floor contraction, there was significant elevation of the bladder neck; however, in approximately one-third of cases no movement was demonstrated. The bladder neck was shown to move through the arc of a circle whose center is the inferior border of the symphysis pubis. Perineal ultrasound provides a simple, objective way of measuring bladder neck elevation during pelvic floor contraction. This may be a more appropriate means of determining treatment outcome, in women undergoing conservative treatment for genuine stress incontinence, than measures of vaginal squeeze pressure.     

Pelvic-floor muscle function in women with pelvic organ prolapse

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether pelvic organ prolapse severity, pelvic symptoms, quality of life, and sexual function differ based on pelvic-floor muscle function in women planning to have prolapse surgery. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Three hundred seventeen women without urinary stress incontinence who were enrolled in a multicenter surgical trial were examined to determine pelvic-floor muscle function (by Brink scale score). The subjects were 61.6+/-10.2 (X+/-SD) years of age. Thirteen percent of the subjects had stage II (to the hymen) pelvic organ prolapse, 68% had stage III (beyond the hymen) prolapse, and 19% had stage IV (complete vaginal eversion) prolapse. Subjects with lowest (3-6) and highest (10-12) Brink scale scores were compared on prolapse severity, pelvic symptoms and bother, quality of life, and sexual function. RESULTS: Subjects with the highest Brink scores (n=75) had less advanced prolapse, smaller genital hiatus measurements, and less urinary symptom burden compared with those with the lowest Brink scores (n=56). The results indicated that pelvic-floor muscle function was not associated with condition-specific quality of life or sexual function. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Although modestly clinically significant, better pelvic-floor muscle function was associated with less severe prolapse and urinary symptoms.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of pelvic organ prolapse

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of pelvic organ prolapse is technically feasible and has several advantages when compared with fluoroscopic cystoproctography. Organ descent and the supportive structures of the pelvic floor can be assessed with MRI. The role of MRI in evaluating patients with pelvic floor dysfunction is evolving, and there have been many developments in the past few years. The current status of MRI of pelvic organ prolapse is reviewed.     

Ultrasound in the quantification of female pelvic organ prolapse.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the use of ultrasound in the quantification of prolapse and compare findings with clinical assessments obtained in a blind study. METHODS: In a prospective comparative clinical study, 145 patients referred for urogynecological assessment were examined clinically by one operator and by translabial ultrasound by another operator. RESULTS: Clinical staging and International Continence Society coordinates were obtained for all 145 patients, as were ultrasound coordinates for descent of the anterior and posterior vaginal walls. Eighteen percent of the uteri of those women who had not had a hysterectomy in the past could not be seen; none of these women suffered from uterine prolapse clinically. Correlation with the prolapse assessment system recently endorsed by the International Continence Society was good (r = 0.77 for uterine prolapse, r = 0.72 for anterior vaginal wall and r = 0.53 for posterior vaginal wall descent). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that translabial ultrasound can be used to quantify female pelvic organ prolapse. Correlation with the International Continence Society prolapse assessment system is good. The method may be particularly suitable for objective outcome assessment after surgical intervention.     

经会阴盆底超声与盆腔器官脱垂定量检查(POP-Q)评估女性盆腔器官脱垂的一致性

目的观察经会阴盆底超声(TPFUS)与盆腔器官脱垂定量检查(POP-Q)评估盆腔器官脱垂(POP)的一致性。方法回顾性分析262例接受TPFUS和POP-Q评估的POP患者,观察TPFUS前盆腔测值U、中盆腔测值Cx和后盆腔测值R与POP-Q的Ba、C和Bp测值的相关性,以Kappa值评估2种方法诊断结果的一致性。结果POP-Q诊断0度POP 51例(19.47%),Ⅰ度60例(22.90%)、Ⅱ度60例(22.90%)、Ⅲ度47例(17.94%)、Ⅳ度44例(16.79%);其中129例(49.24%)存在Ⅱ~Ⅳ度阴道前壁膨出,103例(39.31%)Ⅱ~Ⅳ度子宫脱垂,68例(25.95%)Ⅱ~Ⅳ度阴道后壁膨出。Ⅱ~Ⅳ度POP患者中,U与Ba、Cx与C均呈高度相关(r=0.88、0.89,P均<0.001),R与Bp低度相关(r=0.46,P<0.001)。TPFUS与POP-Q诊断前盆腔器官膨出和子宫脱垂的一致性良好(Kappa=0.89、0.78,P均<0.001)。结论TPFUS与POP-Q评估POP的一致性良好。     

Magnetic resonance imaging of the perineum and pelvic floor

The aim of this article is to review the magnetic resonance (MR) findings of pelvic floor descent and pelvic organ prolapse in women. In addition, a detailed grading system of pelvic organ prolapse and pelvic floor relaxation based on dynamic MR imaging is presented. The technique described here uses very fast MR sequences, is reproducible and easily learned by radiologists and technologists, is well accepted by patients, and provides as much information as traditional projectional X-ray imaging. Reference points are the pubococcygeal line and puborectalis muscle sling. The grading system is based on degree of organ prolapse through the hiatus and the degree of puborectalis descent and hiatal enlargement.     

会阴三维超声观察生育后无盆底功能障碍女性盆膈裂孔的形态结构

目的 探讨会阴三维超声在观察生育后无盆底功能障碍女性盆膈裂孔结构及形态上的应用价值.方法 应用三维超声容积探头对35例生育后无盆底功能障碍女性患者经会阴部扫描,以矢状面取耻骨联合内下缘、直肠肛管连接部及尿道的平面,重建三维超声图像,观察盆膈裂孔的结构及形态.结果 35例受检者矢状面均能显示耻骨联合、膀胱、尿道及直肠肛管...     

经会阴超声诊断前盆腔脏器脱垂类型

目的 探讨经会阴超声对前盆腔脏器脱垂类型的诊断价值。方法 对经临床盆腔器官脱垂定量分期法（POP-Q）诊断的68例前盆腔脏器脱垂（膀胱尿道膨出28例,孤立性膀胱膨出40例）产妇行经会阴超声检查,以经耻骨联合下缘的水平线为参考,在静息状态和最大Valsaval动作时观察膀胱后壁和尿道的活动情况,测量膀胱尿道后角以及尿道倾斜角,并对经会阴超声结果与临床POP-Q诊断结果进行一致性检验,计算Kappa值。结果 经会阴超声诊断膀胱尿道膨出29例,孤立性膀胱膨出39例,与临床POP-Q诊断具有较好的一致性（Kappa=0.55,P<0.001）。结论 经会阴超声能够诊断前盆腔脏器脱垂类型,可作为临床判断前盆腔脏器的脱垂的影像学方法而加以推广。     

Sonographic appearance of a cartilaginous cyst from the symphysis pubis mimicking a mass in the urinary bladder

A suprapubic cartilaginous cyst from the symphysis pubis is a rare lesion, which may be asymptomatic or cause symptoms such as urinary retention and pelvic pain. It is thought to be secondary to degenerative changes in the symphysis pubis and usually occurs in multiparous women. We report the case of a suprapubic cartilaginous cyst in a 76‐year‐old asymptomatic woman, which mimicked a bladder mass on ultrasonography. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42 :562–564, 2014     

B超诊断耻骨联合分离症的价值

本文选择了３０例妊娠３８周，临床疑诊耻骨联合分离症的孕妇和２８例妊娠３８周无妊娠合并症的孕妇，采用超声观察测量耻骨联合缝隙的宽度及左右错合情况，并产后随访。结果表明：临床疑诊３０例中有２６例耻骨联合缝隙宽度最小１０ｍｍ，最宽者达２３ｍｍ，平均１６．７ｍｍ，并可见二侧耻骨左右错合呈阶梯样改变，错合差度最小５ｍｍ，最大达６．８ｍｍ，平均５．７１ｍｍ，超声诊断为耻骨联合分离症与临床符合率为８７％。正常组２８例中耻骨联合缝隙宽度在１０ｍｍ以下，左右对称，未见错合。本文认为Ｂ超诊断晚孕产妇耻骨联合分离症有很高价值     

Development of a biotensegrity focused therapy for the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse: A retrospective case series

IntroductionPelvic organ prolapse (POP), the bulging of pelvic organs into the vagina, is a common condition thought to be caused by weak pelvic tissue. There is a paucity of evidence supporting current treatment approaches. This case series proposes a new biotensegrity-focused hypothesis that POP is caused by taut pelvic tissue and that releasing pelvic tension will improve POP.MethodsThree retrospective patient cohorts are presented illustrating the development of the new biotensegrity-focused therapy (BFT) approach. All women received: postural assessment; pelvic tissue examination; and myofascial release of taut pelvic tissue, trigger points, and scar tissue. A standard assessment protocol (SOTAP) recorded patients' Subjective experience, the therapist's Objective assessment, the Treatment plan, Assessment of treatment outcomes, and subsequent treatment and self-care Plans. Cohort three additionally self-reported symptoms using the short-form PDFI-20 questionnaire at baseline and after final treatment.ResultsTwenty-three women participated (Cohort 1 n = 7; Cohort 2 n = 7; Cohort 3 n = 9). Fourteen (61%) presented with cystocele, 10 (44%) urethracele, 7 (30%), cervical descent, and 17 (74%) rectocele. Seven (30%) presented with single prolapse, 8 (35%) double, 6 (26%) triple, and 2 (9%) quadruple. Median treatments received was 5 (range 3–8). All women reported improved prolapse symptoms. Cohort 3 (n = 9) reported clinically meaningful reductions (mean 56%) in PFDI-20 total after final treatment.ConclusionsThis case series offers preliminary evidence for the association between POP and pelvic tissue tension. Further research is needed to explore these findings and to determine the efficacy of BFT for treating POP in a wider sample.     

桥式阴道壁修补术治疗妇女盆腔脏器脱垂临床分析

目的探讨桥式阴道壁修补术治疗妇女盆腔脏器脱垂的临床疗效。方法 26例盆腔脏器脱垂患者在本院进行全子宫切除术＋阴道前后壁桥式修补术。对患者手术时间、手术中出血、手术后恢复、术后复发等情况进行临床分析,以探讨盆腔脏器脱垂的手术方式及手术安全性。结果 26例患者手术成功率100%;手术时间1.5~2.0 h;术中出血量50~150mL,术后平均住院时间（6.02±0.57）d;手术前后阴道长度无差异。术后随访平均2.5年,患者膨出的症状明显改善,无残端感染、尿漏、粪漏发生,无性交困难和复发。结论自体组织＂桥＂式阴道前后壁修补术是治疗妇女盆腔脏器脱垂的一种有效的方法,具有安全、有效、微创、简便及经济等优点,值得临床推广运用。     

The Colpexin Sphere: a new conservative management option for pelvic organ prolapse

Pelvic organ prolapse is a frequently overlooked condition occurring commonly among women of all ages. A brief overview of pelvic organ prolapse and a discussion of the Colpexin Sphere is provided. The Colpexin Sphere is a new intravaginal device that facilitates the performance of pelvic floor muscle exercises thereby enhancing the benefit provided by already established conservative therapy.     

比较两种动态MRI方法评价盆底功能障碍患者盆底结构改变的价值

目的 比较耻尾线(PCL)及HMO分度系统两种测量方法在动态MRI评价女性盆底功能障碍(PFD)患者盆底改变中的价值。方法 对16例女性PFD患者(PFD组)及24名正常女性(无症状组)行静息及最大用力下盆腔MR检查,常规观察盆腔器官及盆底结构。按照PCL系统,在正中矢状位上分别测量膀胱颈、子宫颈、肛直肠连接与PCL的距离;按照HMO分度系统,测量H线(耻骨联合下缘至肛直肠连接后缘的连线)及M线(肛直肠连接后缘到PCL线的最短距离),对盆底松弛进行评价,同时观察膀胱、子宫及直肠位置。对两种测量方法的结果进行对照,并与临床盆腔器官脱垂定量(POP-Q)系统进行对比。结果 无症状组盆腔最大用力时膀胱颈、子宫颈及肛直肠连接下降值分别为(2.63±1.71)mm、(4.31±3.24)mm、(7.32±2.11 )mm;H线及M线轻度增长约(2.85±2.62)mm及(7.33±2.14)mm。PFD组中膀胱颈、子宫颈、肛直肠连接分别下降(24.74±10.12)mm、(21.43±14.91)mm及(24.55±13.43)mm;H线及M线分别增加(13.16±10.82)mm及(22.54±11.30)mm。PCL系统诊断9例子宫脱垂、7例膀胱脱垂和6例直肠脱垂,HMO系统分别为4例、7例和5例,两种方法评价膀胱脱垂和直肠脱垂的差异无统计学意义(P=0.25、0.06),HMO系统评价子宫脱垂较优(P=0.007)。结论 对于正常女性,PCL系统及HMO系统的测量结果一致;对于PFD患者,HMO系统可更全面显示盆底松弛与器官脱垂。     

A United Kingdom-wide survey of physiotherapy practice in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse

Background and purpose Pelvic organ prolapse is a common female condition. It is estimated that 50% of parous women experience some degree of prolapse and that 10-20% seek medical care [Br. Med. J. 324 (2002) 1258]. The aim of the survey was to investigate current physiotherapy practice in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse, specifically the use of pelvic floor muscle training, across the United Kingdom. An additional aim was to gauge the level of interest of individuals and centres in becoming involved in planned multi-centre research exploring the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse.Methods A questionnaire was mailed out to 484 physiotherapist members of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Women’s Health, and 54 non-member physiotherapists working in women’s health, which asked about current practice in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse.Results A total of 364 physiotherapists completed the questionnaire (a response rate of 71%, after excluding 27 cases) representing a range of clinical experience and practice. Of the respondents 92% (n=333) were assessing or treating women with pelvic organ prolapse.

The questionnaire data showed that the various elements of pelvic floor muscle training and outcome measurement were being practised by physiotherapists working across the United Kingdom.

However, access to pelvic floor muscle training may be inconsistent, as more than three-quarters of the study respondents reported that they did not have access to clinical guidelines (n=264, 79.3%) or referral guidelines (n=296, 88.9%) for the management of pelvic organ prolapse.

The majority of the sample expressed an interest in being involved in future research in this area of practice. There was interest at both an individual level (n=275, 82.5%) and as a centre (n=205, 86.1%).

Conclusions This survey has revealed that physiotherapy treatment for prolapse is being offered throughout the country despite the poor evidence base and lack of clinical and referral guidelines. There is a gap in the research evidence and therefore a need for randomised controlled trials looking at the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training, in the management of pelvic organ prolapse. Evidence-based guidelines should follow on from this. Standardised referral guidelines are also required to ensure equal access to assessment and physiotherapy treatment.     

Posterior compartment prolapse on two-dimensional and three-dimensional pelvic floor ultrasound: the distinction between true rectocele, perineal hypermobility and enterocele.

OBJECTIVES: Posterior compartment descent may encompass perineal hypermobility, isolated enterocele or a 'true' rectocele due to a rectovaginal septal defect. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of these conditions in a urogynecological population. METHODS: One hundred and ninety-eight women were clinically evaluated for prolapse and examined by translabial ultrasound, supine and after voiding, using three-dimensional capable equipment with a 7-4-MHz volume transducer. Downwards displacement of rectocele or rectal ampulla was used to quantify posterior compartment prolapse. A rectovaginal septal defect was seen as a sharp discontinuity in the ventral anorectal muscularis. RESULTS: Clinically, a rectocele was diagnosed in 112 (56%) cases. Rectovaginal septal defects were observed sonographically in 78 (39%) women. There was a highly significant relationship between ultrasound and clinical grading (P < 0.001). Of 112 clinical rectoceles, 63 (56%) cases showed a fascial defect, eight (7%) showed perineal hypermobility without fascial defect, and in three (3%) cases there was an isolated enterocele. In 38 (34%) cases, no sonographic abnormality was detected. Neither position of the ampulla nor presence, width or depth of defects correlated with vaginal parity. In contrast, age showed a weak association with rectal descent (r = -0.212, P = 0.003), the presence of fascial defects (P = 0.002) and their depth (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Rectovaginal septal defects are readily identified on translabial ultrasound as a herniation of rectal wall and contents into the vagina. Approximately one-third of clinical rectoceles do not show a sonographic defect, and the presence of a defect is associated with age, not parity.     

Management of symphysis pubis dysfunction during pregnancy using exercise and pelvic support belts

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Symphysis pubis pain is a significant problem for some pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise, advice, and pelvic support belts on the management of symphysis pubis dysfunction during pregnancy. SUBJECTS: Ninety pregnant women with symphysis pubis dysfunction were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups. METHODS: A randomized masked prospective experimental clinical trial was conducted. Specific muscle strengthening exercises and advice concerning appropriate methods for performing activities of daily living were given to the 3 groups, and 2 of the groups were given either a rigid pelvic support belt or a nonrigid pelvic support belt. The dependent variables, which were measured before and after the intervention, were a Roland-Morris Questionnaire score, a Patient-Specific Functional Scale score, and a pain score (101-point numerical rating score). RESULTS: After the intervention, there was a significant reduction in the Roland-Morris Questionnaire score, the Patient-Specific Functional Scale score, and the average and worst pain scores in all groups. With the exception of average pain, there were no significant differences between groups for the other measures. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that the use of either a rigid or a nonrigid pelvic support belt did not add to the effects provided by exercise and advice.     

超声定量评估女性盆底器官脱垂

目的 分析超声评估女性盆底器官脱垂(POP)与盆腔器官脱垂定量评价系统(POP-Q)评价结果间的相关性,探讨超声定量评估女性POP的应用价值.方法 选取56例女性POP患者,其中46例为单腔脱垂,8例为2个腔室、2例为3个腔室的复合脱垂,共计33例存在前腔脱垂,23例有中腔脱垂,12例存在后腔脱垂.所有患者均接受经会阴二维超声检查和POP-Q评分,均由1名医师独立完成评价.对超声测量结果与POP-Q评分进行相关性分析.结果 超声评估中腔脱垂与POP-Q的相关性最好(r=0.86,P＜0.01),其次是前腔(r=0.84,P＜0.01),后腔较差(r=0.62,P＜0.01).结论 经会阴二维超声能够提供有价值的盆底解剖信息,是一种能够定量评估POP的影像学检查技术.