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The last decade witnessed major advances in the prevention and treatment of venous as well as of arterial thrombosis. Limitations of existing anticoagulants led to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Ximelagatran is a new direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) that is given orally, without the need for close monitoring. This compound was tried in the treatment of active venous thromboembolism, and the results were encouraging. Randomized trials suggest that ximelagatran is not inferior to warfarin in the prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Multiple controlled, prospective trials compared ximelagatran with low molecular weight heparin or warfarin in prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing major orthopedic procedures. The results of these clinical trials are reviewed in this article. Because of certain safety concerns (increased liver enzymes, potential hepatonecrosis, and increased coronary events) ximelagatran has not yet been approved by the FDA. Additional studies may be required to address these concerns. Ximelagatran has been approved, however, by the European regulatory authorities for short‐term thromboprophylaxis. The success of ximelagatran or other oral antithrombin agents would provide significant proof of the concept for the long‐term use of oral antithrombins in the prevention and treatment of both arterial and venous thrombosis. 相似文献
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Andressa Zulmira Avila Guerrero Enia Lucia Coutinho Marcos Bosi Ferraz Claudio Cirenza Marcelo Cincotto Esteves dos Santos Jos Roberto Ferraro Angelo Amato Vincenzo de Paola 《Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia》2022,118(1):88
Background:Atrial fibrillation is a public health problem associated with a fivefold increased risk of stroke or death. Analyzing costs is important when introducing new therapies and must be reconsidered in special situations, such as the novel coronavirus pandemic of 2020.Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the costs related to anticoagulant therapy in a one-year period, and the quality of life of atrial fibrillation patients treated in a public university hospital.Methods:Patient costs were those related to the anticoagulation and calculated by the average monthly costs of warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Patient non-medical costs (eg., food and transportation) were calculated from data obtained by questionnaires. The Brazilian SF-6D was used to measure the quality of life. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results:The study population consisted of 90 patients, 45 in each arm (warfarin vs direct oral anticoagulants). Costs were 20% higher in the DOAC group ($55,532.62 vs $46,385.88), and mainly related to drug price ($23,497.16 vs $1,903.27). Hospital costs were higher in the warfarin group ($31,088.41 vs $24,604.74) and related to outpatient visits. Additionally, non-medical costs were almost twice higher in the warfarin group ($13,394.20 vs $7,430.72). Equivalence of price between the two drugs could be achieved by a 39% reduction in the price of DOACs. There were no significant group differences regarding quality of life.Conclusions:Total costs were higher in the group of patients taking DOACs than those taking warfarin. However, a nearly 40% reduction in the price of DOACs could make it feasible to incorporate these drugs into the Brazilian public health system. 相似文献
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心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)是卒中的独立危险因素.AF患者的卒中转归较差,致死率和致残率也较高.对于卒中风险较高的AF患者,需要应用抗凝药.阿哌沙班是近年来新出现的一种口服直接Xa因子抑制药.与华法林等传统抗凝药相比,阿哌沙班在预防AF患者卒中和全身性栓塞方面展现出一定的优势. 相似文献
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Cézar R. van der Sand Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria Renato Abdala Karam Kalil 《Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia》2013,101(2):127-133
Background
No local studies evaluating the knowledge of cardiologists on the management of atrial fibrillation (AF) and their adherence to these guidelines are available.Objective
To evaluate the knowledge of cardiologists on the guidelines and clinical practices for the treatment of AF, correlating it to the time since medical graduation.Methods
Cross-sectional study randomly including cardiologists affiliated to the Society of Cardiology of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - SOCERGS). The physicians were divided into two groups, according to time since graduation: those graduated for more (G1) or less (G2) than 25 years.Results
Of the 859 SOCERGS members, 150 were interviewed, and six refused to participate in the study. G1 comprised 71 physicians, and G2, 73. Differences were observed in regard to the following variables: use of betablockers as the first-choice drug for the control of AF response in 59.2% (G1) vs 91.8% (G2) (p<0.0001); use of digoxin as the preferred drug for the control of AF response in 19.7% (G1) vs 0% (G2) (p< 0.0001); warfarin as the preferred anticoagulant in 71.8% (G1) vs 93.2% (G2) (p=0.009); application of a risk score for anticoagulation in 73.2% (G1) vs 87.7% (G2) (p=0.02). In questions regarding the knowledge about the Brazilian Society of Cardiology''s guideline for AF, the overall percentage of right answers was 82.3%.Conclusion
Most of the clinical measures regarding the management of AF comply with the guidelines, and the clinical practice differs according with the time since graduation. 相似文献7.
目的分析慢性心房颤动(AF)患者的抗凝治疗状况与未抗凝的原因以及华法令预防血栓栓塞的疗效和安全性。方法收集198例慢性房颤患者与抗凝有关的病历资料进行分析,并根据应用抗凝药物不同分为:华法令组(53例)、阿司匹林[300mg/d,33例]和阿司匹林[(100～150)mg/d,45例]3组进行对比。结果①144例(72.7%)伴有血栓栓塞高危因素,53例(36.8%)采用了华法令抗凝,78例(54.2%)予以阿司匹林抗栓。②91例(63.2%)未用华法令原因:53.8%为医生指导问题,33.0%为患者问题。③三组比较仅见华法令组与阿司匹林(100～150mg/d)两组间栓塞发生率差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),均未见明显不良反应发生。结论①房颤患者中华法令应用不足,加强医生常见相关知识,积累华法令应用经验,对患者进行脑卒中预防常识的普及,有助于提高华法令的正确使用率。②华法令疗效肯定、用药安全、副作用少,应根据危险分层权衡栓塞和出血的利弊,使大多数卒中高危的房颤患者能从合理的抗凝治疗中获益。 相似文献
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目的探讨老年非瓣膜性房颤患者应用华法林抗凝治疗的合适方案,以及影响治疗的因素。方法把96例65岁以上非瓣膜性房颤患者随机分为普通（3．0mg／d）、低（1．5mg／d）起始剂量组,抗凝强度的目标——国际标准化比值（INR）为1．5～3．0。随访2年。在治疗前、治疗期间查凝血酶原时间（PT）和INR。治疗前和治疗1、2年做头颅CT检查。比较两组全程缺血性脑卒中事件（“事件”）和出血的发生率,并对年龄、华法林起始用量等9个因素进行Logistic回归分析,找出血并发症的影响因素。结果96例患者平均年龄（74．5±6．8）岁,两组在随访期内均未发生“事件”;INRmax平均INR、PTmax以及出血发生率差异无统计学意义。并发出血16例（16．7％）,严重出血2例（2．1％）。所有患者平均INR为（1．9±1．4）～（2．1±0．8）,INRmax中位数2．4;第1个月平均实际检测次数为（4．1±1．1）次。Logistic回归分析显示,首月实际INR监测次数是出血发生的独立影响因素（OR 0．38,95％CI 0．20-0．75,P=0．006）,与出血并发症呈负相关。结论低抗凝强度华法林治疗对高龄、南方非瓣膜性房颤患者预防脑栓塞是可行的。避免出血并发症,增加患者治疗依从性的重要措施是在治疗的第1个月严密监测INR,并调整用药剂量。 相似文献
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Chatree Chai-Adisaksopha Alfonso Iorio Mark A. Crowther Javier de Miguel Estuardo Salgado Marija Zdraveska Carmen Fernández-Capitán José Antonio Nieto Giovanni Barillari Laurent Bertoletti Manuel Monreal 《The American journal of medicine》2018,131(4):430-437
Background
Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is the treatment of choice in cancer patients with venous thromboembolism. However, data on continuing LMWH treatment beyond 6 months remain scanty.Methods
We used the RIETE (Registro Informatizado Enfermedad TromboEmbólica) registry to compare the rate of venous thromboembolism recurrences and major bleeding appearing beyond the first 6 months of anticoagulant therapy in cancer patients with venous thromboembolism, according to therapy with LMWH or vitamin K antagonists (VKA). We performed a propensity score-matched cohort study.Results
After propensity matching, 482 cancer patients continued to receive LMWH and 482 switched to VKA. During the course of anticoagulant therapy (mean 275.5 days), 57 patients developed venous thrombosis recurrences (recurrent pulmonary embolism 26, recurrent deep vein thrombosis 29, both 2), 28 had major bleeding, 38 had nonmajor bleeding, and 129 died. No patient died of recurrent venous thrombosis, and 5 patients died of bleeding (2 were on LMWH, 3 on VKA). Patients who continued with LMWH had a similar rate of deep vein thrombosis recurrences (relative risk [RR] 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68-2.93), pulmonary embolism recurrences (RR 0.73; 95% CI, 0.34-1.58), major bleeding (RR 0.96; 95% CI, 0.51-1.79), or nonmajor bleeding (RR 1.15; 95% CI, 0.55-2.40), compared with those who switched to VKA, but a higher mortality rate (RR 1.58; 95% CI, 1.13-2.20).Conclusions
In cancer patients with venous thromboembolism who completed 6 months of LMWH therapy, switching to VKA was associated with a similar risk of venous thrombosis recurrences or bleeding when compared with patients who continued LMWH. 相似文献12.
北京市房山区老年非瓣膜性房颤的华法林抗凝治疗研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目的：研究适宜剂量的华法林对北京市房山区65岁以上老年持久性非瓣膜性房颤（NVAF）患者的疗效。方法：对纳入研究的870例持久性NVAF患者抗凝治疗资料进行回顾性分析。患者被分为阿司匹林组（471例）和调整剂量华法林（维持INR在2．0～3．0）组（369例）。两组在年龄、性别、伴随病等方面无显著差异。比较两组主要、次要终点事件。结果：入选病例共937例,有效病例870例,失访67例（7．1％）。随访时间（19．2±2．1）个月。华法林组主要终点事件（死亡和缺血性脑卒中）较阿司匹林组降低62％（1．06％：6．52％,P=0．04）。华法林组的缺血性脑卒中较阿司匹林组下降68％（0．42％：4．76％,P=0．04）;华法林组总死亡率低于阿司匹林组（0．42％：3．00％,P=0．02）。包括主要和次要终点的联合终点事件华法林组低于阿司匹林组（2．97％：13．03％,P=0．04）。华法林组出血率较阿司匹林组显著减少（1．69％：12．02％,P=0．04）。结论：对于老年持久性非瓣膜性房颤患者,给予华法林维持INR在2．0～3．0的剂量,可以较阿司匹林更大程度地降低并发症和死亡率,而且是安全的。 相似文献
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目的比较阿司匹林联合双嘧达莫与华法林预防低危非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)患者血栓栓塞的有效性和安全性。方法将确诊的125例低危NVAF患者,采用机械抽样法随机分为两组,分别给予调整剂量华法林抗凝治疗[华法林组,69例,目标国际标准化比值(INR)为2.0～3.O]和阿司匹林联合双嘧达莫抗血小板治疗(联合治疗组,56例,阿司匹林100mg 1次/d+双嘧达莫100mg 3次/d)。观察两组患者死亡、血栓栓塞事件(缺血性脑卒中和外周动脉栓塞)及各种出血的发生率。结果随访12～28个月。华法林组失访3例,发生缺血性脑卒中1例,严重出血1例,轻微出血3例;联合治疗组失访2例,发生缺血性脑卒中2例,周围动脉栓塞1例,轻微出血2例,无严重出血病例。与联合治疗组相比,华法林组血栓栓塞事件发生率具有降低趋势,但差异无统计学意义[1.5%(1/66)比5.6%(3/54),P=0.220];出血事件发生率呈现升高趋势,但差异也无统计学意义[6.1%(4/66)比3.7%(2/54),P=0.556]。结论无血栓栓塞高危因素的低危NVAF患者,阿司匹林联合双嘧达莫抗血小板治疗与口服华法林抗凝治疗的疗效相似。 相似文献
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静脉血栓栓塞包括深静脉血栓形成和肺栓塞,是卒中后的常见并发症之一,同时也能显著增高卒中患者病死率.卒中患者因肢体瘫痪、长期卧床和特异性高凝状态而成为血栓形成的高危人群,预防措施主要包括物理和药物预防.临床研究证实,抗凝治疗对于预防缺血性卒中患者的静脉血栓栓塞有效.然而,对于自发性脑出血患者而言,抗凝药是否可用以及如何应用仍未达成共识,主要是考虑存在再出血或血肿扩大的风险.文章对近年来的相关文献进行了回顾,总结了脑出血患者静脉血栓形成的预防和治疗研究进展. 相似文献
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凝血系统的激活在缺血性卒中,尤其是心源性脑栓塞的发生和发展过程中起着重要作用.作为缺血性卒中的主要预防措施之一,抗凝治疗愈来愈受到广泛关注.同时,针对凝血途径中的不同环节进行干预的抗凝药研究也取得了重大进展. 相似文献
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Craig I. Coleman Alexander G.G. Turpie Thomas J. Bunz Jan Beyer-Westendorf 《The American journal of medicine》2018,131(8):933-938.e1
Purpose
Frailty predicts poorer outcomes in patients receiving anticoagulation. We assessed the effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban vs warfarin in frail patients experiencing venous thromboembolism.Methods
Using US MarketScan claims data from January 2012-December 2016, we identified frail patients (using the Johns Hopkins Claims-Based Frailty Indicator score) who had ≥1 primary hospitalization/emergency department visit diagnosis codes for venous thromboembolism, received rivaroxaban or warfarin as their first outpatient oral anticoagulant within 30 days of the index event, and had ≥12 months of insurance prior to the index venous thromboembolism. Differences in baseline covariates between cohorts were adjusted using inverse probability of treatment weights based on propensity scores. The primary endpoint was the composite of recurrent venous thromboembolism or major bleeding. Patient claims were tracked for up to 12 months after the index venous thromboembolism or until endpoint occurrence oral anticoagulant discontinuation/switch, insurance disenrollment, or end of follow-up. Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results
Of 58,089 incident venous thromboembolism patients identified, 6869 (1365 rivaroxaban and 5504 warfarin users) were classified as frail. Rivaroxaban reduced patients' hazard of the composite of recurrent venous thromboembolism or major bleeding (HR 0.75; 95% CI, 0.57-0.98) and recurrent venous thromboembolism alone (HR 0.65; 95% CI, 0.44-0.97) compared with warfarin. No significant difference in major bleeding was observed between cohorts (HR 0.88; 95% CI, 0.61-1.27).Conclusions
Frail patients experiencing a venous thromboembolism and given rivaroxaban experience less recurrent venous thromboembolism, with at least as good bleeding outcomes, as patients prescribed warfarin. 相似文献19.
非瓣膜病房颤的华法林抗凝治疗研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
目的：应用华法林对非瓣膜病性心房颤动患者进行抗凝治疗,观察其抗栓疗效和安全性。方法：服用华法林．从3．0mg。1次／d开始．根据血浆凝血酶原时间国际标准化比率（INR）调整华法林剂量．低抗凝强度组患者（46例）INR为1．5～2．1．标准抗凝强度组患者（66例）INR为2．2～3．0．两组均持续服药,随访1～4年．观察有无血栓栓塞事件及出血并发症。结果：低抗凝强度组中有1例发生脑栓塞,当时INR为1．5．栓塞年发生率为2．2％;标准抗凝强度组无栓塞并发症．两组比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。服用华法林期间．低抗凝强度组1例肉眼血尿,出血年发生率为2．2％;标准抗凝强度组发生皮肤黏膜出血4例．牙龈出血3例,球结膜出血1例．出血年发生率为12％。当时的INR除3例为〉3．其余均在2．6～3．0之间,未发生严重大出血．低抗凝强度组出血发生率显著低于标准抗凝血组（P〈0．05）。结论：房颤患者华法林抗凝目标INR值在1．5-3．0安全有效。 相似文献
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Ajar Kochar Anne S. Hellkamp Yuliya Lokhnygina W. Schuyler Jones Richard C. Becker Scott D. Berkowitz Günter Breithardt Keith A.A. Fox Jonathan L. Halperin Graeme J. Hankey Kenneth W. Mahaffey Christopher C. Nessel Daniel E. Singer Jonathan P. Piccini Manesh R. Patel 《Clinical cardiology》2018,41(1):39-45