A Prospective Comparison of Moderating Relationships among Stressors, Hopelessness, and Internalizing Symptoms in Low-Income Urban Youth with Asthma

There are many risk factors associated with the development of internalizing symptoms in low-income urban youth, and youth with asthma appear to be at greater risk for experiencing stressors in multiple domains. The purpose of the current study was to examine stressors, hopelessness, and the interaction between them, as predictors of trajectories of anxious/depressed and withdrawn symptoms over a 4-year period of adolescence. Participating in the study were 53 youth from Chicago public schools, the majority of whom identified themselves as African American or Latino. Multi-level modeling was used to examine major life events, daily hassles, exposure to violence, poverty, and hopelessness as predictors of both types of symptoms. Major life events and exposure to violence predicted anxious/depressed symptoms but not withdrawn symptoms. Hopelessness predicted both types of symptoms and further interacted with major life events to predict both anxious/depressed and withdrawn symptoms. Hopelessness also moderated the effects of daily hassles on anxious/depressed symptoms and poverty on withdrawn symptoms. Results of this study provide insight into the psychosocial risk factors associated with the experience of asthma in urban adolescents.     

Marital Conflict and Adolescents' Peer Aggression: The Mediating and Moderating Role of Mother‐Child Emotional Reciprocity

This study examined the role of mother‐adolescent emotional reciprocity in connections between marital conflict and adolescent aggression with peers. Data were collected from a racially diverse community sample of 268 adolescents and their mothers. Adolescents reported on parents' marital conflict, and mother‐adolescent positive and negative emotional reciprocity were coded from videotaped observations. Teachers provided assessments of adolescents' overt and relational aggression with peers. Structural equation modeling revealed both direct and indirect paths in connections between marital conflict and adolescents' peer aggression. Mother‐adolescent emotional reciprocity both mediated and moderated the association between marital conflict and peer aggression. Patterns of association linking marital conflict to peer aggression were similar for African American and European American adolescents; however, differences were observed for men and women.     

Contextual Moderators of Momentary Cortisol and Negative Affect in Adolescents' Daily Lives

PurposeTo use an ecological momentary assessment design to examine the links between momentary negative affect and cortisol in a sample of adolescents preparing to transition to college. Guided by a risk and resilience framework, we also explored whether important ecological factors, perceived discrimination and social support, moderated the momentary associations between negative affect and youths' cortisol.MethodsAdolescents (N = 77) provided salivary samples and diary reports of affect and experiences five times a day over 3 days. They also completed self-report questionnaires on perceived discrimination and social support from family and friends.ResultsWithin-person increases in momentary negative affect were associated with increases in cortisol. Perceived discrimination and social support from friends moderated this association. Adolescents who reported average and high levels of perceived discrimination experienced exaggerated cortisol responses to negative affect, whereas adolescents who reported low levels of perceived discrimination did not experience significant reactivity to negative affect. In contrast, adolescents who reported high levels of social support from friends experienced attenuated cortisol responses to negative affect compared with adolescents who reported average or low levels of social support from friends.ConclusionsThis study contributes to our understanding of youths' daily socioemotional experiences and physiological reactivity by identifying how perceived discrimination and social support from friends amplified and attenuated, respectively, the effects of negative affect on cortisol reactivity. Examining these processes within adolescents' naturalistic environments advances our understanding of the moderating role of ecological characteristics in adolescents' everyday lives.     

Avoidance and Attacking Conflict‐Resolution Strategies Among Married Couples: Relations to Depressive Symptoms and Marital Satisfaction*

This study examined the relation of depressive symptoms and marital satisfaction to conflict‐resolution strategies (avoidance and attacking) in a sample of 40 married couples. Using hierarchical regression analyses, models were tested wherein avoidance and attacking scores were regressed on husbands' and wives' depressive symptoms and marital satisfaction scores. Depressive symptoms and marital satisfaction were powerful predictors of conflict‐resolution strategies; however, different predictors were noted for avoidance and attacking conflict‐resolution strategies. Gender differences were also revealed.     

Effects of Growth in Family Conflict in Adolescence on Adult Depressive Symptoms: Mediating and Moderating Effects of Stress and School Bonding

PurposeTo (1) examine growth in family conflict during adolescence as a predictor of depressive symptoms in early adulthood, (2) examine adult stressful life events as a possible mechanism linking prior family conflict with depressive symptoms, and (3) examine adolescent school bonding as a possible moderator of family conflict and stressful life events in relation to later depression.MethodsAnalyses used a latent variable growth curve modeling approach to examine longitudinal patterns in data from the Seattle Social Development Project. Assessments of a gender-balanced and ethnically diverse sample of 754 participants were conducted from age 10 to age 27.ResultsResults show an increase in conflict each year between ages 14 and 18 for participating youth. High initial levels and growth in family conflict predicted adult stressful life events, which, in turn, predicted adult depressive symptoms, controlling for earlier risks of poverty and internalizing problems. Bonding to school in mid-adolescence did not significantly change the associations among the variables in the model.ConclusionsInhibiting the growth in family conflict over the course of adolescence may reduce the risk for some life stresses linked to depression in early adulthood. Although a test of the protective influence of school bonding during mid-adolescence was not significant, the study offers an example of how longitudinal patterns and protective factors can be analyzed.     

Conflict in Family Business: Common Metaphors and Suggestions for Intervention

The interdependence between family and business systems in family business can create conflicts unknown to families without involvement in a business. Using a phenomenological approach based on extensive research and consulting experiences with families in business, we describe three of the most common conflicts that can result from the mutual impact of business and family systems. We provide ways to diagnose problem areas and offer intervention suggestions to produce change in the family business system.     

Family Relationships and Adolescents' Health Attitudes and Weight: The Understudied Role of Sibling Relationships

Family relationships are important predictors of adolescents' diet, physical activity, and health issues including obesity. Despite their prominence in the family, siblings have received little attention on how they may influence these health‐related behaviors. Addressing this gap, this study examined associations between sibling relationship qualities and adolescents' health attitudes, exercise behaviors, and weight controlling for other family relationship qualities. Participants included one parent and two adolescent siblings (ages 12–19) from 326 families. Multilevel models indicated that net of parent–adolescent relationship qualities and adolescents' personal characteristics, sibling intimacy was related to healthy attitudes and greater exercise behaviors, whereas sibling conflict was associated with increased risk of being overweight. Links between sibling conflict and weight status, however, were further qualified by gender composition of the sibling dyad. Results highlight the significance of sibling relationships in adolescents' everyday health attitudes and behaviors and implications for intervention efforts are discussed.     

上海市某区护士幸福感与工作家庭冲突的相关性分析

目的 探讨护士主观幸福感与工作家庭冲突之间的关系,为提高护士的主观幸福感提供参考依据。方法采用便利抽样法抽取上海市宝山区12所医院400名护士,运用一般情况调查表、主观幸福感量表、工作家庭冲突量表进行问卷调查。结果 护士主观幸福感得分为（69.95±14.36）,工作家庭冲突总分为（55.34±12.27）,两者均处于中等水平。护士主观幸福感与工作家庭冲突及其各维度呈负相关（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论 护士主观幸福感有待进一步提高,工作家庭冲突处于中等水平,工作家庭冲突对主观幸福感有影响,护理管理者应采取有效措施降低护士的工作家庭冲突,提高主观幸福感。     

Attachment and Parenting: The Mediating Role of Work‐Family Balance in Portuguese Parents of Preschool Children

Given the increasingly challenging task of balancing multiple adult life roles in contemporary society, this study examined the influences of both conflicting and (positively) synergistic work and family roles in mediating associations between the quality of adult attachment and both parental satisfaction and parenting stress. Participants were 242 Portuguese fathers and mothers involved in dual‐earner relationships and in parenting preschool‐aged children. Structural Equations Modeling analyses yielded findings demonstrating that the paths from romantic attachment (avoidance and anxiety) to parenting stress and satisfaction were fully explained by work‐family dimensions, especially the conflict dimension. Implications of these findings for parent education and intervention are discussed.     

The Role of the Occupational Therapist in the Management of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia in Clinical Settings

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) of dementia include aggression, agitation, depression, anxiety, delusions, hallucinations, apathy, and disinhibition. NPS affect dementia patients nearly universally across dementia stages and etiologies. They are associated with poor patient and caregiver outcomes, including increased health care utilization, excess morbidity and mortality, and earlier nursing home placement, as well as caregiver stress, depression and reduced employment. There are no FDA-approved medications for NPS, but it is a common clinical practice to use psychotropic medications such as antipsychotics, to control symptoms; however, antipsychotics show only modest efficacy in improving NPS and have significant risks for patients, including side effects and mortality. Nonpharmacologic treatments are considered first-line by multiple medical bodies and expert consensus, as they show evidence for efficacy and have limited potential for adverse effects. Ideally, nonpharmacological management of NPS in clinical settings occurs in multidisciplinary teams, where occupational therapists play an important collaborative role in the care of the person with dementia. Our group has articulated an evidence-informed structured approach to the management of NPS that can be integrated into diverse practice settings and used by providers of various disciplines. The “DICE” (Describe, Investigate, Create, and Evaluate) approach is inherently patient- and caregiver-centered, as patient and caregiver concerns are integral to each step of the process. DICE offers a clinical reasoning approach through which providers can more efficiently and effectively choose optimal treatment plans. The purpose of this paper is to describe the role of the occupational therapy in using the DICE approach for NPS management.     

Twelve-Month Incidence of Depressive Symptoms in Suburb-Dwelling Chinese Older Adults: Role of Sarcopenia

Objective

The objective of this study was to examine the incidence of new onset depressive symptoms and associated factors over a 1-year period in an older Chinese suburban population.

Relations Between Trauma Experiences and Psychological, Physical and Neuroendocrine Functioning Among Somali Refugees: Mediating Role of Coping with Acculturation Stressors

Refugees may be prone to stress-related psychological and physical health disorders, coupled with disturbances of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal functioning reflected by cortisol levels. It was suggested that traumatic encounters would directly influence stress-related outcomes, as well as indirectly influence them by undermining refugees' ability to cope with acculturation challenges. Somali refugees to Canada (N = 90) consistently reported encountering trauma, which was related to poorer self-reported outcomes (trauma symptoms, depressive affect, physical health), and these relations were mediated by increased use of emotion-focused (especially avoidant) coping strategies. Trauma symptoms and multiple traumatic experiences were associated with an exaggerated morning cortisol rise, but with a blunted response to stressor reminder cues. This blunted cortisol reactivity among participants encountering prior trauma was mediated by their increased propensity to cope by means of passive resignation. Evidently, refugees were at risk for stress-related dysfunction long after migrating, and the diminished capacity to cope with acculturation challenges was particularly important in this regard.     

Sexually Oriented Television Viewing and Adolescents' Attitude Toward Uncommitted Sexual Exploration in Belgium: The Moderating Role of Sensation Seeking and Gender

This study examines how viewing sexual content on television and sensation seeking are related to girls' and boys' attitude toward uncommitted sexual exploration using data from a two-wave panel study with a six-month interval (N = 1,096) in Belgium. Hierarchical regression analyses showed a positive three-way interaction effect demonstrating that sensation seeking has a decreasing effect on the relationship between viewing sexual content on television and attitude toward uncommitted sexual exploration among boys, but an increasing effect among girls. More specifically, girls who showed higher levels of sensation seeking and boys who showed lower levels of sensation seeking appeared to be more susceptible to the negative influence of viewing sexual content on television viewing on their attitude toward uncommitted sexual exploration. However, higher levels of sensation seeking among boys and lower levels of sensation seeking among girls decreased the risks of viewing sexual content on television. Adolescent risk-groups defined by sexual television viewing, sensation seeking, and gender are discussed.     

北京市ICU护士工作压力、工作-家庭冲突对灵活工作实践归因的影响

目的 分析北京市重症监护室(ICU)护士工作压力、工作-家庭冲突与灵活工作实践归因相关性.方法 运用便利抽样方法选取2017年1月—2018年1月北京市6家医院364名ICU护士作为研究对象,调查其基本情况、工作压力、工作-家庭冲突和灵活工作实践归因得分.采用单因素比较、Pearson相关性和多元线性回归,分析灵活工作...     

The Association between Smoking Cessation and Depressive Symptoms: Diet Quality Plays a Mediating Role

Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the association between smoking cessation and depressive symptoms and investigate the mediating role of dietary quality. Methods: We used data from the 2007–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the associations between smoking cessation and depressive symptoms. Stratified analysis was performed according to different HEI levels. We examined the mediating role of HEI in the relationship between depressive symptoms and cessation duration using the Karlson–Holm–Breen (KHB) method. Results: A total of 20,004 participants aged 20 years or older were included in the analyses. There were significant correlations between years for smoking cessation and depressive symptoms (OR: 0.985, 95% CI: 0.971~0.999) after adjusting for correlation covariables. A likelihood ratio test showed that there was an interaction between smoking cessation and diet quality (p = 0.047). In the mediation analysis, we estimated that the increase in HEI scores after quitting smoking could explain the 6.91% decline in depressive symptoms. Conclusion: In this cross-sectional study, smoking cessation showed a protective effect on depressive symptoms and that diet quality can influence and mediate this association.     

Boss and Parent,Employee and Child: Work‐Family Roles and Deviant Behavior in the Family Firm

The work‐family literature examines the degree to which work and family roles can be segmented or integrated by an individual. In the family firm, the requirement that work and family roles be integrated creates tension for family employees, particularly those who prefer higher degrees of segmentation between the roles. Integrating family firm with family relations research, this article explores potential difficulties experienced by family employees in making transitions from their family role to work role and the potential for family employees to engage in deviant behavior due to unresolved conflict and ambiguity from work‐family role integration. These difficulties, we argue, are in part due to problems in separating role expectations when they come from indistinct sources; that is, when the boss and father, for example, are the same person. We explain how the tensions between work and family can create a cycle of deviance in the family and family firm domains.     

Reexamining the Effects of Family Structure on Children's Access to Care: The Single-Father Family

Objective. To examine the effects of family structure, focusing on the single-father family, on children's access to medical care.
Data Source. The 1999 and 2002 rounds of the National Survey of America's Families (NSAF) including 62,193 children ages 0–17 years.
Study Design. We employ a nationally representative sample of children residing in two-parent families, single-mother families, and single-father families. Multivariate logistic regression is used to examine the relationship between family structure and measures of access to care. We estimate stratified models on children below 200 percent of the federal poverty threshold and those above.
Data Collection/Extraction Method. We combine data from the Focal Child and Adult Pair modules of the 1999 and 2002 waves of the NSAF.
Principal Findings. Children who reside in single-father families exhibit poorer access to health care than children in other family structures. The stratified models suggest that, unlike residing in a single-mother family, the effects of residence in a single-father family do not vary by poverty status.
Conclusions. Children in single-father families may be more vulnerable to health shocks than their peers in other family structures.