青年人和老年人认知联系网络的整体结构分析

目的：从词汇联想网络角度比较青年人和老年人认知联系结构的整体特征。方法：正常青年人和老年人各50人。以Kent-Rosanoff中文对等词为刺激词进行自由联想测试。取两组共有的反应词构建两组人群的“反应词-反应词网络”（RR网络），即青年组RR网络（YRRN）和老年组RR网络（ORRN）。采用Paiekl，14和Ucinet6进行网络分析。结果：YRRN连线分布的密度高于ORRN，连线分布的不均匀程度低于ORRN。ORRN有一个宗教话题的独立子网络。ORRN点度层次比YRRN少。网络整体指标显示ORRN密度显著低于YRRN（P〈0．01）．而点度中心势显著高于YRRN（P〈0．01）。YRRN平均最短路径长度和云集系数小于ORRN，而直径略大于ORRN。结论：老年人的认知联系结构趋于精炼和内敛且存在更独立的概念群，青年人则趋于联系更丰富和更富于拓展性．提示有必要根据不同年龄的患者选择相应年龄段的词汇组合以供康复评估和训练使用。     

青年人和老年人词汇联想反应的研究

目的：研究年龄对青年人和老年人词汇联想反应的影响。方法：采用Kent—Rosanoff词表中文对等词作为刺激词汇,分别对青年人（n=50）和老年人（n=50）进行词汇联想反应测验。采用χ2检验分析两组人群优势联想词汇的反应类型，如选择关系和连锁关系：采用方差分析两组人群联想词汇指标，如优势联想词汇的联想强度（ADOM）、联想词汇总数（NAR）、特异性联想词汇总数（NUR）等：采用图论和网络分析方法对两组人群的词汇联想网络结构图进行比较。结果：①联想反应类型中选择关系老年组显著高于青年组；②ADOM在老年组明显高于青年组，而NAR和NUR老年组显著低于青年组。③两组人群的汉语词汇联想网络均符合短连接路径、高云集系数的小世界网络特征：并且词汇联想网络中存在集散节点，点线分布幂值遵循无尺度网络的幂律分布特征。结论：两组人群的词汇联想反应类型和特征存在显著差异．词汇联想网络具有无尺度一小世界性网络的结构特征。     

老年脑梗死患者急性期认知障碍及情绪障碍特征研究

目的:探讨老年脑梗死患者急性期认知障碍及情绪障碍特征。方法:将符合研究标准的急性期脑梗死病例267例按照年龄分为老年组(136例)和非老年组(131例),运用简易智力状态试验(MMSE)评价患者的认知状况,运用汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA)对患者进行焦虑状态评估。结果:老年组患者简易智力状态试验总分明显高于非老年组(P＜0...     

自我感知老化对老年人认知功能影响的系统评价

目的 系统评价自我感知老化对老年人认知功能的影响。方法 检索PubMed、Embase、The Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普全文数据库和中国生物医学文献数据库建库至2022年10月21日的文献,根据纳入和排除标准筛选文献,并进行资料提取、质量评价和结果分析。结果 共纳入10篇文献,其中4篇为横断面研究,6篇为队列研究,文献质量整体较高。结果显示,自我感知老化对老年人的总体认知功能、记忆功能、语言功能和处理速度具有显著影响。结论自我感知老化可作为老年人认知功能状况的预测因子,需早期关注老年人自我感知老化水平。今后研究需进一步探索自我感知老化在认知下降进程中发挥作用的具体成分,深入阐述自我感知老化与认知功能的相互关系,为延缓老年人认知功能下降提供依据。     

Beliefs and the subjective meaning of thoughts: Analysis of the role of self-statements in academic test performance

Although research in test anxiety has shown that anxious students emit more negative self-statements than nonanxious students, there is little evidence directly linking negative thoughts to lower test performance. One explanation for this finding is that covert self-statements may function differently depending on an individual's academic competence beliefs. This study was designed to evaluate this formulation first by comparing high and low competence beliefs groups on the frequency of negative thought content during a simulated testing session and for differences in the subjective meaning that they attached to these covert thoughts. Second, the degree to which negative thoughts correlated with test performance and the degree to which non-facilitative subjective meaning responses correlated with test performance were compared. Results indicated that differences in competence beliefs were unrelated to negative thoughts but were significantly related to the types of subjective meaning given thought-listed responses. Comparisons among the cognitive variables showed that only subjective meaning responses were consistently predictive of anagram and math test performance. Results are discussed in light of supplemental analyses and with regard to further research and clinical implications.This research was supported by a fellowship and grant-in-aid to the first author from the SUNY Joint Awards Council and University Awards Committee. Appreciation is expressed to Randy Cale for his invaluable assistance with various phases of this study.     

Objective and subjective cognitive dysfunction and quality of life in multiple sclerosis

We examined the effect of subjective cognitive dysfunction on the quality of life of 18 patients with MS and subjective cognitive dysfunction; 8 patients also showed objective cognitive impairment, but 10 did not. Using multiple methods to assess quality of life, we found quality of life in the total group seriously impaired. Comparing quality of life of the objectively intact with that of the objectively impaired subgroups, we found only few differences. Thus, subjective cognitive dysfunction appears to be important for quality of life. This suggests that cognitive rehabilitation programs for patients with MS may need to include patients with subjective cognitive dysfunction and treat this problem in its own right.     

计算机辅助认知功能训练对脑卒中后认知功能障碍患者血清神经功能相关指标及生活能力的影响

目的：探讨计算机辅助认知功能训练（CACR）对脑卒中后认知功能障碍患者血清神经功能相关指标及生活能力的影响。方法：将80例脑卒中后认知功能障碍患者随机划分入对照组和观察组各40例,所有患者均接受常规治疗,在此基础上对照组实施作业疗法,观察组在对照组基础上开展CACR。于干预前、干预3个月后对2组采用简易精神状态评价量表（MMSE）评定认知功能,采用改良Barthel指数（MBI）评定生活能力,并检测2组血清视锥蛋白样蛋白-1（VILIP-1）、胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）水平。结果：干预后,2组MMSE、MBI评分和干预前相比均明显增高（P＜0.05）,且观察组均明显高于照组（P＜0.05）;干预后2组血清视锥蛋白样蛋白-1（VILIP-1）、胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）水平和干预前相比均明显降低（P＜0.05）,且观察组均明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论：对脑卒中后认知障碍患者实施CACR结合作业疗法干预,可有效下调血清VILIP-1、GFAP、NSE表达,明显改善患者认知功能,显著提高生活能力。     

Memory-focused interventions for people with cognitive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies

BackgroundA better understanding of people with cognitive disorders improves performance on memory tasks through memory-focused interventions are needed.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to assess the effect of memoryfocused interventions on cognitive disorders through a meta-analysis.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesThe online electronic databases PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Ovid-Medline, CINHAL, PsycINFO, Ageline, and Embase (up to May 2017) were used in this study. No language restriction was applied to the search.Review methodsObjective memory (learning and memory function, immediate recall, delayed recall, and recognition) was the primary indicator and subjective memory performance, global cognitive function, and depression were the secondary indicators. The Hedges' g of change, subgroup analyses, and meta-regression were analyzed on the basis of the characteristics of people with cognitive disorders.ResultsA total of 27 studies (2177 participants, mean age = 75.80) reporting RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. The results indicated a medium-to-large effect of memory-focused interventions on learning and memory function (Hedges' g = 0.62) and subjective memory performance (Hedges' g = 0.67), a small-to-medium effect on delayed recall and depression, and a small effect on immediate recall and global cognitive function (all p < 0.05) compared with the control. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression indicated that the effects on learning and memory function were more profound in the format of memory training, individual training, shorter treatment duration, and more than eight treatment sessions, and the effect size indicated the MMSE score was the most crucial indicator (β = −0.06, p = 0.04).ConclusionsThis is first comprehensive meta-analysis of special memory domains in people with cognitive disorders. The results revealed that memory-focused interventions effectively improved memory-related performance in people with cognitive disorders. An appropriately designed intervention can effectively improve memory function, reduce disability progression, and improve mood state in people with cognitive disorders. Additional randomized controlled trials including measures of recognition, global cognitive function, and depression should be conducted and analyzed.