血管内栓塞联合开颅减压及血肿清除术治疗颅内动脉瘤破裂12例分析

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨通过血管内栓塞术后结合开颅减压术的方法治疗Hunt-Hess分级III-IV级合并颅内血肿的脑动脉瘤破裂病人的可行性和临床价值。方法〓选取2009年3月~2014年2月于我院治疗的颅内动脉瘤破裂出血病人共12例。符合以下条件:①自发性蛛网膜下腔出血合并颅内血肿形成;②Hunt-Hess分级在III-IV级;③头颅CT扫描显示脑中线移位>0.5 cm但<1.0 cm;④经过脑血管造影发现颅内动脉瘤并成功栓塞,然后转手术室再行减压手术。结果〓本组无死亡病例。12例患者术后3个月~1年得以随访,按GOS评分进行疗效评价,5分7例,4分2例,3分2例,2分1例。结论〓合理应用神经放射介入技术和外科手术,对合并血肿的脑动脉瘤破裂出血病人是另一种治疗选择。     

CT三维血管造影诊断出血动脉瘤

目的 评价CT血管造影(CTA)在颅内动脉瘤破裂后蛛网膜下腔出血诊断中的价值及手术指导意义。方法 对63例急性蛛网膜下腔出血病人急诊行螺旋CT扫描,然后行脑血管三维成像。结果 发现颅内动脉瘤24例。有1例阴性经全脑血管造影(DSA)发现存在动脉瘤。诊断均以手术证实。结论 CTA对动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血是一种微创、快速、准确的诊断技术,对于急诊或危重病人应为首选。     

颅内外动脉狭窄合并颅内动脉瘤同期血管内治疗的效果分析

目的探讨同期治疗颅内外动脉狭窄合并颅内动脉瘤的策略及临床效果。方法回顾性分析2013年4月至2018年9月于北京大学第一医院神经外科行同期血管内治疗的15例颅内外动脉狭窄合并颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料。男性6例,女性9例,年龄(63.9±9.1)岁(范围:43~79岁);动脉狭窄部位共15处,狭窄程度为75%~95%,其中前循环8处,后循环7处;动脉瘤共17个,最大径(5.3±1.2)mm(范围:3~7 mm),其中前循环动脉瘤11个、后循环动脉瘤6个。患者均行同期动脉狭窄支架成形及动脉瘤栓塞术治疗。记录患者围手术期及术后临床症状、影像学资料及并发症情况。结果15处动脉狭窄均成功置入支架(残余狭窄<30%);17个动脉瘤中,10个行单纯弹簧圈栓塞,7个行支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞,均完全栓塞。围手术期1例患者出现轻微脑梗死症状,其余未发生手术相关并发症。术后随访(43.8±8.2)个月(范围:24~85个月),患者术后6~12个月均复查数字减影血管造影,其中2例出现无症状性支架内再狭窄,所有动脉瘤未见复发。截至末次随访时,患者均未出现颅内出血、缺血性卒中等相关症状。结论颅内外动脉狭窄合并颅内动脉瘤应根据血管狭窄的部位、程度及动脉瘤的大小、形态、位置、数量及两者的位置关系等因素综合分析,制定个体化的治疗策略,给予同期血管内治疗可能是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

颅内动脉瘤介入栓塞术治疗蛛网膜下腔出血围手术期感染的危险因素分析

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤介入栓塞术治疗蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)围手术期感染的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2018年5月—2019年12月于黄山首康医院神经外科行动脉瘤介入栓塞术治疗的236例SAH患者的病例资料,统计所有患者的手术治疗效果以及术后情况,根据围手术期感染情况将患者分为感染组(n=44)和非感染组(n=192),记录患者的临床指标,包括年龄、性别、饮酒史、吸烟史、糖尿病史、术中有无临时阻断、动脉瘤位置、三酰甘油、脂蛋白种类、CT-Fisher分级、高血压史、动脉瘤直径和数量、白蛋白、Hunt-Hess分级、入院时格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、穿刺次数。计量资料以均数±标准差(Mean±SD)表示,组间比较采用t检验;计数资料组间比较采用χ^(2)检验。采用Logistic回归分析评估SAH患者围手术期发生感染的危险因素。结果所有SAH患者治疗成功率为100%。单因素分析结果显示,感染组和非感染组患者在高血压史、动脉瘤直径和数量、白蛋白、Hunt-Hess分级、入院时GCS评分、穿刺次数比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,有高血压史、动脉瘤直径≥8 mm、动脉瘤数量多发、白蛋白≤35.12 g/L、Hunt-Hess分级为Ⅲ~Ⅳ级、入院时GCS评分>5分、穿刺次数>2次是颅内动脉瘤介入栓塞术治疗SAH围手术期感染的危险因素;列线图预测模型所有因素积分总分为314.84分,对应的值即为颅内动脉瘤介入栓塞术治疗SAH的围手术期感染率(14.96%)。结论颅内动脉瘤介入栓塞术治疗SAH可获得较好的临床效果。但是,有高血压史、动脉瘤直径≥8 mm、动脉瘤数量多发、白蛋白≤35.12 g/L、Hunt-Hess分级为Ⅲ~Ⅳ级、入院时GCS评分>5分、穿刺次数>2次均是导致SAH患者围手术期感染的独立危险因素,临床应予以重视并积极防范。     

颅内后循环动脉瘤的血管内介入治疗

目的总结颅内后循环动脉瘤的特点,探讨其血管内介入治疗的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析40例行血管内介入治疗的颅内后循环动脉瘤患者的临床和影像学资料、介入治疗过程,观察期效果及术后随访结果。结果 40例患者共发现42个后循环动脉瘤,均完成血管内介入治疗,其中8个行单纯弹簧圈栓塞,28个行支架辅助栓塞,1个行Onyx胶栓塞,5个动脉瘤及载瘤动脉同时闭塞。术后即刻DSA造影显示动脉瘤完全栓塞30个,近全栓塞6个,部分栓塞6个。术后6个月随访DSA造影显示动脉瘤完全栓塞36个,近全栓塞4个,部分栓塞1个。患者出院时行改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分,0分35例,1分3例,2分1例,1例死亡为6分;出院后3~6个月随访mRS评分0分38例,1分1例,无动脉瘤复发及新发神经功能障碍病例。结论颅内后循环动脉瘤具有特殊的临床与影像学表现,且复杂动脉瘤较为常见,对于颅内后循环动脉瘤,血管内介入治疗是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

水解微弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤(附10例报告)

目的 探讨水解微弹簧圈（microplex coilsystem ＆ hydrocoil embolicsystem．MCS ＆ HES）栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的疗效。方法 10例颅内动脉瘤患者，均在静脉全麻下股动脉穿刺行全脑血管造影，采用MCS＆HES水解微弹簧圈栓塞治疗。结果 8例患者动脉瘤完全栓塞，90％栓塞2例，其中1例结合Neuroform支架栓塞，1例予球囊辅助。随访1～16个月，部分栓塞的1例复发。结论 水解微弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤效果确切，手术安全，并发症少，复发率低。     

颅内动脉瘤栓塞术围手术期护理策略及术中瘤体破裂的护理配合

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤行MicroPlex弹簧圈系统(MCS)栓塞术的围手术期护理策略及术中瘤体破裂的护理配合。方法回顾分析行MCS栓塞术的64例颅内动脉瘤患者临床资料(其中4例患者术中发生瘤体破裂),动脉瘤位于前交通动脉23例,后交通动脉17例,大脑前动脉14例,大脑中动脉9例,左颈内动脉1例。结果术中瘤体破裂4例,仍继续施行MCS栓塞术,其中3例获得治愈,1例因术后并发脑梗塞死亡。治愈63例,均获随访,平均6(3~24)月,均未见并发症发生。结论术前健康宣教,术中积极配合,术后密切观察病情,对减少颅内动脉瘤并发症的发生以及帮助病人顺利度过围手术期均具有十分重要的作用。     

支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞在急诊栓塞颅内宽颈微小动脉瘤破裂中的应用

目的探讨支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞在治疗急诊治疗颅内破裂宽颈微小动脉瘤(最大径≤3mm)中的操作技巧及临床疗效。方法回顾急诊支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗的7例颅内破裂宽颈微小动脉瘤患者资料,分析治疗方法、疗效、并发症、预后及6~12个月随访结果,评价支架技术的安全性、有效性及操作技巧。结果术后即刻造影显示,完全栓塞5例,次全栓塞1例,单纯植入支架1例;未发生破裂出血及血栓栓塞事件。术后3个月改良式格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)结果显示,6例恢复正常,1例恢复良好。6~12个月随访未发现动脉瘤再破裂出血。结论支架辅助弹簧圈急诊栓塞治疗颅内破裂宽颈微小动脉瘤安全有效。     

脑血管造影三维重建成像在脑动脉瘤诊断和治疗中的初步应用

目的 总结脑血管造影三维重建成像在脑动脉瘤诊断和治疗中的初步应用经验,以提高诊断水平和治疗效果。方法 对65例确诊或疑诊为脑动脉瘤的病例分别行常规脑血管造影成像（二维影像）和脑血管造影三维重建成像（三维影像）检查,并对其结果进行对比分析。结果 65例患者经上述检查,共检出60例66个动脉瘤,5例造影阴性。60例6个动脉瘤中,囊内栓塞43例46个;行载瘤动脉闭塞3例3个;外科手术10例10个;颅内外动脉搭桥术后闭塞载瘤动脉1例1个;未治疗3例6个。有2个动脉瘤二维影像上未显示,而三维影像上显示;3个动脉瘤通过二维影像认为不适合栓塞十分困难或危险,通过三维影像的帮助得以栓塞;3个动脉瘤二维影像上显示可行栓塞,而三维影像发现不能栓塞。囊内栓塞的46个动脉瘤中,38个（82.6%)二维影像上达100%栓塞,但其中8个三维影像上有残留。结论 脑血管造影三维重建成像可提高颅内动脉瘤诊断的准确性和治疗的安全性。     

颅内分叉部动脉瘤复发后行支架辅助栓塞再治疗的临床效果

目的探讨初次行单纯弹簧圈栓塞或开颅夹闭术治疗后复发的颅内分叉部动脉瘤患者行支架辅助栓塞再治疗的可行性及有效性。方法回顾性分析2009年3月至2019年11月复旦大学附属华山医院放射科介入组收治的初次行单纯弹簧圈栓塞或开颅夹闭术治疗后复发并接受支架辅助栓塞再治疗的20例颅内分叉部动脉瘤患者的临床资料。男性9例,女性11例,中位年龄55.5岁(范围:33~71岁);首次治疗行单纯弹簧圈栓塞17例、开颅夹闭术3例;复发后15例行单支架辅助栓塞治疗,5例行Y形双支架辅助栓塞治疗。收集患者围手术期情况、术后并发症及预后情况。采用Mann-Whitney U检验对患者初次及再次治疗后的随访时间进行比较;采用t检验对再次治疗前、术后即刻及末次随访时近端载瘤动脉主干与支架侧分支的夹角大小进行比较。结果20例患者中,18例(90.0%)患者术后即刻脑血管造影示致密栓塞(RaymondⅠ型),2例(10.0%)示瘤颈少许残余(RaymondⅡ型),术后随访[M(QR)]8.5(16.3)个月,与初次治疗后随访时间的15.5(27.0)个月相比,差异无统计学意义(U=157.7,P=0.25)。随访期间2例患者复发,均为术后即刻瘤颈少许残余病例,其中1例为Y形双支架辅助栓塞病例。围手术期发生症状性缺血6例,其中4例为Y形双支架辅助栓塞病例;未发生围手术期出血等并发症,无手术相关的永久性致残及死亡病例。术后即刻和末次随访时载瘤动脉主干与支架所在分支成角分别为(115.4±28.9)°和(132.6±26.8)°,均较术前的(90.1±21.1)°明显增大(t=5.14,P<0.01;t=7.78,P<0.01)。结论初次弹簧圈栓塞或开颅夹闭术后复发的颅内分叉动脉瘤患者再次接受支架辅助栓塞是可行的,动脉瘤再复发率较低。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.