腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管汇入部微切开治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管汇入部微切开治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的价值。方法 2010年5月~2014年5月,对60例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石采用腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管汇入部微切开完成胆道探查术。沿胆囊管切口纵行切开胆总管侧壁3 mm,完成胆道探查后一期缝合切开处或放置T管。结果 60例均完成腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管汇入部胆道探查取石术,53例一期缝合汇入部,7例放置T管。60例全部取净胆总管结石。经胆囊管取石困难36例,经胆囊管置入胆道镜困难18例,合并肝总管结石6例。手术时间55~150 min,(92.2±31.8)min;术中出血量10~60 ml,(15.8±8.2)ml;术后住院2~7 d,(2.7±1.5)d。2例发生胆漏,保留腹腔引流5~7 d后痊愈。56例(93.3%)随访7~55个月(中位数22个月),未发生胆总管狭窄,2例胆总管结石复发。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管汇入部微切开治疗胆总管结石操作简单,术后并发症发生率低,具有经胆囊管胆道探查和经胆总管切开胆道探查二者的优点。     

腹腔镜联合电子胆道镜治疗胆总管结石17例

目的 探讨腹腔镜联合电子胆道镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床价值.方法 2008年3月至2010年12月对17例术前通过B型超声、CT或MRCP确诊的胆囊结石合并胆总管结石病人行腹腔镜下胆囊切除+电子胆道镜胆总管切开取石术(LC十LCBDE),并与同期的25例开腹胆囊切除+胆总管切开取石T管引流(OC+OCHTD)在...     

腹腔镜联合术中胆道镜治疗胆总管结石186例分析

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜在治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石术中的应用体会和常见并发症及其防治措施。方法回顾分析186例腹腔镜下胆道镜胆总管探查取石术患者临床资料,180例腹腔镜下完成手术,其中98例放置T管,57例Ⅰ期胆总管缝合,25例经胆囊管取石;6例术中中转开腹。结果术后胆漏2例,经引流痊愈;5例胆总管残余结石,术后行ERCP或经T管窦道胆道镜取石;平均住院时间(6.0±3.5)d。带T管的98例患者术后4周经T管胆道造影未见结石残留,胆道通畅,拔除T管。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜在胆总管切开取石术中的应用具有疗效好、并发症少、安全的优点。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管切开取石术82例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆总管切开取石术的优势、手术要点及术后处理。方法分析82例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆囊切除术胆总管切开取石术的手术方法和操作要点。结果 82例腹腔镜联合胆道镜手术均获成功,无中转开腹,平均手术时间115 min,平均出血30 mL,平均住院7 d。8例术后出现胆漏,均经保守治疗后痊愈,无拔T管后胆漏。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆囊切除胆总管切开取石术是治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石理想的微创治疗方式。     

腹腔镜经胆囊管取石和胆总管切开取石治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石临床比较研究

正腹腔镜胆总管探查可以通过经胆囊管或经胆总管切开取石两种路径,相对于经胆总管切开取石而言,经胆囊管取石因其可避免切开胆总管而减少了胆漏及胆管狭窄的发生率,以往研究认为在选择合适适应证的基础上,腹腔镜经胆囊管取石更具优势~([1])。本文对比研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)联合腹腔镜胆总管切开胆道镜探查取石术(laparoscopic trans-duct common bile duct exploration, LTDBDE)、LC联合腹腔镜经胆囊管探查取石术(laparoscopic trans-cystic duct common bile duct exploration, LTCBDE)两种术式在胆囊结石合并胆总管结石治疗中的疗效差异、分析术式优越性。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆总管结石32例分析

胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的传统疗法是开腹行胆囊切除＋胆总管切开取石T管引流术，但创伤大、住院时间长，我院从2001年起开展腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparosc pic cholecystectomy，LC），在此基础上联合应用腹腔镜、胆道镜技术对32例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行胆囊切除＋胆总管切开，胆道镜取石后行T管引流治疗，报道如下。     

腹腔镜下胆囊管嵌顿结石的处理

目的: 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laporoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中胆囊管结石嵌顿的处理经验.方法: 回顾分析2001年3月至2005年3月施行的LC临床资料,共1 180例,其中33例胆囊管结石嵌顿,行胆囊管切开取石,并选择性行术中胆道造影.结果:32例成功,其中包括1例术中胆道造影提示胆总管结石者,行腹腔镜下胆总管切开胆道镜下网篮取石术;1例因嵌顿结石紧靠胆总管取出困难而中转开腹.结论: 胆囊管结石嵌顿经适当处理均能在腹腔镜下完成胆囊切除术.如合并胆总管结石则可在腹腔镜下胆管切开胆道镜取石或中转开腹.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管探查治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管探查治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床价值。方法 2013年10月~2015年7月对20例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石行腹腔镜胆囊切除,胆道镜经胆囊管探查胆总管,并取出胆总管较小结石,较大结石行汇入部微切开后取出,再将胆囊管成形缝合夹闭。结果 20例均完成腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管探查取石术,其中4例因胆总管结石较大,行胆囊管汇入胆总管处微切开取石,一期缝合汇入部。20例胆总管结石全部取净,胆总管结石大小0.2~1.0 cm,其中3例为泥沙样结石。手术时间78~195 min,(96.2±21.8)min;术中出血量25~100 ml,(32.8±10.2)ml;术后住院3~10 d,(3.5±1.5)d。1例发生胆漏,保留腹腔引流10 d后痊愈出院。20例随访6~26个月(中位数11个月),无胆道感染和胆管狭窄发生,无结石复发。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管探查治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石疗效满意。     

三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除胆总管探查取石术的经验总结

目的:总结三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除胆总管探查取石术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床经验。方法:总结2014年1月至2019年8月接受三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除胆道探查取石术的144例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者的临床资料,具体探查方式根据患者情况选择,总结分析患者的临床特点、手术效果、术后恢复及并发症情况。结果:144例患者中32例经胆囊管探查,88例采用胆囊管汇入部微切开,24例采用胆总管切开方式;其中2例因手术暴露困难加用辅助孔完成手术,无一例中转开腹。术中3例放置T管,术后行胆道镜治疗。术后10例发生胆漏,保守治疗后3~7 d痊愈。结论:三孔法腹腔镜下胆总管探查取石术是治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石合理、有效的术式,术中胆道镜的应用及胆管缝合是手术成功的关键。     

多种内镜联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石

目的总结应用十二指肠镜、腹腔镜、电子胆道镜联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的经验。方法从1999年1月至2005年1月应用多种内镜联合治疗胆总管结石98例。82例行内镜下括约肌切开(EST)网篮取石、腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)。16例术前行内镜鼻胆管引流(ENBD)、腹腔镜胆囊切除术、胆总管切开胆道镜取石术。结果本组98例,腹腔镜成功完成手术95例,3例中转手术,98例全部治愈。术后出现并发症11例,其中切口感染6例,轻型胰腺炎4例,少量胆汁漏1例。无返流性胆管炎,胆石复发等症状。结论多种内镜联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石,安全可靠,疗效确切,一般情况下可替代开腹胆囊切除、胆总管切开取石、T管引流术。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.