视觉反馈训练对膝部骨折术后患者膝关节功能及平衡能力的影响

目的 探讨视觉反馈训练在膝部骨折术后患者中的临床应用效果。方法 将64例膝关节骨折手术后患者分为对照组和视觉反馈组,每组32例。对照组术后给予常规康复训练,视觉反馈组在对照组基础上,第3～8周加用视觉反馈训练。治疗前及治疗后2周、4周、8周,对2组患者进行站立位平衡功能及步态评定,采用Lysholm评分法评定膝关节运动功能。 结果 治疗前,2组患者膝关节功能、步行能力及平衡功能比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。与组内治疗前比较,2组患者治疗8周的Lysholm评分、Tinetti量表评分均增高（P＜0.05）,视觉反馈组治疗4周及8周的足底重心压力移动距离、移动轨迹面积减小（P＜0.05）。与对照组治疗后同时间点比较,视觉反馈组治疗4周的足底重心压力移动距离［（338.25±14.11）mm］、移动轨迹面积［（580.62±17.26）mm2］较小（P＜0.05）,视觉反馈组治疗4周及8周的Lysholm评分、Tinetti量表评分较对照组高（P＜0.05）,足底重心压力移动距离、移动轨迹面积较小（P＜0.05）。 结论 视觉反馈训练能有效改善膝部骨折术后患者的膝关节功能,提高平衡及步行能力。     

脑性瘫痪患儿钙、磷营养状况及评价指标的探讨

目的 调查脑性瘫痪（脑瘫）患儿钙,磷代谢平衡及测定有关评价指标,及相互关系。方法 40例脑瘫患儿和30例正常对照儿测量Ca,P代谢平衡指标及血清Ca,P,骨钙素（ALP）,BGP有度和骨密度（BMD).结果 脑瘫患儿Ca,P代谢为正平衡,但每日骨Ca沉积量明显低于对照组（P＜0．05）。重度脑瘫患儿净Ca,P沉积量显低于对照组（P＜0．01,P＜0．05）。脑瘫患儿血Ca,P与对照组比较无区别（P＞0．05）,血清ALP,BGP显高于正常对照组（P＜0．01）,各年龄段CP患儿骨密度明显低于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论 脑瘫患儿每日Ca,P沉积不足,骨密度减低,血ALP,BGP升高说明骨矿化不足,丹形成旺盛,骨重建活跃。     

脑瘫患儿血骨钙素甲状旁腺素降钙素水平的观察

目的：研究脑瘫患儿血骨钙素（BGP）、甲状旁腺素（PTH）、降钙素（CT）的含量变化,分析它们与脑瘫病情、分型的关系。方法：应用放射免疫法测定37例脑瘫患儿和28例正常儿血清中的BGP、PTH、CT浓度。结果脑瘫组血清BGP明显高于正常组（P＜0．01）;重度脑瘫患儿PTH与正常组比较明显升高（P＜0．01）,而CT则低于正常组（P＜0．05）;同时发现痉挛型脑瘫患儿PTH含量高于手足徐动型,而CT则低于手足徐动型（P＜0．05）。结论：脑瘫患儿血清PTH、CT异常,其异常程度与脑瘫类型、病情轻重有关;血清BGP升高提示脑瘫患儿骨形成活跃。     

虚拟现实平衡训练对脑性瘫痪患儿平衡功能及日常生活活动能力的影响

目的 观察虚拟现实平衡训练对脑性瘫痪（简称脑瘫）患儿平衡功能及日常生活活动（ADL）能力的影响。 方法 选取痉挛型脑瘫患儿40例，按随机数字表法分为干预组（21例）和对照组（19例）。所有患者均接受常规康复训练（包括运动治疗、作业治疗、家庭康复训练等），训练时间1次/日，每次30 min，每周5 d，持续干预3个月。在此基础上，对照组给予常规平衡功能训练，包括坐位、站立平衡训练、重心前后左右转移能力训练等；干预组结合虚拟现实技术（采用Biomaster虚拟现实训练系统）进行平衡功能训练，训练内容包括图片匹配、足球、滑雪等虚拟情景模式，训练患儿重心前后左右转移能力；2组患儿的平衡功能训练时间均为1次/日，每次20 min，每周5 d，持续干预3个月。分别于干预前及干预1个月和3个月后，采用平衡功能仪（评定内容包括轨迹长、外周面积、单位面积轨迹长）、Berg平衡量表（BBS）评分和改良的Barthel指数（MBI）评分对2组患儿的平衡功能及ADL能力进行评估。 结果 ①与组内干预前比较，对照组和干预组患儿干预3个月后的坐位平衡轨迹长［（70.78±15.99)mm和（60.89±11.04）mm］、外周面积［（5.18±1.78)mm2和（3.54±1.34）mm2］、单位面积轨迹长［（15.04±5.09)mm和（19.17±7.10）mm］ 均明显改善（P＜0.05）；对照组和干预组患儿干预3个月后的站立平衡轨迹长［（63.62±13.94)mm和（55.56±10.61）mm］、外周面积［（5.67±1.54)mm2和（4.04±0.98）mm2］、单位面积轨迹长［（11.92±3.63)mm和（14.34±3.57）mm］亦均明显改善（P＜0.05），且干预组的上述指标改善程度均显著优于对照组（P＜0.05）。②干预3个月后，对照组和干预组患儿的BBS评分［（26.21±5.02）分和（31.95±5.00）分］和MBI评分［（41.79±0.94）分和（45.33±5.23）分］亦均较组内干预前明显改善（P＜0.05），且干预组的改善程度均显著优于对照组（P＜0.05）。 结论 虚拟现实平衡训练可显著改善脑瘫患儿的平衡功能和ADL能力。     

水合氯醛与安定用于学龄前儿童CT检查时制动效果观察

CT检查前，对于不合作儿童根据年龄或有无恐惧，选择给予水合氯醛或安定，能最大限度地减少重复用药，减少患儿用药量，缩短候诊时间。作者对204例不合作儿童，按年龄分为婴儿、幼儿、学龄前三组，遵医嘱口服水合氯醛94例，静脉注射安定110例，并对制动效果进行了护理观察，经x2检验，说明水合氯酸和安定对婴儿具有相似效果（P＞0．05），安定对幼儿及学龄前儿童的制动效果优于水合氯醛（P＜0.05，P＜0．01）。     

虚拟现实训练技术对痉挛型脑瘫患儿平衡功能的影响

目的 观察虚拟现实（VR）技术对痉挛型脑瘫患儿平衡功能的影响。 方法 选取痉挛型脑瘫患儿45例，按随机数字表法将其分为治疗组和对照组，治疗组23例，对照组22例。2组脑瘫患儿均接受常规康复训练，包括神经发育促进技术、肌肉牵张、作业治疗及家庭康复训练等，对照组在此基础上给予常规平衡功能训练，治疗组给予VR技术及常规平衡功能训练。治疗前及治疗3个月后（治疗后），对2组患儿进行平衡功能评定。 结果 治疗后，2组患儿左右偏移、轨迹长、单位面积轨迹长、矩形面积、外周面积、Berg平衡量表评分较治疗前明显改善，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与对照组治疗后比较，治疗组轨迹长［（49.00±12.17）mm］、单位面积轨迹长［（35.40±22.13）mm］、矩形面积［（2.52±0.91）mm2］、外周面积［（1.62±0.63）mm2］、Berg平衡量表评分［（30.07±1.04）分］较为优异，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 VR技术可以改善痉挛型脑瘫患儿的平衡功能障碍。     

重心动摇平衡检查在共济失调患者诊断中的应用价值

目的：探讨人体重心动摇平衡检查在共济失调患诊断中的应用价值。方法：应用人体重心动摇平衡仪对74例健康志愿及174例共济失调患平衡功能进行测试。结果：正常人人体重心动摇轨迹平面图（姿势图）以中心型多见，感觉性、小脑性共济失调患弥散型出现率最高，多中心型，前后、左右型次之，未出现中心型；前庭性共济失调介于两之间。感觉性、小脑性共济失调患和前庭性共济失调患动摇迹的长度、速度均大于正常人，差异有显性（P＜0．01）；而感觉性、小脑性患与前庭性共济失调患两组之间的差异无显性（P＞0．05）。结论：人体姿势图可定量分析各种共济失调患的前庭脊髓反射功能，可用于对共济失调患进行粗筛。     

老年人下肢伸膝肌力对平衡功能的影响

目的 检测老年人下肢伸膝肌力是否对平衡功能有影响。方法 180名老年人根据性别和下肢伸膝肌力的不同分为6组，男性和女性均分为较小肌力组、中等肌力组和较大肌力组，每组30名。采用国产PH—A型平衡功能检测系统为受试者进行睁眼和闭眼状态下，双脚站立时的静态姿势稳定性的评定，取摆幅指数、外周面积、矩形面积、动摇轨迹长、单位面积轨迹长进行分析。结果 较小肌力组在睁眼和闭眼状态下，左右摆幅指数、前后摆幅指数、外周面积、矩形面积、单位面积轨迹长与另两组相比，差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05或P＜0．01），中等肌力组与较大肌力组的各项平衡功能指标差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论 下肢伸膝肌力会影响平衡功能，肌力较差者平衡功能也较差。     

针刺对小儿脑瘫作用机制的初步探讨

为总结针刺对小儿脑瘫的疗效并探讨其机理，收集脑瘫患儿资料195例，年龄3个月～11岁，分为观察组119例和对照组76例。观察组予针刺、药物治疗及功能康复锻炼；对照组不予针刺，其余相同，并对部分患儿进行了血流流变学和脑SPECF检查。结果观察组有效率73．95％，对照组为58．24％（标准化后），差别有统计意义（P＜0．05）；而且年龄、治疗时间和脑瘫类型不同对疗效有影响。血液流变学和脑SPECT检查结果也支持针刺对本病的治疗作用（P＜0．05或0．01）。提示脑瘫应早期诊断，早期治疗。从现代系统论观点出发，针刺通过神经调节和体液调节作用于中枢神经和血液循环等系统，改善了患儿脑部病灶的血供和营养，促进了脑瘫尤其是痉挛型患儿的康复。     

脑瘫患儿智力与粗大运动发育相关性分析

目的：探讨脑瘫患儿智力与运动的相关性。方法：痉挛型双瘫脑瘫患儿50例,选取智商90～110分患儿25例为A组,智商50～69分25例为B组。2组均进行常规康复治疗,采用粗大运动功能评定（GMFM-88）评定运动功能。结果：治疗2个月后,2组患儿GMFM-88之D、E区评分均较治疗前明显提高（P＜0．05）;且A组更高于B组（ P＜0．05）;A组总有效率明显高于B组（96．0％、64．0％,P＜0．05）。结论：脑瘫患儿智力与运动功能之间存在相关性,经康复治疗后,智力好的患儿比智力差的患儿粗大运动功能改善更为明显。     

Performance of static standing balance in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy under altered sensory environments.

Seven children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy and 14 age- and gender-matched nondisabled children participated in the present study for an investigation and comparison of their static standing balance under altered sensory environments. The type of visual input (full, occluded, or sway referenced vision) and the type of somatosensory input (fixed or compliant foot support) were varied factorially to give six sensory environments. Each participant was tested barefooted for 30 s under all six conditions. A force platform collected the ground reaction force, from which standing balance was calculated as the sway area of the center of pressure. The results showed that when somatosensory information was reliable (fixed foot support), there was no significant difference in stance stability between the children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy and their matched controls, and both types of children were equally affected by the type of visual input. However, when somatosensory information was unreliable (compliant foot support), the difference in stance stability between the children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy and their matched controls was significantly greater when the visual input was deprived (occluded) or unreliable (sway referenced) than when it was reliable. These results suggest that the children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy may have difficulties in resolving intersensory conflicts for maintenance of standing balance, or the demands of motor control in sensory conflict conditions outweigh the motor ability of children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy.     

Analysis of postural control synergies during quiet standing in healthy children and children with cerebral palsy

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the contribution of body transverse rotation using weighted differential center of pressure signals during quiet standing in healthy children and in children with cerebral palsy. DESIGN: Body sway was indirectly measured through center of pressure data, which was calculated using dual force platforms. BACKGROUND: Assessment of postural control synergies using center of pressure data provides a unique method for center of mass data analysis in characterizing complex balance sway. METHODS: Using dual force platforms, linear expressions for the coordinates of right and left center of pressure signals were developed to identify and characterize balance control synergies during quiet standing. Subjects were also tested during eyes open and eyes closed trials to determine the significance of visual input on these control synergies. RESULTS: The limb protraction/retraction control was found to be dominant during medial-lateral sway, whereas the estimated body transverse rotation contribution was found to be more significant than the previously reported measures of anterior-posterior balance. These findings were consistent in healthy children and in children with cerebral palsy during both eyes open and eyes closed trials. CONCLUSION: The weighted differential center of pressure signals show that the estimated body transverse rotation contribution is significant in healthy children and critical for postural stability in children with cerebral palsy. RELEVANCE: This study identifies the significance of body transverse rotation control contribution in upright posture. Children with cerebral palsy with relatively poor ankle control demonstrate the importance of body transverse rotation for postural stability.     

足底压力式步态分析中痉挛型脑瘫儿童的平衡能力特征

目的:临床上坐位、站立位的平衡测试常利用平衡仪来进行,但由于平衡仪足踏板的限制,无法对脑性瘫痪(脑瘫)患儿步行时动态连续步行周期的平衡能力进行测试.文章利用足底压力式步态分析技术,观察痉挛型脑瘫儿童步行时在平衡能力方面的特征.方法:选择具有正常步行能力的健康儿毫78例作为正常儿童组,另外选择2004 05/2007-05在深圳市儿童医院康复科日间病房住院治疗的脑瘫患儿25例作为脑瘫儿童组.利用足底压力式步态分析系统,对2组对象分别进行足底压力式步态分析,记录2组儿童步行时的足底压力数据.观测指标分为量化指标和直观压力图.量化指标包括步频、步态周期时间、步态周期各时相的绝对对称性指标等参数.直观压力图包括动态足底压力图以及足底压力重心偏移轨迹图.结果:与正常儿童组相比,脑瘫儿童组步频较小,步态周期时间较长(P<0.01).脑瘫儿童组单足支撑期、摆动期、双足支撑期、步态周期时间的绝对对称性指标均大于正常儿童组(P<0.05).脑瘫儿童步行时双足的足底压力图的对称性、重复性较正常儿童差;重心偏移轨迹图不能形成左右对称的蝴蝶状图形.结论:痉挛型脑瘫儿童步行时,步态周期各时相均存在对称性下降的情况.足底压力式步态分析技术能有效地应用于痉挛型脑瘫儿童步态的平衡能力评估.     

Walking on uneven ground: How do patients with unilateral cerebral palsy adapt?

BackgroundChildren with cerebral palsy experience movement disorders that influence gait stability. It is likely that gait stability further decreases when walking on uneven compared to even ground. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate gait on uneven ground in children with unilateral cerebral palsy.MethodsTwenty children with unilateral cerebral palsy and twenty typically developing children performed a three-dimensional gait analysis when walking on even and uneven ground. Spatio-temporal parameters, full-body joint kinematics and centre of mass displacements were compared.FindingsOn uneven versus even ground, both groups showed decreased cadence, increased stance phase and double support time, increased toe clearance height, and increased knee and hip flexion during swing phase. Whereas only the typically developing children walked slower and had increased dorsiflexion and external foot progression during stance phase, only the patients showed increased stride width, increased elbow flexion (affected and non-affected side), and kept the centre of mass more medial when standing on the affected leg.InterpretationPatients and healthy children use similar adaptation mechanisms when walking on uneven ground. Both groups increased the toe clearance height by increasing knee and hip flexion during swing. However, whereas patients enlarge their base of support by increasing stride width, healthy children do so by increasing their external foot progression angle. Furthermore, patients seem to feel more insecure and hold their arms in a position to prepare for falls on uneven ground. They also do not compensate with their non-affected side for their affected side on uneven ground.     

磁共振准连续动脉自旋标记技术在不随意运动型脑瘫患者中的初步研究

目的应用磁共振准连续动脉自旋标记(pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling,pCASL)技术观察不随意运动型脑瘫患者脑部运动区(内囊后肢皮质脊髓束)的血流特点,通过血流变化来研究脑瘫患儿运动区的功能病理基础,为临床治疗效果及早期诊断提供影像支持。材料与方法回顾性分析经临床诊断为不随意运动型脑瘫患者与志愿者各20例,观察不随意运动型脑瘫患者双侧内囊后肢皮质脊髓束运动区脑血流量的变化,通过t检验分析志愿者、患儿及志愿者与患儿双侧脑血流的的情况。结果志愿者、不随意运动型脑瘫患者左、右两侧内囊后肢的皮质脊髓束运动区局部脑血流量差异有统计学意义(P0.05),左侧脑血流量高于右侧。志愿者与脑瘫患者左、右两侧局部脑血流量比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),志愿者局部脑血流量高于不随意运动型脑瘫患者。结论双侧内囊后肢功能运动区脑血流减低是导致不随意运动型脑瘫运动区的功能病理基础之一,可以通过磁共振pCASL技术对不随意运动型脑瘫运动区的血流量进行定量分析。     

Wii-based Balance Therapy to Improve Balance Function of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Study

[Purpose] Cerebral palsy is a sensorimotor disorder that affects the control of posture and movement. The Nintendo^® Wii Fit offers an inexpensive, enjoyable, suitable alternative to more complex systems for children with cerebral palsy. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacacy of Wii-based balance therapy for children with ambulatory cerebral palsy. [Subjects] This pilot study design included fourteen ambulatory patients with cerebral palsy (11 males, 3 females; mean age 12.07 ± 3.36 years). [Methods] Balance functions before and after treatment were evaluated using one leg standing, the functional reach test, the timed up and go test, and the 6-minute walking test. The physiotherapist prescribed the Wii Fit activities,and supervised and supported the patients during the therapy sessions. Exercises were performed in a standardized program 2 times a week for 12 weeks. [Results] Balance ability of every patient improved. Statistically significant improvements were found in all outcome measures after 12 weeks. [Conclusion] The results suggest that the Nintendo^® Wii Fit provides a safe, enjoyable, suitable and effective method that can be added to conventional treatments to improve the static balance of patients with cerebral palsy; however, further work is required.Key words: Cerebral palsy, Balance, Nintendo^® Wii Fit     

平衡训练干预对痉挛型脑瘫儿童立位平衡控制能力的影响

目的:探讨16周平衡训练干预对提高痉挛型脑瘫儿童身体站立位平衡控制能力的作用。方法:选取50名7～12岁粗大功能Ⅰ级的痉挛型脑瘫儿童,并随机分为观察组和对照组各25例。2组均给予常规康复训练,观察组在此基础上接受16周的平衡训练。受试者在干预前和干预后分别接受Berg平衡量表(BBS)、静态平衡及动态平衡测试。结果:治疗16周后,2组BBS评分均明显高于干预前(P<0.05);静态平衡测试在睁眼(DLO)与闭眼状态(DLC)下足底压力中心在左右方向最大动摇径(Dx)、前后方向最大动摇径(Dy)、移动总路程(Lng)和包络面积(Area)干预后值显著低于干预前(P<0.05);动态平衡测试干预后得分显著高于干预前(P<0.05)、最大旋转角速度(MRS)、平均旋转角速度(ARS)显著小于干预前(P<0.05)。组间平衡能力比较,干预后观察组和对照组Berg平衡量表得分无显著性差异;干预后观察组Dx-DLO、Dx-DLC、Dy-DLO、Dy-DLC、Lng-DLO、Area-DLO显著小于对照组(P<0.05);干预后观察组动态平衡得分显著高于对照组(P<...     

Continuous inter-limb coordination deficits in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy

BackgroundContinuous inter-limb coordination and the ability to offset perturbations to a movement pattern (i.e., stability) are important factors in efficient motor performance. Patients with movement disorders often show deficits in coordination and stability, although little is known about these features in children with cerebral palsy. The purpose of this study was to identify the continuous inter-limb coordination and stability deficits in children with cerebral palsy and determine if improvement occurs with upper extremity intervention.MethodsChildren with cerebral palsy participated in bimanual or unimanual intensive therapy. Continuous inter-limb coordination between the arms and between the more-affected arm and leg was evaluated using relative phase analysis during four gross motor tasks, including in-place marching and standing with asymmetric and symmetric arm swing. A control group of children with cerebral palsy and a group of typically developing children were also evaluated.FindingsChildren with cerebral palsy displayed coordination deficits compared to typically developing children (p<0.01), yet both groups presented similarly poor levels of stability (p=0.39). Compared to standing, adding legs to the task negatively impacted the coordination (p<0.01) and stability (p<0.01) of all children. Both groups improved coordination between the arms post-intervention (p<0.05 for all cases), however neither group improved stability (p>0.05 for all cases).InterpretationRelative phase analysis successfully provided a sensitive measurement of coordination and stability in pathologic and non-pathologic populations. Findings indicate that all children have difficulty producing consistent movement patterns and suggest that both bimanual and unimanual interventions can improve continuous coordination in children with cerebral palsy.     

Electromyographic and cinematographic analysis of movement from a kneeling to a standing position in healthy 5- to 7-year-old children

Physical therapists often use transitional postures such as half-kneeling to help children with movement dysfunction attain an upright posture. Little is known, however, about how healthy children activate lower extremity muscles to move the hip, knee, and ankle joints as they move from kneeling through half-kneeling to stand up against gravity. The purpose of this study was to describe movement from kneeling to standing in 10 healthy 5- to 7-year-old children. Electromyography was used to record the activity of four lower extremity muscles. Cinematography was used to record joint motion of the hip, knee, and ankle of the leg initiating movement, in addition to trajectories of specific anatomical landmarks as the children rose from a kneeling to a standing position. Greater active range of motion of the hip, knee, and ankle was necessary to move from a kneeling to a standing position using the half-kneel transitional posture than is required during normal gait. The activation patterns of the gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris muscles of the leg initiating movement exhibited variability among subjects during the kneel-to-stand movement. Maximum joint range of motion and position of the hip, knee, and ankle joints at specific points in the movement exhibited less variability than patterns of muscle activation. The results showed that movement from a kneeling to a standing position in healthy children is quantifiable and can be used to help determine what normal components of movement are necessary to successfully master this movement against gravity that is antecedent to ambulation. Further studies are needed to investigate antigravity movement in younger children and in children with movement dysfunction to more fully understand normal and abnormal movement in children.     

痉挛型脑瘫患儿个体化康复治疗前后步态特征分析

目的:采用三维步态分析定量评价痉挛型脑瘫患儿下肢步态特征,为其下肢功能的康复疗效提供量化评定依据。方法:选取我院10例脑瘫患儿为观察组,再将12例健康儿童为对照组,应用三维运动捕捉系统采集2组的步态时空参数及运动学参数,根据评定结果为观察组制定个体化康复训练,在训练1个月前后分别对观察组采用粗大运动功能评定(GMFM)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)、改良Ashworth肌张力评定量表(MAS)及三维步态分析系统进行评定。结果:治疗1个月后,观察组GMFM和BBS评分较治疗前均明显提高(均P<0.01),MAS评分较治疗前明显下降(P<0.01)。观察组步态周期和跨步时间较治疗前均明显降低(均P<0.05),步频、跨步长、步长及髋、膝关节的关节活动度和屈曲最大角度以及踝关节的关节活动度较治疗前均明显增加(P<0.05,0.01);观察组治疗前后较对照组比较,步频、步速、跨步长及步长均明显降低(均P<0.01),除了膝关节屈曲最大角度差异无统计学意义,其余髋、膝及踝关节各运动学参数均明显增加(均P<0.01)。结论:三维步态分析可以量化评定脑瘫患儿的下肢运动功能,能为患儿康复治疗方案的精确制订及疗效评估提供客观科学依据。