丝光绿蝇室内连续5代成虫产卵特征观察

目的　观察丝光绿蝇室内连续人工饲养的各代成虫产卵特征。　方法　将丝光绿蝇引入室内 ,采用人工配制的幼虫饲料在室内进行连续饲养 ,观察记录其室内第 1～ 5代成虫产卵结果。　结果　成虫第 1～ 5代产卵天数 (x± s)分别为 :5 .5 0± 0 .17,8.2 5± 0 .96 ,8.2 5± 0 .5 0 ,7.2 5± 1.5 0 ,8.5 0± 1.2 9;产卵次数分别为 :18.0 0± 1.41,2 7.75± 9.0 0 ,2 3.0 0± 8.12 ,2 3.5 0± 11.5 6 ,33.2 5± 12 .89;第 1、2、4、5代产卵指数分别为 :0 .36 0± 0 .0 18,0 .788± 0 .32 0 ,0 .6 42± 0 .2 91,0 .819± 0 .40 6。室内第 1代产卵天数少于第 2、3、5代 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,与第 4代无显著性差异 ,第 2～ 5代间产卵天数均无显著性差异 ;产卵次数及产卵指数室内第 1～ 5代间均无显著性差异。　结论　本次实验丝光绿蝇引入室内连续饲养的各代成虫产卵特征比较稳定。     

家蝇室内种群第55代产卵特性比较观察

[目的]观察家蝇室内种群第55代的产卵特性,并和第1代进行比较。[方法]观察家蝇室内种群第55代及第1代每天产卵数量、所产卵的孵化数量和未孵出数量,计算每天的孵化率,并进行分析比较。[结果]两代室内种群产卵高峰均出现在产卵期d 5,在产卵期前期产卵数量较多,孵化率高,后期产卵数量少,孵化率降低。第55代所产卵总数量(粒)为15 176.67±2 625.61,高于第1代(13 178.00±1 780.89);而总孵化率(×10-2)为93.96±0.19,显著低于第1代(96.14±0.84)。[结论]家蝇室内种群前期产卵力强,后期产卵力降低,转种宜在前期进行。家蝇经55代的室内驯化饲养,与第1代相比可能有了一定的退化。     

两组丝光绿蝇室内连续5代成虫形态观察比较

目的　观察比较两种饲料对丝光绿蝇室内连续饲养的各代成虫形态的影响。　方法　将丝光绿蝇引入室内 ,分成两组 ,即鱼粉组和麦麸组 ,分别采用两种幼虫饲料在室内进行连续饲养 ,分别随机测量两组室内第 1～ 5代成虫头宽 ,进行比较观察。　结果　成虫头宽经 t检验 ,组间比较 ,第 1、4、5代成虫头宽两组间雄性以及雌性均无显著性差异 ,第 2、3代鱼粉组成虫头宽显著性大于麦麸组 ;组内比较 ,两组内雄性以及雌性成虫头宽第 1代均显著性大于其第 2～ 5代。　结论　可能提示幼虫饲料添加鱼粉有利于丝光绿蝇的生长发育 ,将丝光绿蝇引入室内连续饲养 ,成虫形态有减小的趋势。     

糖对大头金蝇生殖力的影响

目的研究糖对大头金蝇生殖力的影响。方法大头金蝇成蝇按雌雄比1：1饲养，观察产卵数、雌雄虫死亡数。结果大头金蝇成蝇取食不同食物，其种群数量下降至50％所需时间：白砂糖86．0d，蔗糖81．5d，葡萄糖74．0d，麦芽糖74．5d，奶粉16．5d。雌蝇平均寿命依次分别为74．7、74．4、60．7、63．9和17．4d；产卵期分别为38．4、42．7、39．3、43．1和1．5d；平均产卵量分别为717．1、775．0、437．6、481．0和1．8粒。大头金蝇平均寿命、产卵期、平均产卵量最高水平均出现在饲喂白砂糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、麦芽糖者中，且与用奶粉饲养的大头金蝇间差异有统计学意义。不同糖类间差异无统计学意义，所有处理中大头金蝇雌雄平均寿命间均有差异，但不显著。结论糖能够提高大头金蝇成蝇生殖力。     

湖北省1990年蝇类监测结果分析

1990年蝇类监测结果表明,蝇类3月份开始出现,6～8月达高峰,11月份后逐渐消失.大头金蝇、丝光绿蝇、家蝇为优势蝇种,分别占42.73%、29.92%和10.78%.气温与蝇类种群数量呈正相关.居民区、食品加工厂以大头金蝇居多,家蝇、丝光绿蝇次之;饮食服务业、垃圾堆则以丝光绿蝇最多,大头金蝇次之;而肉类联合加工厂为大头金蝇占绝对优势,丝光绿蝇、市蝇次之.应根据不同时间和生境重点予以杀灭.     

2018年陕西口岸蝇类监测

目的掌握陕西咸阳机场口岸蝇类的种群分布,为口岸蝇类监测及防控提供科学依据。方法 2018年5-10月,每月在陕西咸阳机场口岸,采用笼诱法采集蝇类样本。结果监测共6天6次,捕获蝇类1 176只,经鉴定隶属于4科10属11种。优势种是棕尾别麻蝇、家蝇和丝光绿蝇。蝇类活动高峰出现在7～9月。结论掌握了陕西口岸蝇类构成,生活区和垃圾站是防治重点。     

武夷山口岸蝇类种群密度与季节消长情况调查

[目的]了解武夷山口岸蝇类种类、重要蝇种的种群密度与季节消长情况.[方法]选择武夷山机场及其周边3个自然村为观察点,采用笼诱法,每旬观察1次,以平均每次捕获蝇数计算种群密度(只/笼·日).[结果]本次调查其捕获各种蝇类13 929只,隶属6科32属51种;年平均密度48.36只/笼·日;大头金蝇为当地优势蝇种,占全部捕获蝇数的43.07%,其次为巨尾阿丽蝇、丝光绿蝇、家蝇,分别占15.16%、8.56%和8.08%.4～5月为当地蝇类活动高峰期,但不同蝇种的活动高峰期各异,大头金蝇的活动高峰期主要出现于4～10月;家蝇的高峰期分别出现于4月和10月;丝光绿蝇出现于4～9月,而巨尾阿丽蝇则于冬春季的1～4月为活动高峰.[结论]武夷山口岸及周围环境蝇类种类丰富,种群密度较高,环境整治是控制蝇类种群密度的根本措施.     

蜚蠊生态与控制

预防医学文献信息t995年7月第l卷第t期430 398黑胸大镰的生物学研究/夏克祥(中国科学院武汉病毒研究所).二//中国媒介生物学及控制杂志/中华预防医学会一1994.5(5)一334~339 1991~1992年在实验室条件下对黑胸大娜生物学进行了系统研究。黑胸大燎完成一个世代需324,93夭。成虫于4月下旬开始羽化.至8月下旬结束.高峰是5月下旬(舍)和7月上旬(早)。雌成虫于5月中旬开始产卵,至翌年1月下旬结束.高峰是7月下旬,产卵前期为15、l士O,74天.产卵期155·8士12.9天,产卵后期29.8士8.4天。每头雌成虫产卵鞘27一67士2 .27个,每个卵鞘含卵ZD.51士0.97粒。…     

武夷山口岸蝇类种群密度及季节消长观察

目的了解武夷山口岸蝇类的种群密度与季节消长规律。方法选择武夷山机场及其周边3个自然村为观察点,采用笼诱法,每旬观察1次,以每次平均捕蝇数计算蝇密度〔只/(日·笼)〕。结果本次调查共捕获各种蝇类13929只,隶属6科32属51种;平均密度48.4只/(日·笼);大头金蝇为当地优势蝇种,占全部捕蝇数的43.07%,其次为巨尾阿丽蝇、丝光绿蝇、家蝇,分别占15.16%、8.56%和8.08%。4～5月为当地蝇类活动高峰期,但不同蝇种的活动高峰期各异,大头金蝇主要出现于4～10月;家蝇的高峰期分别出现于4、10月份;丝光绿蝇出现于4～9月,而巨尾阿丽蝇则于冬春季的1～4月为活动高峰。结论武夷山口岸及其周围环境蝇类种群丰富,密度较高,环境治理是控制蝇密度的根本措施。     

2010-2011年汶川县病媒生物苍蝇密度监测

目的 5.12汶川特大地震后,通过对病媒生物苍蝇种群、密度及季节消长情况的监测,为汶川开展病媒生物防治提供科学依据.方法 采用诱蝇笼法,选择中心城区餐饮外环境2处,农贸集市1处,公园绿化带1处和居民区1处的垃圾回收点(桶)进行布放;2010-04/10,2011-03/11每月中旬监测1次.结果 2010年-2011年共开展苍蝇监测16次,布放诱蝇笼80个,捕获蝇类2039只,以丝光绿蝇和巨尾阿丽蝇为优势种,分别占捕获蝇类的44.87％和30.46％,不同生境中以绿化带密度最高,为67.47只/笼,其次是农贸市场,为19.45只/笼,6月和9月为蝇密度高峰.结论 2010-2011年汶川县地震后苍蝇种群结构以丝光绿蝇和巨尾阿丽蝇为优势种,全年蝇密度出现6和9月2个高峰,各种环境类型中以绿化带密度最高,是重点应该采取防控的环境类型.     

Fertility of male and female emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) as determined by spermatozoa trapped in eggs

Changes in the fertility status of 10 pairs of emus were investigated using egg break-out and numbers of sperm in the perivitelline membrane of the germinal disc (GD) region. After the sexes were separated, sperm in consecutive eggs declined approximately logarithmically at a mean (+/-SEM, n = 10 females) rate of -0.148 +/- 0.021 per log day. Sperm continued to be detected in eggs for 16.5 +/- 1.7 days during which 5.6 +/- 0.6 fertilized eggs were laid. Fertilized eggs that did not contain detectable sperm were laid by five females for a further 2.2 +/- 0.9 days. Based on break-out fertility, the fertile period continued for up to 18.7 +/- 2.1 days, for which the mean number of laid eggs was 6.3 +/- 0.8. An egg with a 50:50 chance of being fertilized would contain 3.5 sperm mm(-2) of GD. Based on the sperm decline model, an egg containing that many sperm would be laid 21 days after the last copulation. In emus that were not separated and allowed to incubate their eggs (n = 3 pairs), the number of sperm in eggs laid before and during incubation declined in a manner similar to that after the last copulation and egg-laying stopped after the females had laid 3.3 +/- 0.3 eggs. After incubation was terminated, females resumed laying within 8.3 +/- 1.2 days and the number of sperm in eggs gradually increased but it did not return to pre-incubation levels. In non-incubating emus (three pairs), the number of sperm in eggs declined as laying progressed, although lit was higher during the period when the first seven eggs were laid than during the period when the rest of eggs were laid (214 +/- 39 v.100 +/- 16 sperm mm(-2) of GD). Sperm numbers varied between successive eggs but a sharp increase followed by a decrease acted as an indicator of recent copulation. There were 8.7 +/- 0.3 such increases per laying period (one per 2.8 +/- 0.2 eggs), a frequency that suggests that emus copulate once weekly. In conclusion, as long as a female emu is supplied with sperm on a weekly basis, she will be fertile but, when copulations stop, she will stop laying soon after. Male fertility appears to fall towards the end of the laying season and it can be affected by egg incubation at any time of the season.     

Parity of Ochlerotatus scapularis in laboratory and field conditions

OBJECTIVE: To identify the parity status of Ochlerotatus scapularis females in laboratory and field conditions. METHODS: Field collections were carried out fortnightly using a hand-held aspirator in Vale do Ribeira, Southeastern Brazil, from April 2003 to March 2004. In laboratory, 100 Ochlerotatus scapularis F1 females were obtained and followed up individually, reporting the number of blood meals, the length of gonotrophic cycle, survival and number of eggs laid. The parity status and ovarian development were observed through ovarian dissection of 90 field females for each collection and all females reared in laboratory. RESULTS: The parity status diagnoses of the 100 females reared in laboratory and dissected agreed with 55% of the oviposition data, and it was underestimated in 37% and overestimated in 2%. Also in the laboratory, 106 gonotrophic cycles were completed, around 55% of females needed more than one blood meal before laying eggs. In laboratory conditions the species survival was 26 days. A total of 1,180 field females of Ochlerotatus scapularis were dissected: 418 (35.4%) nulliparous, 655 (55.5%) uniparous, 46 (3.9%) biparous and 61 (5.2%) could not be evaluated. Ninety field females were found in Christophers and Mer's phase III-V. CONCLUSIONS: The gonotrophic discordance hypothesis could be confirmed based on field and laboratory observations of Ochlerotarus scapularis females.     

Time of day that Aedes sierrensis females enter oviposition sites prior to laying eggs

An ovitrap with a time-segregated entrance was used to separate eggs laid by Aedes sierrensis females according to the time of day that females entered the ovitrap. During a 37-day period in Lake County, CA, females that entered the ovitrap between sunrise and sunset laid 82% of the total number of eggs collected. A daily peak in oviposition (eggs per hour) was produced by females that entered during the 2-h period ending at sunset. Overall, females that oviposited had entered the ovitrap throughout the diel cycle except for a 2-h period ending at sunrise. Those eggs laid by females that entered the ovitrap between 2 h after sunset and 2 h before sunrise provided the 1st evidence that Ae. sierrensis females are capable of locating oviposition sites during the night.     

Laboratory breeding of the European rabbit flea, Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale).

A method is described for the laboratory breeding of the rabbit flea in which the immature stages are reared at constant temperature and humidity. Eggs are obtained by confining fleas taken from a rabbit and her nest shortly after parturition with two of her nestlings in an incubator for 24 h. The eggs are transferred to an artificial diet medium on which the immature stages are reared. On average a female flea produces 50 eggs during the first six days post-partum. At 25 degrees C, 95% of eggs hatched at 79% RH and 98% at 84% RH. Most eggs hatched on the third day after laying and hatching was completed by the fourth day. Significantly more fleas of both sexes were obtained when larvae were reared at 25 degrees C on a medium containing powdered 41B rodent diet than on one containing terrier meal. Both diets also contained yeast and dried rabbit blood. There was no significant difference between the numbers of fleas obtained at 79% RH and 84% RH. Significantly more fleas were also obtained when larvae were reared at 27 degrees C, 84% RH, than at 25 degrees C. Female fleas emerged sooner than males at both 27 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Fleas from the laboratory culture were heavier than those from wild nests. Female fleas were heavier than male fleas in both cases.     

某抗震救灾医疗队伤病员救治回顾性分析

目的：对抗震救灾医疗队伤病员救治工作量进行回顾性分析,分析比较医疗队工作模式。方法：选取灾难发生后前7天和第8天至1个月各医疗队的门急诊人次,收治人数,手术例数,清创数,石膏复位固定数,后送人数,出院人数,按照医疗队人数计算平均值,并进行比较。结果：依托灾区当地医院联合开展救治工作的医疗队工作量要高于独立开展工作的医疗队。结论：抗震救灾医疗队工作量与工作模式有关。最能发挥军医大学医疗队救治作用的方式应该是机动到灾区当地或临近县市,依托驻地医院的医疗资源开展救治。     

Effects of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons and related contaminants on common tern reproduction: Integration of biological, biochemical, and chemical data

In eight Dutch or Belgian common tern (Sterna hirundo) colonies, breeding biology and food choice were determined, and 15 second eggs were collected from three-egg clutches for artificial incubation, biochemical analysis and analysis of yolk-sac polyhalogenated hydrocarbon (PHAH) levels. Results from these analyses were combined with biological data from the eggs remaining in each clutch. In some breeding colonies severe flooding, rainy and cold weather, and extreme predation caused extensive losses of eggs and chicks. A relationship was found between yolksac mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyl (mo-PCB) levels and main food species (fish or insects) of the adult terns before egg-laying. Colony average breeding data differed only slightly, and were difficult to relate to PHAH-levels. When the colonies were grouped after yolksac PHAH-patterns and main food species, significant differences in average egg laying date, incubation period, egg volume and chick weight could be related to differences in yolksac PHAH and retinoid levels, and hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity. The data from all colonies also were combined into one data-set and correlated with the biochemical parameters and PHAH levels. In summary higher yolksac PHAH levels or hepatic EROD-activity correlated with and later egg laying, prolonged incubation period and smaller eggs and chicks. Lower yolksac retinoid- and plasma thyroid hormone levels, and a higher ratio of plasma retinol over yolksac retinoids correlated with later egg laying, prolonged incubation periods and smaller chicks and eggs.The dynamic environment of the terns had more obvious detrimental effects on breeding success than PHAHs. However, the more subtle effects observed for PHAHs could still be of importance during specific stress circumstances. To monitor site-specific reproduction effects, tree-nesting birds feeding on relatively big and non-migrating fishes would be most suitable. The use of specific biomarkers for exposure and effect is recommended to establish a causal relationship between a certain class of pollutants and an adverse biological effect.     

Fertility and content of cadmium in pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) following cadmium intake in drinking water

In this study, the effects of cadmium applied per os on fertility, live weight of newly hatched chicks, and cadmium concentrations in some organs of young and adult pheasants were investigated. The metal was applied at the concentration of 1.5 mg Cd(2+)/L during 3 months. After the egg laying, the numbers of eggs laid, cracked, and unfertilized were determined and the live weights of newly hatched chicks were measured. The cadmium concentrations in liver, kidney, and muscle (m. pectoralis) of young and adult pheasants were analyzed. We found that cadmium exposure of the adults did not affect the number of eggs laid but resulted in more eggs being damaged. Hatchlings were significantly heavier in the cadmium-treated group (21.36 +/- 2.28 g) compared to the control group (20.91 +/- 1.97 g) 4 weeks after the cadmium intake. Higher cadmium concentrations were observed in the muscle and kidney tissue of newly hatched pheasants after 4 weeks compared to the cadmium-exposed groups after 8 and 12 weeks. The cadmium concentrations in kidneys and liver increased significantly in adult pheasants. The metal had accumulated especially in kidneys of the adult pheasants and reached levels up to 9.64 mg/kg wet weight 3 months after the daily cadmium intake in drinking water. The concentration in liver of the adults was 3.53 mg/kg wet weight.     

Effects of agricultural runoff on native amphibians in the Lower Fraser River Valley, British Columbia, Canada

Hatching success, deformity rates, and survivorship of northern red-legged frogs (Rana aurora) and northwestern salamanders (Ambystoma gracile) were assessed at three agricultural and three reference sites in the Sumas Prairie, British Columbia, Canada. In 1997 and 1998, eggs of both species and eggs of R. aurora, respectively, were placed in Nytex mesh cages (Irwindale, CA, USA) in roadside ditches at each site. Concurrently in 1997, eggs of R. aurora were reared in the laboratory but were exposed to water samples from each of the study sites. Hatching success was significantly lower at all agricultural sites compared to the reference sites for both species. However, no differences were observed in hatching success among sites for eggs of R. aurora reared in the laboratory. Water chemistry differed among all sites, but the largest differences were between reference and agricultural sites. Ammonia (maximum of 1.27 mg/L), total phosphate (maximum of 8.14 mg/L), and biological oxygen demand (maximum of 79.00 mg/L) were high at some of the agricultural sites during the development period. Results suggest that agricultural runoff may contribute to lower reproductive success and ultimately to reduced population viability of amphibian populations in the Lower Fraser Valley (BC, Canada).     

Biology of Biomphalaria occidentalis Paraense, 1981 and Biomphalaria tenagophila (d'Orbigny, 1835), in laboratory conditions]

Specimens of Biomphalaria occidentialis and Biomphalaria tenagophila were reared in S. Paulo, Brazil under laboratory conditions, with a view to know their biological characteristics. Oviposition and eggs/oviposition ratio were recorded over twelve months so as to obtain information on the number of egg-masses per animal and the number of eggs per egg-mass, as also the number of hatched eggs per egg-mass for each period of 30 days, i.e., the hatching-rate per period. The incubation period was about the same for both species, but the oviposition and egg oviposition ratio were greater in B. tenagophila.