Pen and field trials of a new anticoagulant rodenticide flocoumafen against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.).

The efficacy of flocoumafen, a novel anticoagulant rodenticide, was evaluated in feeding tests on confined and free-living populations of house mice (Mus musculus L.). In four pen trials, family groups of laboratory-reared wild mice were conditioned to feeding on plain foods and then offered flocoumafen at 0.005% in pinhead oatmeal bait. All 68 mice, comprising juvenile and adult animals, died within 10 days. Ten field trials were carried out, using the same formulated poison bait, against mice infesting farm buildings. Mean treatment success, estimated from live-capture and mortality data, ranged between 87.1 and 100%. The performance of flocoumafen is compared with that of difenacoum, bromadiolone and brodifacoum used at the same concentration in oatmeal bait. Flocoumafen gave an equally effective but quicker kill of mice. It is concluded that flocoumafen is a promising new rodenticide for the control of M. musculus.     

Trials of the anticoagulant rodenticides bromadiolone and difenacoum against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.).

Laboratory and field trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of the anticoagulant rodenticide bromadiolone against the house mouse (Mus musculus). In laboratory feeding tests, family groups of warfarin-resistant mice maintained in pens and conditioned to feeding on plain foods were offered pinhead oatmeal bait containing bromadiolone at 0.005%. Overall mortality in replicated 21-day poison treatments was 55/58 or 94.8%. Six field trials were carried out, using the same poison bait, against mice infesting farm buildings. Treatment success, estimated from the results of census baitings conducted before and after treatment, ranged between 60.4% and 100%, mean 92.4%. In equivalent field trials using difenacoum, another newly developed anticoagulant rodenticide, the control achieved ranged between 70.2% and 100%, mean 96.0%. Five field trials, three involving bromadiolone and two difenacoum, were not completely successful and the surviving mice were removed for laboratory examination. In 21-day toxicity tests, each animal was fed the poison bait offered to it earlier in the field. Bromadiolone and difenacoum gave kills of 12/21 (57.1%) and 9/11 (81.8%) respectively. The possible emergence of mouse populations resistant to these anticoagulants is considered.     

Pen and field trials of flupropadine against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.).

Laboratory and field trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of the candidate rodenticide flupropadine against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.). In laboratory feeding tests, family groups of wild mice maintained in pens and conditioned to feeding on plain foods were offered flupropadine at either 0.10%, 0.15%, 0.18% or 0.20% in pinhead oatmeal bait. Overall mortalities in replicated 21-day treatments were 66/71 (93.0%), 71/79 (89.9%), 72/76 (94.7%) and 69/75 (92.0%) respectively. In 17 field trials carried out against mice infesting farm buildings, flupropadine was used at 0.10%, 0.15% and 0.18% in oatmeal bait. Mean treatment success, estimated from live-capture and mortality data, was 88.6%, 96.2% and 96.6% respectively. Flupropadine was found to be as near effective against mice as calciferol/warfarin and the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides difenacoum, bromadiolone and brodifacoum. In further comparison with the anticoagulants, treatment with flupropadine bait achieved markedly quicker control.     

Pen and field trials of flupropadine against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.)

Laboratory and field trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of the candidate rodenticide flupropadine against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.). In laboratory feeding tests, family groups of wild mice maintained in pens and conditioned to feeding on plain foods were offered flupropadine at either 0.10%, 0.15%, 0.18% or 0.20% in pinhead oatmeal bait. Overall mortalities in replicated 21-day treatments were 66/71 (93.0%), 71/79 (89.9%), 72/76 (94.7%) and 69/75 (92.0%) respectively. In 17 field trials carried out against mice infesting farm buildings, flupropadine was used at 0.10%, 0.15% and 0.18% in oatmeal bait. Mean treatment success, estimated from live-capture and mortality data, was 88.6%, 96.2% and 96.6% respectively. Flupropadine was found to be as near effective against mice as calciferol/warfarin and the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides difenacoum, bromadiolone and brodifacoum. In further comparison with the anticoagulants, treatment with flupropadine bait achieved markedly quicker control.     

Trials of the rodenticide pyriminil against wild house mice (Mus musculus L.).

Pen field trials were conducted to assess the performance of the acute rodenticide pyriminil against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.). Four types of poison treatment were carried out using penned family groups of warfarin-resistant mice supplied with alternative plain foods. In each treatment pyriminil was included at 2% in a wholemeal flour/pinhead oatmeal/corn oil bait. Mortality was highest (46/54; 85.2%) when poison bait was offered for 4 days following 3 days of pre-baiting. The same pre-baiting and poisoning technique was adopted in five field trials carried out against mice infesting farm buildings. The efficacy of each poison treatment was estimated from the results of pre- and post-treatment census baitings; treatment success ranged between 53.7% and 96.7%, mean 80.5%. It is concluded that pyriminil treatments are best carried out after a period of pre-baiting and that when pyriminil is used in this manner it is about as effective as zinc phosphide for the control of mice.     

Trials of the rodenticide pyriminil against wild house mice (Mus musculus L.)

Pen field trials were conducted to assess the performance of the acute rodenticide pyriminil against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.). Four types of poison treatment were carried out using penned family groups of warfarin-resistant mice supplied with alternative plain foods. In each treatment pyriminil was included at 2% in a wholemeal flour/pinhead oatmeal/corn oil bait. Mortality was highest (46/54; 85.2%) when poison bait was offered for 4 days following 3 days of pre-baiting. The same pre-baiting and poisoning technique was adopted in five field trials carried out against mice infesting farm buildings. The efficacy of each poison treatment was estimated from the results of pre- and post-treatment census baitings; treatment success ranged between 53.7% and 96.7%, mean 80.5%. It is concluded that pyriminil treatments are best carried out after a period of pre-baiting and that when pyriminil is used in this manner it is about as effective as zinc phosphide for the control of mice.     

Field trials of the rodenticide gophacide against wild house mice (Mus musculus L.).

The acute rodenticide gophacide was tested against urban infestations of the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) and treatment success was assessed from the results of census baitings conducted before and after each treatment. Seven of eight populations of mice living in premises where alternative food supplies were limited were successfully controlled when medium oatmeal bait containing gophacide at 0.1% was laid directly for 4 days. In further treatments against mice inhabiting more complex environments and having greater access to other foods, the performance of gophacide at 0.1% and at 0.25% in a wholemeal flour/pinhead oatmeal/corn oil bait was compared with that of zinc phosphide at 3.0% in the same bait-base. The poison treatments were conducted for 1 or 4 days and always after 3 days pre-baiting. Treatment success varied considerably irrespective of the type of treatment or of the poison used. In general, however, gophacide proved to be as effective as zinc phosphide for the control of mice.     

Trials of the anticoagulant rodenticide WBA 8119 against confined colonies of warfarin-resistant house mice (Mus musculus L.).

The efficacy of the newly developed anticoagulant rodenticide WBA 8119 was evaluated against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) using individual and family groups of warfarin-resistant animals. WBA 8119 at 0-002%, 0-005% and 0-01% in pinhead oatmeal bait gave complete kills of mice in 'no-choice' feeding tests carried out in cages and small pens. In replicated 21-day treatments on families of mice confined in larger pens conditioned to feeding on plain foods, the overall mortalities obtained using the three formulated poison baits were 71/72, 62/63 and 57/57 respectively. The results of the WBA 8119 toxicity tests are considered in relation to previous findings on other anticoagulant rodenticides, particularly difenacoum. In equivalents tests, WBA 8119 performed better than difenacoum. The data thus suport the laboratory findings that WBA 8119 is the most active anticoagulant so far tested for the control of warfarin-resistant house mice.     

The susceptibility of Rattus rattus and Bandicota bengalensis to a new anticoagulant rodenticide, flocoumafen

The anticoagulant rodenticide flocoumafen was evaluated against Rattus rattus and Bandicota bengalensis. In no-choice 24 h feeding tests 100% mortality occurred at 0.00125% concentration of the poison in the bait in the case of B. bengalensis and at 0.00375% in R. rattus. Feeding of 0.0025% poison bait in 1-day, no-choice and 2-day choice tests resulted in 60% and 75% mortality of R. rattus, respectively, and 100% of B. bengalensis. The differences between the consumption of plain food in the pretreatment period and of poison bait in no-choice tests were non-significant, except in one case. The rodents consumed significantly more (P less than 0.01) poison bait than the plain alternative in the choice trials. Median period of survival and its 95% confidence limits of R. rattus and B. bengalensis, at the 100% mortality dose levels of the poison, were 6.3 (5.04-7.88) and 6.2 (4.92-7.81) days respectively.     

The susceptibility of Rattus rattus and Bandicota bengalensis to a new anticoagulant rodenticide, flocoumafen.

The anticoagulant rodenticide flocoumafen was evaluated against Rattus rattus and Bandicota bengalensis. In no-choice 24 h feeding tests 100% mortality occurred at 0.00125% concentration of the poison in the bait in the case of B. bengalensis and at 0.00375% in R. rattus. Feeding of 0.0025% poison bait in 1-day, no-choice and 2-day choice tests resulted in 60% and 75% mortality of R. rattus, respectively, and 100% of B. bengalensis. The differences between the consumption of plain food in the pretreatment period and of poison bait in no-choice tests were non-significant, except in one case. The rodents consumed significantly more (P less than 0.01) poison bait than the plain alternative in the choice trials. Median period of survival and its 95% confidence limits of R. rattus and B. bengalensis, at the 100% mortality dose levels of the poison, were 6.3 (5.04-7.88) and 6.2 (4.92-7.81) days respectively.     

Field trials of brodifacoum (WBA 8119) against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.).

The anticoagulant rodenticide brodifacoum was tested against house mice (Mus musculus L.) infesting farm buildings. In six trials, treatment success was assessed from the results of census baitings conducted before and after treatment. With 0.005% brodifacoum in canary seed/corn oil bait, the control achieved ranged between 92.7% and 100%, mean 98.8%. Two mouse populations were eradicated in 3 to 4 weeks but a few individuals survived each of the other four treatments which lasted 6 weeks. The effectiveness of brodifacoum against mice is compared with that of 0.1% calciferol and 0.025% warfarin in combination. It is concluded that brodifacoum and calciferol warfarin are equally effective in controlling M. musculus but that brodifacoum treatments need to be conducted for a relatively longer period.     

Laboratory evaluation of gophacide as a rodenticide for use against Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus.

Laboratory tests were carried out to assess the efficacy of gophacide as a rodenticide against the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the house mouse (Mus musculus). Results of feeding tests with wild animals suggest that the compound would be more useful against mice than rats, and that 0.3% would be a near optimal concentration for field trials for both species. The hazards of using gophacide as a rodenticide are discussed.     

Field trials of flocoumafen against warfarin-resistant infestations of the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus Berk.).

The anticoagulant rodenticide flocoumafen was tested against warfarin-resistant Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus Berk.) infesting farm buildings. Complete control was obtained in 10-21 days (mean 14.2 days) in six treatments in which baits poisoned with 0.005% flocoumafen were maintained, in surplus, until rats ceased to feed from them. A further six treatments, in which the application of poisoned bait was restricted to periodic placements of 50 g, were also completely successful in 15-30 days (mean 21.0 days). Less poisoned bait was used in the restricted flocoumafen treatments than in the unrestricted treatments but the time taken to control the rat infestations was significantly longer.     

Field trials of flocoumafen against warfarin-resistant infestations of the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus Berk.)

The anticoagulant rodenticide flocoumafen was tested against warfarin-resistant Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus Berk.) infesting farm buildings. Complete control was obtained in 10-21 days (mean 14.2 days) in six treatments in which baits poisoned with 0.005% flocoumafen were maintained, in surplus, until rats ceased to feed from them. A further six treatments, in which the application of poisoned bait was restricted to periodic placements of 50 g, were also completely successful in 15-30 days (mean 21.0 days). Less poisoned bait was used in the restricted flocoumafen treatments than in the unrestricted treatments but the time taken to control the rat infestations was significantly longer.     

特殊环境杀它仗灭鼠实验研究

目的：验证杀它仗在特殊环境的灭鼠效果，探索适当的应用技术。方法：常规灭鼠试验方法。以鼠迹法测定鼠密度，据此计算灭效。结果：特殊环境杀它仗灭鼠试验分３个阶段：第１阶段用杀它仗蜡块、切麦等成品毒饵，在医院、饭店、养鸡场分别取得８７．７４％、９１．３９％、８６．６７％的灭效；第２阶段用杀它仗母粉临时配制的毒水及水果、面包渣、玉米面等毒饵，医院、饭店的灭效进一步提高到９８．８２％、９８．０７％。第３阶段在医院、饭店采取环境改造、改善卫生状况、防鼠等措施，灭效分别达到１００％、９９．１４％。４个月后跟踪调查，医院、饭店、养鸡场的鼠密度分别回升到０．３８％、０．８５％、１３．８９％。养鸡场由于缺少第２、３阶段，４个月后鼠害已非常严重。结论：杀它仗对鼠类有良好的适口性，在特殊环境灭鼠效果良好；采取环境治理与防鼠等配套措施，可增强灭效，延缓鼠类种群的恢复。     

新型灭鼠剂实验室灭鼠效果观察

目的　研究测试一种新型灭鼠剂对昆明小鼠和SD大鼠的杀灭效果、适口性及拒食性。方法　分别采用连续饲喂、选择饲喂、间隔不同时间饲喂毒饵的方法对昆明小鼠、SD大鼠进行致死性、适口性、拒食性试验。结果　该杀鼠剂 10d内对昆明小鼠、SD大鼠的致死率分别为 80 .0 0 %、10 0 % ;前者对毒饵的摄食系数为 1.1,后者为 0 .2 3。间隔 1d再饲喂毒饵时昆明小鼠对毒饵的消耗量增加雌性为 3 .96% ,雄性为 0 .69% ;SD大鼠的消耗量增加雌性为 2 5 .71% ,雄性为6.40 %。结论　该灭鼠剂对大鼠和小鼠有较好的致死效果 ,对大鼠的灭效优于小鼠 ;其适口性小鼠优于大鼠 ;间隔 1d再饲喂毒饵时无拒食性。     

抗凝血杀鼠剂双甲敌鼠胺盐的药效试验观察

笔者应用双甲敌鼠胺盐（杀鼠新），以灌胃法进行小白鼠急性口服毒力测定，雄鼠ＬＤ５０为５８．８０ｍｇ／ｋｇ．。雌鼠为４８．３７ｍｇ／ｋｇ。以玉米糁做诱饵，小白鼠对０．０５％和０．００５％杀鼠新诱饵的适口性均良好；与无毒饵比较。０．０５％毒饵的摄食系数为０．７４，０．００５％毒饵为０．８４；０．０５％杀鼠新毒饵相同浓度敌鼠钠相比，摄食系数是１．０４。选用０．０５％杀鼠新玉米糁毒饵，在浓阳市郊某牛奶场进行     

Laboratory evaluation of WBA 8119 as a rodenticide for use against warfarin-resistant and non-resistant rats and mice.

Feeding tests were carried out in the laboratory to evaluate WBA 8119 as a potential new rodenticide against wild common rats (Rattus norvegicus), ship rats (R. rattus) and house mice (Mus musculus). The results obtained are compared with data previously obtained for difenacoum, another member of the same series of 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulants. With warfarin-resistnat and non-resistant common rats, complete kills were obtained using a concentration of 0-0005% for 2 days, or 0-001% for 1 day: a 1-day test at 0-0005% killed 6 out of 10 and 17 out of 20 of the two types respectively. At 0-0005% complete kills of resistant ship rats were obtained after 2 days exposure and of resistant house mice after 1 day, but at 0-002% for 2 days there was some survival. Non-resistant ship rats and house mice were all killed after 2 days feeding on 0-002% bait. In 2-day palatability tests, R. norvegicus showed no significant aversion to the poison at 0-002% and 100% mortality was obtained. The poison was significantly unpalatable to R. rattus at 0-005% and to M. musculus at 0-005% and 0-002%, although with the last species these concentrations gave complete kills. It is concluded that WBA 8119 has greater activity than other known anticoagulants against the three commensal species examined. The laboratory results suggest that concentrations between 0-0005% and 0-002% would be suitable for field use against common rats, and between 0-002% and 0-005% for ship rats and house mice.     

析因设计在灭鼠毒饵诱饵组合筛选中的应用

目的：利用析因设计进行现场有选择性摄食试验,组合筛选灭鼠毒饵,以提高毒饵的接受性,并评价价优选毒饵的灭鼠效果。方法：将食糖、花生油、食盐和鱼粉取2－3种浓度全面组合后制备成36种0．005％溴敌隆颗粒试验毒饵,与对照毒饵一起在现场进行有选择性摄食试验,运用SPLM中文统计软件处理数据,优选配方,并利用优选配方毒饵和对照毒饵进行现场灭鼠效果试验。结果：第13号试验毒饵为优选毒饵,摄食系数为1．94,对照毒饵的摄食系数为0．54。鱼粉的添加不但降低了毒饵的接受性,而且与食盐间有交互作用。各诱饵间无二级交互作用。现场灭鼠试验,优选毒饵的灭鼠率为97．1％,对照毒饵为70．0％。结论：应用析因设计组合筛选灭鼠毒饵,方法可行;优选毒饵现场灭鼠效果好。     

Laboratory evaluation of difenacoum as a rodenticide.

The efficacy of difenacoum as a new anticoagulant rodenticide was evaluated by blood coagulation studies and laboratory feeding tests using warfarin-resistant and non-resistant common rats (Rattus norvegicus), ship rats (R. rattus) and house mice (Mus musculus). Prothrombin assays indicated that the compound had as marked an activity with warfarin-resistant common rats as coumatetralyl had with non-resistant animals. Feeding tests confirmed that 0-005% would be a near-optimal concentration for field use, although there was some evidence of unpalatability. Results with ship rats and house mice were less favourable. Trials with enclosed colonies of warfarin-resistant mice confirmed the laboratory finding that although difenacoum was more effective than all other currently used anticoagulants, it was unlikely to give complete control. It is concluded that difenacoum is a valuable new rodenticide, especiaaly for controlling warfarin-resistant common rats.