农村饮用水和环境卫生的影响因素分析

目的了解农村饮用水和环境卫生的影响因素,为改善农村饮用水和环境卫生状况提供依据。方法根据2006—2007年"中国农村饮用水与环境卫生现状调查"的数据选取集中式供水覆盖率和卫生厕所普及率代表农村饮用水和环境卫生的水平,采用卡方趋势性检验,将可能的影响因素(家庭年收入、户主文化程度和家庭住房面积)划分等级,分别计算不同等级的集中式供水覆盖率和卫生厕所普及率,分析趋势性变化。结果随着家庭年收入、户主文化程度、住房面积的提高,无论是集中式供水覆盖率还是卫生厕所普及率均呈上升趋势(P<0.01)。结论经济文化条件与农村饮用水和环境卫生密切相关,对其有正向影响作用。     

赣州市农村饮用水与介水传染病相关性分析

目的分析江西省赣州市农村饮用水水质状况、介水传染病发病情况以及两者之间的相关性。方法 2011—2014年,按照分层随机原则每年选择6~11个县开展农村饮用水卫生调查与监测,通过传染病报告信息系统收集同期监测地区介水传染病数据,采用Spearman秩相关分析水质与介水传染病之间的相关性。结果 2011—2014年,农村饮用水水质合格率为25.07%,枯、丰水期合格率分别为25.83%、24.31%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.777,P0.05);出厂水、末梢水合格率分别为26.66%、23.55%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.456,P0.05)。总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群超标率分别为66.05%、59.22%。介水传染病中其它感染性腹泻病、细菌性痢疾、伤寒、甲肝、阿米巴性痢疾、副伤寒病例数分别占83.71%、15.08%、0.54%、0.45%、0.19%、0.04%。菌落总数超标率与其它感染性腹泻确诊病例发病率相关性有统计学意义(rs=0.422,P0.05)。结论本次调查的赣州农村以分散式供水方式为主,多数集中式供水厂工艺简易;农村饮用水水质合格率较低,主要是因为微生物指标超标;介水传染病以其它感染性腹泻居多,其次是细菌性痢疾,水微生物指标超标率与其它感染性腹泻确诊病例发病率呈正相关。     

成都市农村集中式供水水质与介水传染病发病现况及相关性分析

目的通过了解成都市农村集中式供水水质状况和介水传染病发病情况对二者进行相关性分析,探讨影响成都市农村居民饮水健康的主要问题。方法描述2010-2016年农村集中式供水水质状况和介水传染病发病情况,对二者进行相关分析。结果 2010-2016年,监测水样总合格率基本呈逐年上升趋势,枯水期合格率较丰水期高,不合格指标以总大肠菌群、氯酸盐、浑浊度、二氧化氯和游离余氯为主;与饮用水有直接或间接关系的5种介水传染病中,发病率由高到低依次为其他感染性腹泻、细菌及阿米巴性痢疾、甲肝、伤寒和副伤寒,近7年无霍乱病例报告;其他感染性腹泻与水样总合格率有负相关,甲肝、细菌及阿米巴性痢疾与水样微生物指标合格率有负相关,以及其他感染性腹泻与水样消毒剂余量指标合格率有负相关,水样微生物指标合格率、水样消毒剂余量合格率都和水样总合格率有正相关,而水样消毒剂余量合格率和水样微生物指标合格率之间也有正相关。结论成都市农村集中式供水水质良好,介水传染病维持在较低水平可控状态,目前成都市农村集中式供水面临的首要问题是微生物指标超标。要进一步降低介水传染病发病率,提高水质微生物合格率是关键切入点,建议政府、环保和供水单位等相关部门在合理选择并做好水源地防护工作的同时,重视制水安全、完善制水工艺、确保制水关键环节专人专岗以及水厂水质检测工作落实到位。     

广西农村家庭饮用水与环境卫生的影响因素分析

目的 了解广西农村家庭饮用水与环境卫生的影响因素,为进一步改善农村饮用水与环境卫生状况提供依据.方法 选取代表农村家庭饮用水与环境卫生水平的集中式供水覆盖率、卫生厕所普及率、喝生水率、垃圾随意堆放率和污水随意排放率等指标,与家庭户主年龄、文化程度、家庭收入、住房面积等因素进行卡方趋势性检验,分析各因素对广西农村饮用水与环境卫生的影响趋势.结果 随着农村家庭户主文化水平的提高,无论是集中式供水覆盖率,还是卫生厕所普及率均呈现上升趋势,而饮生水率则随着户主文化水平的提高呈现下降趋势;随着家庭年收入的增加,卫生厕所普及率呈现上升趋势,垃圾随意堆放率和污水随意排放率呈现下降趋势,而对集中式供水覆盖率没有影响;家庭住房面积对提高卫生厕所普及率有影响,而对集中式供水覆盖率则没有影响;随着户主年龄的年轻化,集中式供水覆盖率呈现上升趋势,而对卫生厕所普及率等则没有影响.结论 农村家庭经济文化条件与其饮用水和环境卫生密切相关,尤其是文化水平对其正向影响作用明显.     

农村饮用水水质监测与水性疾病调查

为加强农村乡镇集中式供水卫生管理,强化饮用水的消毒和水源防护意识,提高改水预防介水传染病的成效,于１９９６年至１９９７年间,对全县不同类型饮用水水质与介水传染病发病情况进行了专题调查研究。１材料与方法１．１饮用水水质监测按调查方案要求,对全县１６个乡镇（包括县城水厂）集中式供水单位的水源水（出厂水、末梢水每年定点监测４次,并选择１６个分散式饮用水每年定点监测４次。１．２水样采集和检验方法按ＧＢ５７５０－１９８５《生活饮用水标准检验方法》要求进行。１．３水性疾病调查按调查方案要求,收集１９９６年、…     

湖南省农村改水社会效益分析

本文采用社会效益指标化、数据化的分析方法,对农村改水的社会效益进行了分析,结果表明:农村改水在降低介水传播肠道传染病的发病率,保护劳动生产力,解决农村居民生活饮用水取水困难,改善农民居民生活饮用水质量,改变农村环境卫生面貌等方面具有重要作用。     

2005-2009年句容市生活饮用水水质监测结果分析

目的了解句容市城区和农村生活饮用水水质卫生状况,针对存在的问题提出改进建议。方法对全市所有城区和农村集中式供水的源水、出厂水、管网末梢水选定采样点,定期采样按国家标准进行检测与评价。结果所监测的源水均达地表水Ⅲ类以上标准,出厂水、管网末梢水的合格率分别为35.36%、27.51%。市政供水合格率高于乡镇供水合格率。结论句容市虽集中式供水覆盖率达95.78%,但农村的水质合格率一直较低,浑浊度、耗氧量和总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、菌落总数是影响农村生活饮用水合格率的主要因素。建议加强农村集中式供水的制水规范、卫生管理和水质消毒,保证饮用水安全。     

农村集中式供水末梢水浊度分析

目的探讨农村集中式供水管网末梢水的浊度水平以及浊度对微生物等其他水质指标的影响,为水浊度的控制措施提供依据。方法对来源于2006年全国农村生活饮用水与环境卫生调查现状调查的农村集中式供水水质浊度的数据进行描述性和相关性分析。结果农村集中式管网浊度平均水平在3NTU左右,不同水源类型、水处理工艺的水厂管网末梢水浊度水平存在差异,以地面水为水源的水厂末梢水浊度高于以地下水为水源的水厂,浊度与细菌总数、总铁存在正相关关系。结论浊度是农村集中式供水工艺控制中的一个重要的参数,其水平受多种因素影响,同时对消毒效果有影响。     

通化市农村2008年集中式供水水质卫生现状调查

为了解通化市农村集中式供水水质卫生现状，预防和控制介水传染病，笔者按照《全国农村饮用水水质卫生监测技术方案》的要求，于2008年对通化市部分农村集中式供水水质卫生现状进行了调查。     

启东市乡村饮用水卫生现状与思考

饮用水卫生与居民的生命和健康密切相关。启东是农村改水先进县 ,深井自来水覆盖率达 98%以上。但是 ,近年来乡村不断发生供水管网中污染事故 ,我们对此进行了调查分析。1　改水背景启东市乡村传统的饮水水源为浅井水 ,不经消毒直接饮用 ,水源中细菌无法计数 ,尤其浅井水中氨氮、亚硝酸盐显著高于其他水源。全市一直是介水传染病高发区 ,仅感染性腹泻年发病率即达 8.70 / 10万 ,80年代肝癌发病率达 70 / 10万。 1979年农村开始改水 ,到 1989年深井自来水覆盖率已达 90 %。目前 ,作为农村饮用水源的深井有 2 5 2口 ,年供水量在 2 2 0 0万吨以…     

饮用水常规指示菌与介水传染病相关性研究

目的研究GB 5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》中常规监测指示菌与介水传染病之间的相关性。方法从公共卫生科学数据中心获取2014年全国介水传染病发病数据和饮用水常规指示菌监测数据;采用主成分分析对全国22个省市常规指示菌合格率作排名和分级;对常规指示菌与介水传染病及常规指示菌间的相关性采用Spearman偏相关分析。结果在22个省市饮用水常规指示菌合格率分级中,黑龙江省、江苏省、北京市和河北省等级较高。枯水期间除总大肠菌群水平与副伤寒发病率呈正相关(P0.05)外,其他指示菌与疾病之间均无显著相关性;4种常规指示菌间均两两呈正相关(P0.05)。丰水期间除总大肠菌群水平与伤寒、副伤寒发病率呈正相关(P0.05)外,其他指示菌与疾病之间无显著相关性;除大肠埃希菌与菌落总数无显著相关性外,其他常规指示菌间两两呈正相关。结论 GB 5749—2006中的常规指示菌与介水传染病相关性并不显著,建议进一步进行常规指示菌与介水传染病相关性的定量研究及探寻新型指示菌。     

新疆喀什地区农村改水与人群肠道传染病关系的研究

评价新疆喀什地区农村改水对肠道传染病发病的影响效果。「方法」用前瞻性和回顾性调查研究方法。对饮用改水人群６５４５人和饮用未改水人群６２６６人的肠道传染病发病率进行了调查。「结果」改水人群介水传播肠道传染病的发病率低于未改水人群。     

零陵区中小学校饮用水卫生现状及介水传染病调查

目的了解零陵区中小学校饮用水卫生现状及介水传染病的发病情况,为进一步改善饮用水质量,预防介水传染病的发生和流行提供科学依据。方法 按照国家水质分析标准方法对该区16所中小学校生活饮用水进行分析,并拟定调查表,采用现状加回顾性的流行病学调查方法对饮用该水的学生进行介水传染病发病情况的调查。结果该区中小学校饮用水的合格率仅为25.00%,不合格项目为细菌总数、总大肠菌群、游离性余氯;近1年16所学校饮水学生的肠炎、细菌性痢疾、甲型肝炎的发病率分别为5.68%、0.34%、0.09%。结论零陵区中小学校饮用水存在微生物污染,导致了介水传染病的发生。     

The relationship between in-home water service and the risk of respiratory tract, skin, and gastrointestinal tract infections among rural Alaska natives

Objectives. We investigated the relationship between the presence of in-home piped water and wastewater services and hospitalization rates for respiratory tract, skin, and gastrointestinal tract infections in rural Alaska.Methods. We determined in-home water service and hospitalizations for selected infectious diseases among Alaska Natives by region during 2000 to 2004. Within 1 region, infant respiratory hospitalizations and skin infections for all ages were compared by village-level water services.Results. Regions with a lower proportion of home water service had significantly higher hospitalization rates for pneumonia and influenza (rate ratio [RR] = 2.5), skin or soft tissue infection (RR = 1.9), and respiratory syncytial virus (RR = 3.4 among those younger than 5 years) than did higher-service regions. Within 1 region, infants from villages with less than 10% of homes served had higher hospitalization rates for pneumonia (RR = 1.3) and respiratory syncytial virus (RR = 1.2) than did infants from villages with more than 80% served. Outpatient Staphylococcus aureus infections (RR = 5.1, all ages) and skin infection hospitalizations (RR = 2.7, all ages) were higher in low-service than in high-service villages.Conclusions. Higher respiratory and skin infection rates were associated with a lack of in-home water service. This disparity should be addressed through sanitation infrastructure improvements.Modern sanitation services (potable drinking water and safe wastewater disposal) are a cornerstone of public health progress and have contributed to decreased infectious disease morbidity and mortality. In 1950, 64.5% of US homes had complete sanitation services (a flush toilet, shower or bath, and kitchen sink).¹ This increased to 93.1% by 1970 and to 99.4% by 2000.^2,3In 2000, 93.7% of Alaskan homes had complete sanitation, which ranked Alaska last among US states.³ In rural Alaska, where the vast majority of people are Alaska Natives, a much higher proportion lack basic sanitation facilities. Providing in-home sanitation services is difficult in remote villages where small, isolated populations live in a harsh, cold climate. Although many rural village homes lack in-home water service, nearly all villages have access to safe drinking water.⁴ Significant gains in health status indicators have occurred among rural Alaska Natives; however, the ongoing disparity in sanitation services remains unsolved in most of rural Alaska. Furthermore, there is a disparity in infectious disease hospitalizations among Alaska Natives compared with the general US population.⁵ To our knowledge, there are no evaluations of the health effects of a lack of modern sanitation services for rural Alaskans.Alaska village residents who live without pressurized in-home water service typically obtain water from a community-based water point and bring it home in 5-gallon (19-L) plastic containers. As of 2000, one third of rural Alaska residents obtained water this way.⁴ Although water is available in centralized locations, some families must travel long distances or cross rivers to obtain safe water. This distribution method makes it difficult to obtain adequate amounts of water needed for basic consumption and hygiene practices.⁶ Alaska homes lacking pressurized in-home water service also lack flush toilets. Residents use outhouses or in-home waste containers commonly known as “honeybuckets” that require manual removal to a centralized waste disposal site or lagoon. Sanitation infrastructure is provided to rural Alaskans by state- and federally funded programs that have provided service first where the greatest number of homes could be served at the lowest cost.Although it has long been recognized that access to modern sanitation services can reduce morbidity and mortality from gastrointestinal illnesses, recent data have established the important role of adequate water supplies for preventing respiratory diseases.^7–9 The value of adequate supplies of safe water has been attributed to the prevention of both waterborne diseases, in which the pathogen can be ingested from contaminated water, and water-washed disease, in which hygienic practices such as handwashing and bathing play a role.¹⁰ We sought to describe the relationship between in-home water and wastewater service and the risks of waterborne and water-washed infectious diseases in rural Alaska. We used existing sanitation service data for rural Alaska along with hospital discharge records, a respiratory disease surveillance system, and a skin infection outbreak investigation to explore whether improved sanitation service was associated with improved health status among rural Alaska Native people.     

Situation analysis and epidemiology of infectious disease transmission: a South-East Asian regional perspective

This paper analyses the situation in countries comprising the WHO South-East Asia Region with respect to water supply and sanitation services, hygiene and the epidemiology of related infectious diseases. Recently, published data from the WHO/UNICEF Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 report was reviewed to depict the situation with respect to consumers' access to improved water supply and sanitation services. It was shown that access to improved drinking water supplies is among the lowest in the world, and that sanitation coverage in this region is below all others. The paper also reviews selected surveys of hygiene behaviours in several countries of the region. Associations are suggested between access to services, hygienic practices and specific infectious diseases. The need is acknowledged to improve the evidence base on linkages between infectious diseases and water, sanitation and hygiene, and specific recommendations are made in this regard. There is a need now and for the foreseeable future to promote low-cost household-level interventions, including behaviour change strategies, that mitigate the health consequences of the current situation with respect to water supply, sanitation and hygiene. The role of health authorities in meeting this challenge, and as advocates for accelerating development of the water and sanitation sector, is highlighted.     

桂林市农村寄宿学校饮水与厕所卫生设施现状调查

目的了解桂林市农村寄宿学校饮水与环境卫生设施现状,为促进农村学校环境卫生工作、预防和控制介水传染病发生和流行提供依据。方法由受到技术培训的各有关疾病预防控制机构专业人员,按照统一规定的调查内容、方法和表格对辖区内农村寄宿学校饮水与厕所卫生设施现状进行调查。结果共调查桂林市辖农村寄宿学校320所,饮水水源类型以地下水为主,占74.93%(254/339);而供水类型以自备水源供水为主,占59.37%(190/320),其次为乡村级供水占32.19%(103/320);仅有35.94%(115/320)的学校能够提供安全饮水。学校卫生厕所普及率为42.81%(137/320),57.19%为深坑旱厕或浅坑旱厕,卫生厕所粪便无害化水平较低,仅为11.83%。结论桂林市农村寄宿学校以缺乏水处理卫生设施的自备水源供水为主要供水类型,而厕所粪便则成为学校饮水污染物的重要来源。加强对农村寄宿学校饮水和厕所卫生设施建设是预防和控制介水性肠道传染病在该地区发生和流行的重要措施。     

瑞安市二次供水卫生状况调查

目的了解二次供水水质的状况,为相关部门建立一套二次供水水质监测系统提供依据,减少介水传染病的暴发流行,保护居民生活饮用水卫生安全。方法对物业小区内二次供水设施的基本情况和卫生管理现状进行调查,抽检采集水样256份送实验室检测。结果二次供水合格率为90.63%,管网末梢水合格率为79.69%,二者合格率差异有显著意义（P〈0.05）。管网末梢水丰水期与枯水期水质合格率二者差异无显著意义（P〉0.05）。结论瑞安市二次供水管网末梢水合格率偏低,部分设施设计不合理,并缺乏必要的监督管理机制,存在着安全隐患。政府应该对城市二次供水问题引起重视,制定地方性法规,多部门协作,才能确保二次供水的卫生、安全。     

Providing clean water,keeping water clean: an integrated approach

Millions of people, most of whom are children in developing countries, die of basic hygiene-related diseases every year. Interventions in hygiene, sanitation and water supply have been shown to control disease burden. Universal access to improved water sources and basic sanitation remains elusive but is an important long-term goal. Studies have shown that improving the microbiological quality of household water by on-site or point-of-use treatment and safe storage in improved vessels reduces diarrhoeal and other waterborne diseases in communities and households of developing and developed countries. The extent to which improving drinking water quality at the household level reduces diarrhoeal disease probably depends on a variety of technology-related and site-specific environmental and demographic factors that require further investigation, characterisation and analyses.     

长泰县农村分散式饮用水监测结果分析

目的为了解和掌握长泰县农村分散式饮水水质和卫生状况,预防农村超标的水质引起中毒和介水传染病的发生,为制定农村改水政策提供依据。方法以随机方式从全县569户农户家中采集饮用水各一份进行监测和评价。结果长泰县农村生活饮用水总合格率为7.2%,合格率较低的项目主要是PH值、肉眼可见物、细菌总数、总大肠菌群等。结论长泰县农村饮用水水质较差,存在安全隐患,饮用水安全亟待改善。