微生态制剂在肠道疾病治疗中的研究进展

肠道微生态是人体中复杂的生态系统之一。在正常人的肠道内定植大量的细菌,它们不仅可以发挥多种生物学功能,而且与多种疾病有关。然而通过添加微生态制剂,可以明显改善肠道菌群的结构和减少相关致癌代谢产物,同时可以改善某些疾病的临床表现。因此,使用微生态制剂无论对于健康人群还是疾病患者来说,都具有重要的意义。本文通过对肠道菌群相关疾病进行微生态方面的研究进行初步总结,为较全面理解和推广微生态制剂在不同人群中的应用提供思路。     

婴幼儿肠道菌群初始定植的影响因素

肠道菌群与宿主的健康和疾病有极为密切的关系,多种因素可干扰肠道菌群的构成进而影响宿主的正常生理功能。本文将探讨胎龄、分娩方式、喂养方式、生长环境、抗生素应用、细菌间相互作用和微生态制剂的使用等诸多因素对婴幼儿肠道菌群初始定植的影响。     

肠道微生态评价研究进展

肠道微生态系统是由肠道菌群及其所寄居的肠道环境所组成,该系统的平衡对维持机体的健康有着重要的意义.因此,找到一个能全面地评价肠道微生态状况的体系就显得尤为重要.以下就目前已报道的对于肠道菌群、肠黏膜通透性、肠道菌群代谢产物和肠道免疫指标的主要评价方法进行综述和总结,为后续研究提供参考.     

含双歧杆菌制剂与婴幼儿健康关系的研究进展

双歧杆菌是食品常用添加益生菌及母乳喂养的婴儿胃肠道中的正常菌群。补充含双歧杆菌活菌制剂能够改善配方奶粉喂养婴幼儿的胃肠道微环境,促进婴幼儿生长发育、调节免疫功能,在婴幼儿轮状病毒感染及抗生素相关腹泻、变态反应性疾病等的防治方面具有潜在效果。以上效果可能与使用对象、疾病原因、配伍益生菌的种类与剂量、补充时机、每日服用时间点及其他药物干扰等多种因素有关。     

微生态制剂在小儿腹泻中的应用评价(综述)

目的:通过剖析微生态制剂类药物的分类、作用机制以及在儿科的临床应用现状,旨为临床提供一定的参考信息.方法:综述国内外近期医药学文献.结果:随着现代科技的发展,微生态制剂为小儿腹泻的临床治疗提供了美好的发展前景.结论:从微生态学角度看,腹泻的原因是肠道菌群失去平衡,而维持和调整肠道微生物平衡是防治小儿腹泻的根本.所以微生态制剂在小儿腹泻的治疗上具有广阔的应用前景.     

肿瘤免疫治疗与肠道菌群关系的研究进展

肿瘤免疫治疗是继手术、化疗、放疗之后的肿瘤第四大疗法。肠道菌群对免疫检查点抑制剂和过继性T细胞治疗的抗肿瘤效果及免疫相关并发症的发生均有影响,其机制主要与肠道菌群调控"免疫激活-免疫耐受"平衡有关。特异性菌株的存在可作为预测免疫治疗的生物标记物,相关菌群制剂以及菌群移植等肠道菌群干预方式有望成为肿瘤免疫治疗的辅助手段。深入阐明肠道菌群影响免疫治疗的机制以及作为免疫增强剂的可行性、安全性和有效性,最终针对不同肿瘤患者制定个性化方案是未来研究的方向。     

战胜便秘 畅通健康——用药有讲究 治疗方法多

西医西药治疗 微生态制剂：这类制剂不仅可以清除体内“垃圾”,调节肠道菌群平衡,使肠道功能恢复正常,保持大便通畅,还能调节机体免疫功能,且副作用虫常用的有含双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌和粪链球菌的双歧三联活菌制剂培菲康、丽珠肠乐等。类似制剂有贝飞达、乳酸菌素等。     

正常菌群对人体健康影响的研究进展

正常菌群(Nomal flora)是指在正常人体皮肤、黏膜以及人体与外界相通的各种腔道(如口腔、鼻咽腔、肠道和泌尿生殖道)等部位寄居，对人体无害的微生物丛，包括细菌、真菌、螺旋体、支原体等。正常菌群与人的健康和疾病间存在有密切的关系，它们发挥着很多重要功能，例如刺激人体免疫系统，协助机体的消化、吸收等功能。随着微生态学的发展和微生态制剂的研制，人们日益重视对正常菌群的研究。     

结直肠癌患者术后肠道菌群变化及微生态制剂治疗效果研究

目的:探讨结直肠手术对结直肠癌患者肠道菌群的影响及微生态制剂治疗肠道菌群失调的效果.方法:选择50例结直肠癌择期手术患者随机分为微生态组和对照组各25例,术后对照组常规处理,微生态组给予三联活菌制剂口服治疗,采用细菌DNA PCR分析定量肠道细菌量,检测血浆D-乳酸和尿L/M水平,对比手术前后肠道菌群变化和肠道屏障功能.结果:术后10天双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌显著降低,而微生态组显著高于对照组,大肠杆菌、粪肠球菌显著升高,微生态组显著低于对照组,B/E呈显著倒置,对照组倒置更为显著(P值＜0.05);术后60天,微生态组双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、大肠杆菌、粪肠球菌量及B/E基本恢复术前水平,而对照组仍显著低于术前(P值＜0.05).术后1天血浆D-乳酸和尿L/M水平显著升高(P值＜0.05),术后10天两组血浆D-乳酸和尿L/M水平均回落,微生态组回落较对照组显著且显著低于对照组(P值＜0.05).结论:结直肠癌术后患者肠道内双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌等益生菌显著减少,大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌显著增加,肠道菌群严重失调,肠道屏障功能受损,微生态制剂治疗有助重建肠道菌群平衡,恢复肠道屏障功能.     

关注肠道菌群 推动疾病预防与治疗

<正>人从出生开始,菌群就定植在皮肤、消化道、呼吸道、生殖道等与外界环境接触的部位,刺激免疫系统发育成熟,随着年龄的增长,体内的菌群组成也有所变化。肠道是容纳菌群数量种类最多的器官,所含细菌的数量远大于人体细胞的数量,其组成最复杂,功能最强大。健康情况下肠道微生态处于平衡状态,各个种属的菌群丰度相对稳定,一些有致病潜力的细菌也能与宿主协同共生。健康的菌群在肠道内控制肠黏膜细胞的增殖分化、诱导肠道血管生成,并分泌抗菌肽,维持肠黏膜屏障的完整性,     

肠道微生态研究技术在代谢综合征中的应用

哺乳动物肠道内定居着数量庞大且组分复杂的微生物群,它们共同构成了肠道微生物组。近年来,人们逐渐认识到肠道微生物与一些疾病的发生和发展密切相关,如代谢性疾病、炎症性肠病、肿瘤、免疫系统以及神经系统疾病等,使得肠道微生物成为研究的热点。迅猛发展的微生物研究技术为我们提供了高效有力的技术平台,推动了对肠道微生态的系统认知,也为疾病的诊断及治疗开辟了新思路。本文旨在总结与分析目前常用微生态研究技术的最新进展及其局限性,为进一步的肠道微生物组研究提供参考,并简要介绍肠道微生态与代谢综合征的相关研究成果。     

The Interplay between the Gut Microbiome and the Immune System in the Context of Infectious Diseases throughout Life and the Role of Nutrition in Optimizing Treatment Strategies

Infectious diseases and infections remain a leading cause of death in low-income countries and a major risk to vulnerable groups, such as infants and the elderly. The immune system plays a crucial role in the susceptibility, persistence, and clearance of these infections. With 70–80% of immune cells being present in the gut, there is an intricate interplay between the intestinal microbiota, the intestinal epithelial layer, and the local mucosal immune system. In addition to the local mucosal immune responses in the gut, it is increasingly recognized that the gut microbiome also affects systemic immunity. Clinicians are more and more using the increased knowledge about these complex interactions between the immune system, the gut microbiome, and human pathogens. The now well-recognized impact of nutrition on the composition of the gut microbiota and the immune system elucidates the role nutrition can play in improving health. This review describes the mechanisms involved in maintaining the intricate balance between the microbiota, gut health, the local immune response, and systemic immunity, linking this to infectious diseases throughout life, and highlights the impact of nutrition in infectious disease prevention and treatment.     

Evaluation of immune response,microbiota, and blood markers after probiotic bacteria administration in obese mice induced by a high-fat diet

ObjectiveObesity is associated with alterations in intestinal microbiota and immunity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of probiotic Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 administration on intestinal and humoral immune response, clinical parameters, and gut microbiota was evaluated using a high-fat diet to induce obesity in a mouse model.MethodsAdult mice received a conventional balanced diet or a high-fat diet supplemented with milk, milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei (FM), L. casei as suspension, or water over 60 d. Histology of liver and small intestine (SI), immunoglobulin A-positive cells and macrophages in SI, phagocytic activity of spleen and peritoneal macrophages, and humoral immune response to ovalbumin were studied. Clinical parameters in serum and gut microbiota were also analyzed.ResultsFM was the most effective supplement for decreasing body weight and clinical parameters in serum. The histology of liver and SI was also improved in obese mice given FM. These animals had increased numbers of immunoglobulin A-positive cells and macrophages in SI. The gut microbiota showed that obese mice given probiotics had increased Bacteroides and bifidobacteria. Administration of FM or L. casei as suspension enhanced the phagocytic activity of macrophages. The anti-ovalbumin specific immune response was not increased by any supplement assayed.ConclusionAdministration of probiotics to obese hosts improved the gut microbiota and the mucosal immunity altered by obesity, down-regulated some biochemical parameters in blood associated with metabolic syndrome, and decreased liver steatosis. These results demonstrate the potential use of probiotics in obese individuals to decrease the body weight and to improve the biochemical and immunologic parameters altered by obesity.     

Targeting the Gut Microbiota of Vertically HIV-Infected Children to Decrease Inflammation and Immunoactivation: A Pilot Clinical Trial

Aims: Children with HIV exhibit chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). Strategies targeting persistent inflammation are needed to improve health in people living with HIV. The gut microbiota likely interacts with the immune system, but the clinical implications of modulating the dysbiosis by nutritional supplementation are unclear. Methods: Pilot, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial in which 24 HIV-infected on ART were randomized to supplementation with a daily mixture of symbiotics, omega-3/6 fatty acids and amino acids, or placebo four weeks, in combination with ART. We analyzed inflammatory markers and T-cell activation changes and their correlations with shifts in fecal microbiota. Results: Twenty-four HIV-infected children were recruited and randomized to receive a symbiotic nutritional supplement or placebo. Mean age was 12 ± 3.9 years, 62.5% were female. All were on ART and had HIV RNA < 50/mL. We did not detect changes in inflammatory (IL-6, IL-7, IP-10), microbial translocation (sCD14), mucosal integrity markers (IFABP, zonulin) or the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio, or changes in markers of the adaptive immune response in relation to the intervention. However, we found correlations between several key bacteria and the assessed inflammatory and immunological parameters, supporting a role of the microbiota in immune modulation in children with HIV. Conclusions: In this exploratory study, a four-week nutritional supplementation had no significant effects in terms of decreasing inflammation, microbial translocation, or T-cell activation in HIV-infected children. However, the correlations found support the interaction between gut microbiota and the immune system.     

婴幼儿肠道菌群的影响因素及其在肠道免疫中的作用

婴幼儿肠道菌群自定植起,随着年龄增长,需历经多次改变才能最终形成微生物稳态。本文主要介绍婴幼儿肠道菌群受分娩阶段、喂养方法、饮食结构、生活环境、疾病因素、药物使用后发生的改变,及其在肠道免疫功能形成中发挥的重要作用。     

婴幼儿肠道菌群的影响因素及其在肠道免疫中的作用

婴幼儿肠道菌群自定植起,随着年龄增长,需历经多次改变才能最终形成微生物稳态。本文主要介绍婴幼儿肠道菌群受分娩阶段、喂养方法、饮食结构、生活环境、疾病因素、药物使用后发生的改变,及其在肠道免疫功能形成中发挥的重要作用。     

Use of probiotics in pediatrics: rationale, mechanisms of action, and practical aspects.

The use of probiotics (ingested microbes that can modify intestinal microbial populations in a way that benefit the host) has moved from concept to actual demonstration of specific benefits by specific microorganisms for specific populations. It is increasingly clear that these benefits to the host are mostly mediated by the profound effect that intestinal microflora (microbiota) have on gut barrier function and host immune response. Intestinal bacteria are more numerous than the human cells of the host that harbors them. Despite having many potential pathogens in this microflora, humans do not routinely get infected. It is no coincidence that gut-associated immune tissue constitutes approximately 80% of all immunologically active cells in the human host. The gut interacts with intestinal bacteria, both resident and ingested, to develop protective mechanisms (via improving gut barrier function and immune stimulation for defense) and appropriate, nonexaggerated responses (via immune modulation and immune tolerance) to support host health. The mechanisms of this interaction between host and bacteria are increasingly being unraveled and in great part explain the clinical benefits that have been reported with specific probiotic bacteria by enhancing host defense mechanisms (such as for treatment and prevention of viral diarrhea and reducing risk of necrotizing enterocolitis), mitigating antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and modulating host immune response (such as in allergic disease).     

营养支持对肠道菌群与肠黏膜免疫的影响

肠内营养(EN)有助于保持肠黏膜的屏障功能,维护肠黏膜的结构完整性,促进肠黏膜固有免疫和获得性免疫的产生,维持肠道菌群的平衡和多样性。肠外营养(PN)能预防胃肠道功能障碍患者进一步营养不良的发生,挽救危重症患者的生命,然而PN会增加危重症患者感染并发症的发生。全肠外营养(TPN)时肠黏膜免疫受损,肠道菌群(GM)紊乱,滋养性喂养能显著改善肠黏膜的免疫功能,促进肠道内稳态的恢复。GM紊乱加重肠黏膜的炎症反应,或将进一步加重肠黏膜免疫的损害。因此,全面理解营养支持、GM与肠黏膜免疫之间的相互关系具有重要意义。     

The role of probiotics in gastrointestinal surgery

The intestinal microbiota, which is a complex and dynamic population of different bacterial species, represents an important contribution to the health of the host. This microbiota plays a key role by promoting the integrity of the epithelial barrier and the development of mucosal immunity. However, under some stressful situations, such as after gastrointestinal surgery, infectious complications may originate from the intestinal microbiota of the patient. This phenomenon is known as the gut origin of sepsis hypothesis. However, the supply of probiotics has beneficial effects under similar conditions despite some controversial results. Therefore, it is important to carefully assess the efficacy of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of complications in surgical patients and to evaluate the safety of its use. This review provides an overview of the proposed mechanisms of probiotic action and the significant progress in this field, mainly concerning gastrointestinal surgery.