氨胺酮复合异丙酚或咪唑安定麻醉效应比较

２０例女性成年患者分别进行异丙酚－氯胺酮麻醉或咪唑安定－氯胺酮麻醉，麻醉效果满意。异丙酚组作用起效时间和清醒时间比咪唑安定组快，麻醉期间两组血流动力学稳定，注药后有短暂低氧血症，异丙酚组比咪唑安定组恢复快。     

氯胺酮复合异丙酚或咪唑安定用于小儿麻醉的临床观察

氯胺酮复合异丙酚或咪唑安定用于小儿麻醉的临床观察何绍璇＊丁德威＊吴文玉＊尹罗庚＊小儿氯胺酮麻醉应用极为普遍，但术中常因儿茶酚胺释放增加，导致心血管兴奋，术后常发生精神症状、躁动、恶心呕吐等并发症［１］。作者将氯胺酮复合异丙酚或咪唑安定持续静注，行小儿...     

异丙酚和咪唑安定在人工流产手术中应用比较

３６例人工流产患者随机分为两组：一组应用异丙酚２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，另一组使用咪唑安定０．２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。结果表明，两组均有较好的麻醉效果。与咪唑安定相比，异丙酚起效快，苏醒质量高，但对循环系统有一定的抑制作用。本文建议，对于心肺功能正常的人工流产患者，应首选异丙酚麻醉，如患者合并有心脏疾患，应以咪唑安定为好。     

小剂量氯胺酮咪唑安定合剂小儿基础麻醉850例临床应用

为改进小儿基础麻醉法，笔者研究了小剂量氯胺酮，咪唑安定合剂的临床效果与副作用，观察８５０例ＡＳＡＩ－Ⅱ级，年龄３ｄ－１４岁，行中小手术的病人。合剂由氯胺酮１００ｍｇ（２ｍｌ）与咪唑安定１５ｍｇ（３ｍｌ）配制而成，剂量为０．１０－０．１３ｍｌ／ｋｇ，咪唑安定０．３０－０．３９ｍｇ／ｋｇ），手术均在基础麻醉与区域阻滞配合不下完成。结果显示，此方法有给药方便，效果迅速而确切，苏醒快及副作用小等优点，比硫     

咪唑安定对异丙酚全凭静脉麻醉苏醒时间的影响

咪唑安定对异丙酚全凭静脉麻醉苏醒时间的影响唐辉毅＊梁伟民＊本研究是观察对比异丙酚全凭静脉麻醉（ＴＩＶＡ）诱导前静脉注射咪唑安定和生理盐水对麻醉苏醒时间的影响。临床资料３０例择期手术病人随机分为异丙酚加生理盐水和异丙酚加咪唑安定两组。麻醉诱导：对照组静...     

异丙酚异氟醚静吸复合麻醉法与氯胺酮静脉麻醉在小儿手术中的比较

本文通过对异丙酚异氟醚静吸复合麻醉与传统的氯胺酮静脉麻醉这两种小儿手术中的复合麻醉法的比较,探讨怎么样更有效和安全的对小儿手术进行麻醉.方法:200例小儿外科病儿用异丙酚异氟醚静吸复合麻醉法(PI组=100)和氯胺酮静脉麻醉法(KT组=100),P1组用异丙酚2mg/kg静脉注射至患儿入睡后,再通过回路或加压面罩半开放吸入吸氧和异氟醚至手术结束.KT组用咪唑安定0.1-0.2 mg/kg,氯胺酮1-2mg/kg缓慢静脉注射至患儿睡后,再以0.1％的氯胺酮液,术中维持直至术毕前10分钟停掉.通过对麻醉时间,麻醉的苏醒时间,循环,小儿的呼吸,以及在小儿手术中以及手术后的副作用和并发症的对比,得出结论:异丙酚异氟醚静吸复合麻醉法的麻醉时间和氯胺酮静脉麻醉法麻醉时间相似.异丙酚异氟醚静吸复合麻醉法的苏醒时间明显短于氯胺酮静脉麻醉法的苏醒时间.异丙酚异氟醚静吸复合麻醉法的呼吸抑制比较明显,异丙酚异氟醚静吸复合麻醉法在麻醉期间的血压,心率明显比氯胺酮静脉麻醉法低.所以异丙酚异氟醚静吸复合麻醉法更适合应用在小儿手术中,它的安全性高,而且在小儿手术中和手术后的不良反应小,并发症少.     

咪唑安定对学龄前儿童静脉滴注氯胺酮药代动力学的影响

咪唑安定可增强氯胺酮的麻醉效果、降低其副作用,多与氯胺酮配伍使用。但咪唑安定是否影响了氯胺酮在学龄前儿童体内的代谢,国内外未见报道。本研究探讨咪唑安定对氯胺酮药代动力学的影响,旨在为临床合理用药提供科学依据。资料和方方法临床资料　选择ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级择期手术１６例,男９例,女７例,年龄３．５～６岁,体重１２～２０ｋｇ,身高１０３～１１２ｃｍ,心肺肝肾功能正常,手术时间１．５～２小时。将１６例患儿随机分成２组,每组８例,Ⅰ组－氯胺酮组,Ⅱ组－咪唑安定＋氯胺酮组,两组患儿的年龄、性别、身高、体重、用药…     

咪唑安定、异丙酚麻醉诱导在老年人腹腔镜手术中的应用

目的 :观察咪唑定安、异丙酚麻醉诱导在老年人LC术的诱导效果和呼吸、循环的变化。方法 :选择ASAⅠ～Ⅲ级的老年LC手术患者 6 0例 ,随机分 3组 ,分别选用不同的麻醉诱导药物 ,Ⅰ组 (n =2 0 )采用咪唑安定 0 1mg/kg ,Ⅱ组 (n =2 0 )采用异丙酚 2 0mg/kg ,Ⅲ组 (n =2 0 )采用咪唑安定 0 0 5mg/kg与异丙酚1 0mg/kg合用。结果 :咪唑安定或异丙酚诱导 ,血压、心率波动较大 ,异丙酚组呼吸抑制程度明显高于其它两组 ,咪唑安定与异丙酚合用 ,麻醉诱导时间短、效果确切 ,整个诱导插管期间 ,血循环变化轻微 ,注药后虽有一过性呼吸抑制 ,但充分供氧后均可迅速恢复。结论 :咪唑安定合用异丙酚是老年人腹腔镜胆囊切除术的较为合理的麻醉诱导方法     

不同配伍异丙酚麻醉在人工流产手术中的应用

异丙酚近来广泛应用于人工流产术的麻醉。 但异丙酚镇痛作用弱,遇疼痛等强刺激时常需以深镇静来对抗;异丙酚作用时间相当短,遇手术时间长者用药量过大。本文旨在通过比较异丙酚复合应用芬太尼、咪唑安定、氯胺酮的临床效果,寻找一种最佳的配伍方案。     

小儿口服麻醉前用药

在小儿麻醉中，常常采用口服咪唑安定提供抗焦虑和镇静作用，然而，只有50％－80％的病例能达到好或很好的效果。据观察，联合使用氯胺酮和咪唑安全，在抗焦虑和独处方面都显著优于单独使用氯胺酮或咪唑安定。     

Inotropic Effects of Propofol, Thiopental, Midazolam, Etomidate, and Ketamine on Isolated Human Atrial Muscle

Background: Cardiovascular instability after intravenous induction of anesthesia may be explained partly by direct negative inotropic effects. The direct inotropic influence of etomidate, ketamine, midazolam, propofol, and thiopental on the contractility of isolated human atrial tissue was determined. Effective concentrations were compared with those reported clinically.

Methods: Atrial tissue was obtained from 16 patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. Each fragment was divided into three strips, and one anesthetic was tested per strip in increasing concentrations (10 sup -6 to 10 sup -2 M). Strips were stimulated at 0.5 Hz, and maximum isometric force was measured. Induction agents were studied in two groups, group 1 (n = 7) containing thiopental, midazolam, and propofol, and group 2 (n = 9) consisting of etomidate, ketamine, and propofol.

Results: The tested anesthetics caused a concentration-dependent depression of contractility resulting in complete cessation of contractions at the highest concentrations. The IC50 S (mean +/-SEM; micro Meter) for inhibition of the contractility were: thiopental 43+/-7.6, propofol 235+/-48 (group 1), and 246+/-42 (group 2), midazolam 145+/-54, etomidate 133 +/-13, and ketamine 303+/-54.     

Emergence agitation after cataract surgery in children: a comparison of midazolam,propofol and ketamine

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether the concurrent use of either of a subhypnotic dose of midazolam, propofol or ketamine with fentanyl just before discontinuing the sevoflurane anesthesia would effectively sedate the children as they recovered and significantly decrease the incidence and severity of emergence agitation and would not delay patient awakening and discharge. Background: Postoperative emergence agitation may occur in children after general anesthesia with volatile anesthetics. Children who undergo cataract surgery after sevoflurane induction and sevoflurane–remifentanil maintenance may experience this type of agitation. Methods/Materials: In 120 un‐premedicated children aged 1–7 years, mask induction with sevoflurane was performed and they were then randomly assigned to one of the three antiagitation postoperative groups (n = 40). We studied the postoperative antiagitation effects of subhypnotic doses of midazolam combined with fentanyl, propofol with fentanyl or ketamine with fentanyl administered just before discontinuing the sevoflurane anesthesia. A score for the level of agitation can be assigned based on the recovery mental state (RMS) scale and the recently published pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale (PAED). Postoperative factors assessed included emergence behaviors, the time to eye opening, the time to discharge from the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) to the ward. Results: There were significantly more agitated children in the ketamine‐group when compared to the midazolam‐group or to the propofol‐group at all time P < 0.05), especially at 10 and 15 min. The PAED scale showed a significant advantage for midazolam–fentanyl [5 (2–15)] and propofol–fentanyl [6 (3–15)] versus ketamine–fentanyl [10 (3–20)] (P < 0.05). The time to discharge from the PACU to the ward was not significantly different among the groups. Conclusions: Intravenous administration of a subhypnotic dose of midazolam or propofol in addition to a low dose of fentanyl just before discontinuing the sevoflurane anesthesia was both effective on decreasing the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in children undergoing cataract extraction without significant delaying recovery time and discharge. The effect of midazolam was clearer than that seen with propofol.     

Propofol—Ketamine Technique

Case reports are presented demonstrating a new, safe, and simple intravenous technique for outpatient anesthesia. Vinnik's technique requires hypnotic doses of diazepam (Valium) to prevent ketamine-induced hallucinations. The initial hypothesis tested in this clinical series was whether hypnotic doses of propofol would prevent hallucinations from ketamine as satisfactorily as diazepam. Once the initial hypothesis was confirmed, consideration was given to moderating the cost of propofol by determining the effect of two levels of midazolam premedication on propofol requirements. Hypnotic doses of propofol do prevent ketamine-induced hallucinations. It is possible to achieve significant propofol savings by premedication with midazolam without compromising patient readiness for discharge by the end of the first postoperative hour.     

Ketamine

Ketamine is an intravenous drug with special properties that make it the only agent that presently serves as anesthetic, sedative, amnesiac and analgesic. Although it is sometimes forgotten, ketamine is still considered a viable drug. Water soluble, stable and non-irritant when administered intravenously, ketamine has rapid onset after intravenous injection and provides acceptable anesthesia when administered in continuous infusion. There properties make ketamine useful for total intravenous anesthesia. Both propofol and midazolam are effective in reducing ketamine's adverse side effects. Administered in children by oral, nasal, rectal and intramuscular routes, ketamine allows for gentle anesthetic induction. It can also serve as an adjuvant in regional anesthesia to supplement analgesia. In adults ketamine is most often used for major surgery, particularly in the elderly or in high risk patients who are in shock, severely dehydrated or hemodynamically unstable, or in obstetric patients with hypovolemia or hemorrhage. It is probably the anesthetic of choice for patients with hyperreactive airways. Ketamine's strong analgesic effect at subanesthetic doses allows it to be used as an analgesic during postoperative intensive care or as an analgesic-plus-sedative for patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Interest in using ketamine at low doses for cancer and non-cancer patients with chronic pain has grown recently.     

丙泊酚复合氯胺酮麻醉对碎石患者血清白细胞介素6的影响

目的：探讨丙泊酚复合氯胺酮麻醉对经皮肾镜碎石术患者血清白细胞介素6（IL-6）的影响。方法：将60例择期经皮肾镜取石术的全麻患者,分为丙泊酚组（P组）和丙泊酚复合氯胺酮组（PK组）,各组30例,分别在麻醉诱导前（T1）、麻醉诱导后（T2）、手术开始后60 min（T3）及手术结束时（T4）采取静脉血,测定血清白介素-6（IL-6）的浓度。结果：2组在T1、T2时血清IL-6的浓度无明显差异（P〉0.05）,T3、T4时PK组均明显低于P组（P〈0.05）。结论：丙泊酚复合氯胺酮麻醉,可有效减轻经皮肾镜碎石术患者血清IL-6释放、抑制炎性反应。     

Comparative study of 3 techniques for total intravenous anesthesia: midazolam-ketamine, propofol-ketamine, and propofol-fentanyl]

OBJECTIVE: To compare the characteristics of induction, maintenance and awakening for three techniques of combined total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA): propofol-ketamine, midazolam-ketamine and propofol-fentanyl. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty patients were randomly assigned to three TIVA groups. Group 1 (n = 20) received midazolam, ketamine and vecuronium. Group 2 (n = 20) received propofol, ketamine and vecuronium. Group 3 (n = 20) received propofol, fentanyl and vecuronium. The variables compared were hemodynamic changes during induction and maintenance and upon awakening; time until awakening; and the incidence of postanesthetic complications. We also assessed whether propofol was better than midazolam at preventing the psychomimetic effects of ketamine. RESULTS: The demographic characteristics of the three groups were similar. Hemodynamic variables were most stable in group 2. Perfusion of midazolam-ketamine was accompanied by a significantly higher number of hypertensive peaks. Time to awakening was significantly shorter in Group I (11.8 +/- 5 min) than in group 2 (20.2 +/- 12.5 min); in group 2 time to awakening was 16.6 +/- 5.6 min. Eight patients in group 1, 5 in group 2 and 1 in group 3 reported having bad dreams, the difference between groups 1 and 3 reaching statistical significance. No patient experienced hallucinations and all reported satisfaction with the anesthetic technique used. CONCLUSIONS: TIVA with ketamine and propofol is comparable to the most commonly used combination of propofol and fentanyl and may be an appropriate choice when hemodynamic stability is of great importance; withdrawal 15 min before ending surgery prevents prolonged awakening. Perfusion of midazolam-ketamine is not recommendable for scheduled surgery because it induces too many hypertensive peaks. Although neither midazolam nor propofol completely prevents the psychomimetic effects of ketamine, such effects are not so severe that patients reject the anesthetic technique used.     

Changes in the auditory evoked potentials index by induction doses of four different intravenous anesthetics

BACKGROUND: Many studies have investigated the electroencephalographic changes during the induction and maintenance of anesthesia. However, no comparative studies have been performed on the effects of intravenous anesthetics on the auditory evoked potentials index (AAI). The present study was performed to compare the changes in AAI caused by induction doses of thiopental, propofol, midazolam and ketamine. METHODS: Eighty females, aged 30-70 years, referred for mastectomy, had anesthesia induced with thiopental 4 mg/kg, propofol 2 mg/kg, midazolam 0.1 mg/kg or ketamine 1 mg/kg (each 20 patients). The response to verbal command and the AAI were measured every minute for 5 min. RESULTS: The AAI decreased to less than 40 within 1 min with thiopental and propofol. The AAI increased after 3 min with thiopental, but remained low with propofol. The AAI gradually decreased to less than 40 within 4 min with midazolam, but was higher than the AAI with propofol or thiopental. The AAI increased significantly with ketamine. The AAIs at the loss of verbal command were 19 +/- 7 with thiopental, 21 +/- 8 with propofol, 31 +/- 10 with midazolam and 92 +/- 2 with ketamine. CONCLUSION: The AAI correlated with changes in hypnotic level, as measured by the response to verbal command, with induction doses of thiopental, propofol and midazolam, but not with ketamine. The AAI decreased to lower levels with propofol and thiopental than with midazolam at the induction of anesthesia.     

Adverse events and behavioral reactions related to ketamine based anesthesia for anorectal manometry in children

BACKGROUND: Pediatric patients undergoing anorectal manometry require ketamine anesthesia as other anesthetic agents affect the anorectal sphincter tone. The aim of this prospective observational audit was to evaluate our practice and report the occurrence of adverse events and behavioral reactions related to the use of ketamine, propofol, and midazolam combinations. METHODS: Eighty-two consecutive pediatric patients (mean age 8.06 +/- 3.43 years) undergoing anorectal manometry were audited over a 1-year period. After a routine ketamine anesthetic some children were administered midazolam 0.1 mg.kg(-1), at the discretion of the attending anesthetist. Children requiring anal stretch following manometry studies also received propofol 3-5 mg.kg(-1). Intra- and postoperative adverse events, times to spontaneous awakening and discharge from the PACU were noted. Postoperative behavioral reactions were noted in the PACU and at follow-up interviews on the first postoperative day and after a period of 1 month. RESULTS: Following completion of the audit, all patients fell into one of the four groups depending on the anesthetic agents they received: K (ketamine only, n = 16), KM (ketamine and midazolam, n = 10), KP (ketamine and propofol, n = 27), and KPM (ketamine, propofol, and midazolam, n = 29). There was no difference in the occurrence of behavioral reactions between the four groups at the three stages of follow-up. Overall, five patients reported 'new onset' nightmares that had resolved completely at the 3-month follow-up. The time to spontaneous awakening was shorter for K group (17.8 min +/- 20.2) vs KPM group (61.7 min +/- 24.4; P < 0.001). The times to discharge in minutes was also shorter in the K group (54.5 min, IQR 30-75 vs 90 min IQR 78-120; P < 0.001). Administration of propofol appeared to have an antiemetic effect [odds ratio (OR) 0.1, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.02-0.58, P < 0.009] in the recovery unit. CONCLUSIONS: Our study findings suggest that, besides significantly prolonging time to spontaneous awakening and PACU discharge, neither the use of midazolam, propofol, or combinations is beneficial in preventing the occurrence of behavioral reactions following ketamine anesthesia. Behavioral reactions were common but did not appear to be long-term. Drug combinations with ketamine may have other benefits such as antiemesis.     

Multidrug intravenous anesthesia for children undergoing MRI: a comparison with general anesthesia

BACKGROUND: We used a multidrug intravenous anesthesia regimen with midazolam, ketamine, and propofol to provide anesthesia for children during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This regimen was compared with general anesthesia in a randomized comparative study. Outcome measures were safety, side effects and recovery variables in addition to adverse events in relation to age strata. METHODS: The children received either general anesthesia with propofol, vecuronium and isoflurane [general endotracheal anesthesia (GET) group; n=313] or intravenous anesthesia with midazolam, ketamine, and propofol [intravenous anesthesia (MKP) group; n=342]. Treatment assignment was randomized based on the date of the MRI. Physiological parameters were monitored during anesthesia and recovery. Desaturation (SpO2<93%), airway problems, and the need to repeat the scan were recorded. The discharge criteria were stable vital signs, return to baseline consciousness, absence of any side effects, and ability to ambulate. RESULTS: With the exception of two children (0.6%) in the MKP group, all enrolled children completed the scan. A significantly greater number (2.3%) required a repeat scan in the MKP group (P<0.05) and were sedated with a bolus dose of propofol. The total incidence of side effects was comparable between the MKP (7.7%) and GET groups (7.0%). Infants below the age of 1 year showed a significantly higher incidence of adverse events compared with the other age strata within each group. Within the MKP group, risk ratio was 0.40 and 0.26 when comparing infants aged below 1 year with the two older age strata, respectively. Recovery characteristics were comparable between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous midazolam, ketamine and propofol provides safe and adequate anesthesia, comparable with that obtained from general endotracheal anesthesia, for most children during MRI.     

Ketamine preserves and propofol potentiates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction compared with the conscious state in chronically instrumented dogs.

BACKGROUND: The authors tested the hypothesis that ketamine and propofol anesthesia would alter the magnitude of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction compared with the conscious state. In addition, they assessed the extent to which cyclooxygenase pathway inhibition and adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel inhibition modulate hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the conscious state, and whether these pathways are altered during propofol anesthesia. METHODS: Twenty conditioned, male mongrel dogs were chronically instrumented to measure the left pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationship. Pressure-flow plots were measured during normoxia and hypoxia (systemic arterial PO2 reduced to about 60 and about 50 mm Hg) on separate days in the conscious state, during ketamine anesthesia, and during propofol anesthesia. The effects of indomethacin and glibenclamide on the magnitude of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction were also assessed in the conscious and propofol-anesthetized states. RESULTS: Neither ketamine nor propofol had an effect on the baseline pressure-flow relationship during normoxia compared with the conscious state. Hypoxia resulted in stimulus-dependent pulmonary vasoconstriction (P<0.01) in the conscious state. Compared with the conscious state, the magnitude of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction was preserved during ketamine but was potentiated (P<0.01) during propofol anesthesia. Indomethacin enhanced (P<0.01) hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in both the conscious and propofol-anesthetized states. In contrast, glibenclamide only enhanced (P<0.01) hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the conscious state and had no effect during propofol anesthesia. CONCLUSION: Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is preserved during ketamine anesthesia but is potentiated during propofol anesthesia. The potentiated response during propofol anesthesia appears to be caused by inhibition of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel-mediated pulmonary vasodilation.