bFGF在人胚胎干细胞中自我更新的研究进展

人胚胎干细胞具有自我更新和多向分化的独特生物学特性。维持人和小鼠胚胎干细胞增殖的生长因子不同,白血病抑制因子（LIF）不能维持人胚胎干细胞的生长。目前已经确定了数种维持人胚胎干细胞（hESCs）自我更新的生长因子,其中碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）信号系统是人胚胎干细胞自我更新中最重要的调节因素之一。将从bFGF及其受体在人胚胎干细胞中的表达和作用的最新进展进行综述。     

Maintenance of human embryonic stem cells in mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned media augments hematopoietic specification

The realization of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) as a model for human developmental hematopoiesis and in potential cell replacement strategies relies on an improved understanding of the extrinsic and intrinsic factors regulating hematopoietic-specific hESC differentiation. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are multipotent cells of mesodermal origin that form a part of hematopoietic stem cell niches and have an important role in the regulation of hematopoiesis through production of secreted factors and/or cell-to-cell interactions. We have previously shown that hESCs may be successfully maintained feeder free using hMSC-conditioned media (MSC-CM). Here, we hypothesized that hESCs maintained in MSC-CM may be more prone to differentiation toward hematopoietic lineage than hESCs grown in standard human foreskin fibroblast-conditioned media. We report that specification into hemogenic progenitors and subsequent hematopoietic differentiation and clonogenic progenitor capacity is robustly enhanced in hESC lines maintained in MSC-CM. Interestingly, co-culture of hESCs on hMSCs fully abrogates hematopoietic specification of hESCs, thus suggesting that the improved hematopoietic differentiation is mediated by MSC-secreted factors rather than by MSC-hESC physical interactions. To investigate the molecular mechanism involved in this process, we analyzed global (LINE-1) methylation and genome-wide promoter DNA methylation. hESCs grown in MSC-CM showed a decrease of 17% in global DNA methylation and a promoter DNA methylation signature consisting of 45 genes commonly hypomethylated and 102 genes frequently hypermethylated. Our data indicate that maintenance of hESCs in MSC-CM robustly augments hematopoietic specification and that the process seems mediated by MSC-secreted factors conferring a DNA methylation signature to undifferentiated hESCs which may influence further predisposition toward hematopoietic specification.     

Basic fibroblast growth factor controls migration in human mesenchymal stem cells

Little is known about the migration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Some therapeutic approaches had demonstrated that MSCs were able to regenerate injured tissues when applied from different sites of application. This implies that MSCs are not only able to migrate but also that the direction of migration is controlled. Factors that are involved in the control of the migration of MSCs are widely unknown. The migratory ability of isolated MSCs was tested in different conditions. The migratory capability was examined using Boyden chamber assay in the presence or absence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), erythropoietin, interleukin-6, stromal cell-derived factor-beta, and vascular endothelial growth factor. bFGF in particular was able to increase the migratory activity of MSCs through activation of the Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) pathway. The results were supported by analyzing the orientation of the cytoskeleton. In the presence of a bFGF gradient, the actin filaments developed a parallelized pattern that was strongly related to the gradient. Surprisingly, the influence of bFGF was not only an attraction but also routing of MSCs. The bFGF gradient experiment showed that low concentrations of bFGF lead to an attraction of the cells, whereas higher concentrations resulted in repulsion. This ambivalent effect of bFGF provides the possibility to a purposeful routing of MSCs.     

bFGF对人脐带间充质干细胞增殖及胶原产生的影响

 目的：观察碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）对人脐带间充质干细胞（hUCMSCs）增殖及I、III型胶原产生的影响。方法：贴壁培养hUCMSCs, 流式细胞术分析其表面标记(CD45、CD34、CD105、CD29和HLA-DR),成脂及成骨诱导其分化,以鉴定其为间充质干细胞,确定bFGF促增殖最适浓度为20 μg/L。分为实验组和对照组,实验组添加 bFGF (20  μg/L) 于DMED/F12培养液中,对照组使用DMED/F12常规培养液。MTT法测定hUCMSCs 存活和增殖能力, 分析bFGF 对hUCMSCs 增殖的影响,RT-PCR测定其I、III型胶原 mRNA的变化;Western blotting测定其I、III型胶原蛋白的含量。结果：MTT生长曲线提示bFGF促进hUCMSCs的增殖。用含与不含bFGF培养基培养的hUCMSCs 均表达 CD29,不表达 CD34、CD45和 HLA-DR,油红O染色和茜素红染色阳性。RT-PCR结果显示了实验组 I、III型胶原mRNA表达较对照组减少(P<0.05)。Western blotting检测结果显示了实验组I、III型胶原蛋白的表达较对照组减少(P<0.05)。结论：bFGF可显著促进hUCMSCs增殖,且不改变细胞的表面标志物表达。bFGF对hUCMSCsⅠ、Ⅲ型胶原mRNA和蛋白的表达呈抑制效应,提示其在促进创面愈合的同时可能不会引起Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白沉积,从而减少瘢痕增生。     

Subcellular distribution and mitogenic effect of basic fibroblast growth factor in mesenchymal uncommitted stem cells

Uncommitted mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), upon commitment and differentiation give rise to several mature mesenchymal lineages. Although the involvement of specific growth factors, including FGF2, in the development of committed MSC is known, the effect of FGF2 on uncommitted progenitors remains unclear. We have analyzed on a comparative basis, the subcellular distribution and mitogenic effect of FGF2 in committed and uncommitted MSC prepared from human bone marrow. Indirect immunofluorescence studies showed strong nuclear FGF2 staining in both progenitors; however, cytoplasmic staining was only detected in committed cells. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of 22.5 and 21-22 kDa forms of FGF2 in the nucleus of both progenitors; however, their relative content was higher in uncommitted than in committed cells. Exogenous FGF2 stimulated proliferation and sustained quiescence in committed and uncommitted cells, respectively. These results show that both type of progenitors, apart from morphological and proliferative differences, display specific patterns of response to FGF2.     

载碱性成纤维细胞生长因子纳米缓释系统与骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖

背景：课题组运用发酵技术开发出了一种新型多聚羟基烷酸——羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚物,不仅具有聚羟基烷酸的通性,而且其柔韧性与加工性能得到较大改善。 目的：检测羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚物载碱性成纤维细胞生长因子纳米微球对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖活性的影响。 方法：采用W1/O/W2超声乳化法制备羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚物载碱性成纤维细胞生长因子纳米微球,采用全骨髓法培养骨髓间充质干细胞,按照培养液中所含成分不同分为3组：碱性成纤维细胞生长因子组、纳米微球组、对照组,其中前两组碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的有效质量浓度分别设为10,20,50 μg/L。 结果与结论：共培养第1,3天,碱性成纤维细胞生长因子组与纳米微球组吸光度值比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),但吸光度值显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),即碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对骨髓间充质干细胞具有明显促增殖作用;第5,7天纳米微球组吸光度值高于碱性成纤维细胞生长因子组(P < 0.01),即纳米微球缓慢释放碱性成纤维细胞生长因子,明显提高生物利用度;第10天纳米微球组细胞仍然有较强的增殖能力,与其他2组比较差异有显著性意义(P < 0.01),而此时碱性成纤维细胞生长因子组、对照组间差异已无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。结果说明纳米微球对碱性成纤维细胞生长因子具有良好的缓释作用,能发挥较为持久的生物学效应,可以持续促进骨髓间充质干细胞增殖。     

Autocrine fibroblast growth factor 2 increases the multipotentiality of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), first identified in the bone marrow, have subsequently been found in many other tissues, including fat, cartilage, muscle, and bone. Adipose tissue has been identified as an alternative to bone marrow as a source for the isolation of MSCs, as it is neither limited in volume nor as invasive in the harvesting. This study compares the multipotentiality of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) with that of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) from 12 age- and sex-matched donors. Phenotypically, the cells are very similar, with only three surface markers, CD106, CD146, and HLA-ABC, differentially expressed in the BMSCs. Although colony-forming units-fibroblastic numbers in BMSCs were higher than in AMSCs, the expression of multiple stem cell-related genes, like that of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), the Wnt pathway effectors FRAT1 and frizzled 1, and other self-renewal markers, was greater in AMSCs. Furthermore, AMSCs displayed enhanced osteogenic and adipogenic potential, whereas BMSCs formed chondrocytes more readily than AMSCs. However, by removing the effects of proliferation from the experiment, AMSCs no longer out-performed BMSCs in their ability to undergo osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Inhibition of the FGF2/fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 signaling pathway demonstrated that FGF2 is required for the proliferation of both AMSCs and BMSCs, yet blocking FGF2 signaling had no direct effect on osteogenic differentiation. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子基因转染骨髓间充质干细胞在失神经肌肉萎缩中的应用

BACKGROUND: How to avoid denervated muscular atrophy is a key factor to improve the therapeutic efficacy on peripheral nerve injuries.OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) gene-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells against denervated muscle atrophy.METHODS:bFGF genes were transfected into rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells using viral transfection method, and then MTT, immunohistochemical staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining, RT-PCR, western blot, and ELISA methods were used to detect the transfection efficiency and product expression. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were selected to make animal models of sciatic nerve injury, and subjected to multi-point intramuscular injection of bFGF-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (experimental group) or cell culture fluid (control group). At 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks after transfection, the gastrocnemius muscle tissues were harvested to detect action potential, residual wet weight, and cross-sectional area of muscle fibers.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The bFGF gene was successfully transfected into bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells using the viral transfection method. The residual wet weight, cross-sectional area and residual action potential of the gastrocnemius muscle were significantly better in the experimental group than the control group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that bFGF gene-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplanted into the denervated muscle can retard the development of muscle atrophy.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子基因转染优化脐带间充质干细胞的培养

背景：目前多采取重组腺相关病毒作为载体介导碱性成纤维细胞生长因子基因转染的方法,将外源性碱性成纤维细胞生长因子基因转入脐带间充质干细胞内并持续表达,调控细胞增殖及定向分化,取得高效持久的治疗作用。 目的：了解采用重组腺相关病毒作为载体介导碱性成纤维细胞生长因子基因转染对体外培养的脐带间充质干细胞增殖及细胞周期的影响。 方法：体外培养脐带间充质干细胞,经重组腺相关病毒作为载体介导碱性成纤维细胞生长因子基因转染,分为对照组、空载病毒组、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子转染组。用RT-PCR,Western blot检测脐带间充质干细胞在转染前后碱性成纤维细胞生长因子基因和蛋白的表达。应用细胞生长曲线、CCK-8观察细胞生长的优化作用,采用流式细胞术测定细胞周期分布的变化。 结果与结论：转染碱性成纤维细胞生长因子后,转染组与对照组、空载病毒组相比碱性成纤维细胞生长因子基因和蛋白水平均有表达,细胞的生长速度明显增快,细胞周期G0/G1期减少,S期细胞数增多,各组间差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。说明,通过重组腺相关病毒作为载体介导碱性成纤维细胞生长因子基因转染能促进体外培养的脐带间充质干细胞增殖,对其培养有优化作用。     

人胚胎成纤维细胞对人胚胎干细胞生长的作用

目的：比较人和小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞对人胚胎干细胞生长的作用,为胚胎干细胞定向诱导各系统细胞应用于临床,消除异种蛋白污染打下基础。方法：分别采用人胚胎成纤维细胞和小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞为饲养层细胞,支持人受精卵的培养,观察其增殖和分化情况。结果：人和小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞分别加入白血病抑制因子（hLIF）均能很好支持人胚胎干细胞生长增殖,并保持未分化状态。结论：完全可以使用人胚胎成纤维细胞支持人胚胎干细胞增殖,消除异种蛋白污染的可能性,为胚胎干细胞定向诱导分化发育应用于临床打下坚实基础。     

Basic fibroblast growth factor support of human embryonic stem cell self-renewal

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells have most commonly been cultured in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) either on fibroblast feeder layers or in fibroblast-conditioned medium. It has recently been reported that elevated concentrations of FGF2 permit the culture of human ES cells in the absence of fibroblasts or fibroblast-conditioned medium. Herein we compare the ability of unconditioned medium (UM) supplemented with 4, 24, 40, 80, 100, and 250 ng/ml FGF2 to sustain low-density human ES cell cultures through multiple passages. In these stringent culture conditions, 4, 24, and 40 ng/ml FGF2 failed to sustain human ES cells through three passages, but 100 ng/ml sustained human ES cells with an effectiveness comparable to conditioned medium (CM). Two human ES cell lines (H1 and H9) were maintained for up to 164 population doublings (7 and 4 months) in UM supplemented with 100 ng/ml FGF2. After prolonged culture, the cells formed teratomas when injected into severe combined immunodeficient beige mice and expressed markers characteristic of undifferentiated human ES cells. We also demonstrate that FGF2 is degraded more rapidly in UM than in CM, partly explaining the need for higher concentrations of FGF2 in UM. These results further facilitate the large-scale, routine culture of human ES cells and suggest that fibroblasts and fibro-blast-conditioned medium sustain human ES cells in part by stabilizing FGF signaling above a critical threshold.     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子诱导人间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化

目的研究碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)在体外诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)向心肌样细胞分化中的作用,及其对MSCs增殖的影响。方法用含5-氮杂胞苷(5-aza)的培养基(A组)、含bFGF的培养基(B组)、含5-aza bFGF的培养基(C组)以及普通培养基(对照组)培养人骨髓MSCs。观察细胞形态的改变;免疫细胞化学法检测α-actin、cTnT和connexin-43的表达;RT-PCR法检测Nkx2·5、GATA-4和cTnT的mRNA水平;MTT法检测MSCs的增殖。结果A组和C组的部分细胞呈肌细胞样改变,表达蛋白α-actin,cTnT和connexin43;A组和C组的cTnT、Nkx2·5和GATA-4的mRNA水平明显高于对照组,B组的Nkx2·5和GATA-4的mRNA水平明显高于对照组;B组细胞增殖明显高于对照组,A组和C组细胞增殖明显低于对照组,但C组明显高于A组。结论bFGF能明显促进MSCs增殖,与5-aza合用能更好地诱导人MSCs向心肌样细胞分化。     

Collagen three-dimensional hydrogel matrix carrying basic fibroblast growth factor for the cultivation of mesenchymal stem cells and osteogenic differentiation

Three-dimensional (3D) collagen hydrogels have been extensively used for cell culture experiments and are more closely representative of in vivo conditions than monolayer (2D) culture. Here we cultured rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in collagen hydrogels containing varying concentrations of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to examine the effect of bFGF on MSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in 3D culture. The optimal bFGF concentration that promoted the greatest degree of cell proliferation and expression of the early osteogenic induction marker alkaline phosphatase was also determined. Subsequent quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of gene expression demonstrated that bFGF promoted significant upregulation of the bone-related genes: collagen type I, osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteocalcin (OCN) for periods of up to 21 days. Immunofluorescence staining and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis further supported the enhanced osteogenic differentiation of cells as a greater proportion of cells were found to express OPN. Matrix mineralization within the collagen hydrogels was enhanced in the presence of bFGF, as assessed by calcium detection using von Kossa staining. These results clearly demonstrate a positive effect of bFGF on proliferation and osteogenic induction of MSCs in 3D collagen hydrogels when applied at the appropriate concentration. Moreover, collagen hydrogel constructs containing MSCs and appropriate growth factor stimulus might be a potentially useful biological tool for 3D bone tissue engineering.     

Human feeder cells can support the undifferentiated growth of human and mouse embryonic stem cells using their own basic fibroblast growth factors

In the culture system using human feeder cells, the mechanism through which these cells support undifferentiated growth of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) has not been well investigated. Here, we explored the mechanisms of 3 kinds of human feeder cells, including human placental cells from the chorionic plate, human bone marrow stromal cells, and human foreskin fibroblasts. First, we determined that undifferentiated growth of 2 kinds each of human (H1 and HSF6) and mouse (D3 and CE3) ESCs was possible in all human feeder cell types tested (human placental cells, human bone marrow stromal cells, and human foreskin fibroblasts), without the need for exogenous cytokine supplementation including basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and leukemia inhibitory factor. We then prepared their corresponding endogenous bFGF-knockout feeders using siRNA and tried to maintain human and mouse ESCs in their undifferentiated state; however, neither human nor mouse ESCs could be maintained in bFGF-knockout human feeder cells. The expressions of stemness markers such as Oct-4 and Nanog were significantly decreased in the bFGF-knockout group compared with those in the controls, and differentiation had already occurred, despite the undifferentiated morphologic appearance of the ESCs. In conclusion, human feeder cells are able to support the undifferentiated growth of human and mouse ESCs via bFGF synthesis. Further, a bFGF-dependent pathway might be crucial for maintaining the undifferentiated characteristics of mouse and human ESCs.     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子和骨髓间充质干细胞构建的组织工程心脏瓣膜赖氨酰氧化酶的表达

目的 探讨碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)和骨髓间充质干细胞(MSC)构建组织工程心脏瓣膜(TEHV)及其赖氨酰氧化酶(LOX)的表达.方法 贴壁培养法分离、培养和纯化大鼠MSC,取第3代种植于去细胞瓣叶支架上.分别将瓣叶置于含10 μg/L bFGF的培养液(A组)、普通培养液(B组)中构建TEHV,大鼠肌成纤维细胞构建的TEHV为C组,培养14 d后,采用Amplex red荧光法检测各组中的LOX蛋白含量,RT-PCR检测LOX mRNA表达.结果 B组的LOX蛋白含量和mRNA表达[(0.137±0.003)mg/L,2.08±0.03]高于A组[(0.124±0.002)mg/L,0.87±0.01]和C组[(0.127±0.002)mg/L,0.90±0.01](P<0.05),A、C两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 bFGF可能通过降低MSC的LOX表达,使MSC构建的TEHV达到与肌成纤维细胞构建的类似.     

Expression and potential role of fibroblast growth factor 2 and its receptors in human embryonic stem cells

Although the detection of several components of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has been reported, the functionality of that pathway and effects on cell fate decisions are yet to be established. In this study we characterized expression of FGF-2, the prototypic member of the FGF family, and its receptors (FGFRs) in undifferentiated and differentiating hESCs; subsequently, we analyzed the effects of FGF-2 on hESCs, acting as both exogenous and endogenous factors. We have determined that undifferentiated hESCs are abundant in several molecular-mass isoforms of FGF-2 and that expression pattern of these isoforms remains unchanged under conditions that induce hESC differentiation. Significantly, FGF-2 is released by hESCs into the medium, suggesting an autocrine activity. Expression of FGFRs in undifferentiated hESCs follows a specific pattern, with FGFR1 being the most abundant species and other receptors showing lower expression in the following order: FGFR1 --> FGFR3 --> FGFR4 --> FGFR2. Initiation of differentiation is accompanied by profound changes in FGFR expression, particularly the upregulation of FGFR1. When hESCs are exposed to exogenous FGF-2, extracellular signal-regulated kinases are phosphorylated and thereby activated. However, the presence or absence of exogenous FGF-2 does not significantly affect the proliferation of hESCs. Instead, increased concentration of exogenous FGF-2 leads to reduced outgrowth of hESC colonies with time in culture. Finally, the inhibitor of FGFRs, SU5402, was used to ascertain whether FGF-2 that is released by hESCs exerts its activities via autocrine pathways. Strikingly, the resultant inhibition of FGFR suppresses activation of downstream protein kinases and causes rapid cell differentiation, suggesting an involvement of autocrine FGF signals in the maintenance of proliferating hESCs in the undifferentiated state. In conclusion from our data, we propose that this endogenous FGF signaling pathway can be implicated in self-renewal or differentiation of hESCs.     

Enhanced proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of human synovium-derived stem cells expanded with basic fibroblast growth factor

Synovium-derived stem cell (SDSC) is one of valuable sources for cartilage regeneration. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was reported to augment the differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells originating from a variety of sources. In this study, we applied various concentrations of bFGF to monolayer cultures of SDSCs and evaluated its effects on proliferation and chondrogenesis. SDSCs expressed mRNAs of FGF receptor 1, 2, 3, and 4, but produced only FGF receptor 3 protein. The SDSCs were expanded as monolayer supplemented with various concentrations of bFGF (0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100?ng/mL) before chondrogenesis. Cell shrinkage and increased actin expression was noted as well as enhanced proliferation by bFGF treatment in monolayer cultures. Cell surface marker CD34 and CD49a expression of SDSCs was decreased with 10 and 100?ng/mL of bFGF. In micromass pellet cultures, bFGF-treated SDSCs showed augmented sizes, weights, and glycosaminoglycan accumulation of pellets by bFGF supplementation. Messenger RNA and protein expression of type II and type X collagen were upregulated in pellets cultured bFGF. These results demonstrated that bFGF was an effective agent for the enhancement of SDSC proliferation and chondrogenesis. From the results in this study, we could elect the 10?ng/mL of bFGF as an optimal concentration for pretreatment of SDSCs before chondrogenic differentiation.