抗人DR5单克隆抗体——mDRA-6与顺铂协同杀伤白血病细胞HL-60作用研究

目的：观察抗死亡受体5（Death receptor 5,DR5）单克隆抗体--mDRA-6与顺铂（DDP）对HL-60细胞的协同杀伤作用.方法：DR5蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,融合筛选抗DR5杂交瘤细胞,制备抗DR5单抗--mDRA-6;流式细胞术测定顺铂对HL-60细胞表面DR5表达及细胞凋亡率;荧光显微镜下观察mDRA-6与顺铂协同作用下HL-60细胞形态变化;MTT法测定不同浓度的顺铂与mDRA-6对HL-60细胞存活的影响;琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测mDRA-6与顺铂联合对HL-60细胞DNA片段化的影响.结果：顺铂可诱导HL-60细胞表面DR5表达增加,mDRA-6与顺铂联用致HL-60细胞出现染色质浓缩、断裂,细胞出芽,凋亡小体形成等细胞凋亡形态学变化;250 ng/ml的mDRA-6作用于HL-60细胞10小时,细胞凋亡率为16.61%;0.16 μg/ml的DDP作用于HL-60细胞10小时,细胞凋亡率为2.35%;二者联合作用后,HL-60细胞凋亡率增至57.10%;mDRA-6与DDP联合作用HL-60细胞,DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示明显“梯形”条带.结论：抗DR5单抗--mDRA-6与DDP对HL-60细胞具有强大的协同杀伤作用.     

抗DR5单克隆抗体-mDRA-6对白血病细胞的凋亡诱导作用

目的:观察抗死亡受体5(DR5)单克隆抗体(mAb)-mDRA-6对白血病细胞的凋亡作用。方法:DR5蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,融合筛选抗DR5杂交瘤细胞,制备抗人DR5mAb-mDRA-6;荧光显微镜下观察mDRA-6作用下白血病细胞Jurkat、HL-60、K562的形态变化;MTT法测定不同浓度的mDRA-6对Jurkat、HL-60、K562细胞存活率的影响;通过FITC-Annexin V及PI标记细胞,以流式细胞术检测mDRA-6对Jurkat、HL-60、K562细胞凋亡率的影响。结果:mDRA-6导致Jurkat、HL-60细胞染色质浓缩、断裂,细胞出芽,凋亡小体形成;mDRA-6对Jurkat、HL-60细胞具有明显的杀伤作用,但对K562的杀伤作用较弱,25mg/L的mDRA-6作用12h,Jurkat、HL-60、K562细胞死亡率分别为88.76%,59.76%,5.18%。Annexin V及PI双染显示1mg/L的mDRA-6作用10h,Jurkat细胞凋亡率为86.06%,10mg/L的mDRA-6作用10h,HL-60细胞凋亡率为48.11%,但10mg/L的mDRA-6作用K562细胞10h,细胞凋亡不明显。结论:抗DR5mAb mDRA-6能够诱导白血病细胞凋亡,不同的白血病细胞株对mDRA-6的敏感性不同。     

抗人DR5单克隆抗体诱导HL-60细胞凋亡机制

探讨抗人DR5单克隆抗体(mDRA-6)诱导白血病细胞系HL-60细胞凋亡的可能机制。MTT法检测mDRA-6对HL-60细胞的生长增殖的影响,以及Caspase 8、10、3抑制剂对mDRA-6抑制HL-60细胞生长增殖的影响;琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测HL-60细胞DNA片断化降解;Western blot检测mDRA-6对HL-60细胞Caspase 8、10、3的激活改变。结果发现,mDRA-6呈时间、浓度依赖性地抑制HL-60细胞的生长增殖,10 mg/L的mDRA-6作用HL-60细胞6 h、8 h和10h,细胞增殖抑制率分别为23.96%、44.10%和50.28%;琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示,10 mg/L的mDRA-6作用6 h,HL-60细胞呈现凋亡细胞特有的DNA梯形条带;Western blot检测结果发现,mDRA-6作用HL 60细胞不同时间,Caspase 8均只有酶原条带出现,无激活片段产生,而Caspase 10和Caspase 3显示明显裂解片段产生,并随mDRA-6作用时间延长而增多;预先使用15μmol/L的Caspase 10及Caspase 3抑制剂孵育细胞1 h,能够使mDRA-6对HL-60细胞的生长抑制率分别降低64.15%(t=10.13、P<0.01)和53.69(t=8.93、P<0.01)%,而预先使用15μmol/L的Caspase 8抑制剂孵育细胞1 h,mDRA-6对HL-60细胞的生长抑制率仅降低4.40%(t=0.52、P>0.05)。以上实验结果提示,mDRA-6通过激活Caspase 10启动凋亡信号分子,诱导白血病HL-60细胞凋亡。     

抗人DR5单克隆抗体对白血病U937细胞凋亡的作用

目的：研究鼠抗人DR5单克隆抗体（mDRA-6）对白血病细胞U937的凋亡诱导作用。方法：光镜下观察mDRA。6作用后U937细胞的形态变化；流式细胞术检测15937细胞表面DR5表达率；MTT法检测mDRA-6对U937细胞生长的影响；AnnexinV—FITC／PI双染法流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率；琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测U937细胞DNA的片段化降解；JC-1单染流式细胞仪检测细胞线粒体膜电位改变。结果：mDRA-6作用U937细胞后呈现典型的细胞凋亡特征；MTT法检测显示mDRA-6作用U937细胞24小时死亡率为61．09％，并呈时间、浓度依赖性；流式细胞仪检测显示10mg/L的mDRA-6作用4小时，U937细胞凋亡率为79．12％；琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示DNA呈现明显梯状带型；mDRA-6作用U937细胞后线粒体膜电位明显下降。结论：mDRA-6能够诱导白血病U937细胞凋亡，是具有诱导细胞凋亡活性的功能性抗体。     

柚皮素增强抗人DR5单抗对人肝癌细胞系HepG2的凋亡作用

探讨柚皮素增强抗人DR5单克隆抗体对人肝癌细胞系HepG2的凋亡作用及可能机制。MTT法检测柚皮素及抗人DR5单抗对人肝癌细胞系HepG2的生长抑制作用;Annexin V/PI双染分析细胞凋亡;蛋白免疫印记检测Caspase 8的表达;流式细胞术检测HepG2细胞表面DR5的表达。结果显示,10 mg/L的mDRA-6作用于HepG2细胞12 h后细胞增殖抑制率为39%;10 mg/L的mDRA-6分别与200μmol/L、400μmol/L、800μmol/L柚皮素共同作用于HepG2细胞后细胞增殖抑制率分别增加至58%、79%、85%;Annexin V/PI双染及流式细胞术检测结果表明,2 mg/L的mDRA-6作用细胞12 h后细胞凋亡率为16%,2 mg/L的mDRA-6和400μmol/L柚皮素共同作用于HepG2细胞12 h后细胞凋亡率增加为63%;mDRA-6和柚皮素共同作用于HepG2细胞后,蛋白免疫印记结果显示Caspase 8的激活片段明显显现,流式细胞术检测HepG2细胞表面DR5的表达,其基础表达率为49%,400μmol/L柚皮素作用于HepG2细胞12后,HepG2细胞表面DR5的表达率增加为81%。实验显示柚皮素可增强抗人DR5单克隆抗体对人肝癌细胞系HepG2的凋亡作用,其可能机制为柚皮素诱导HepG2细胞表面DR5受体表达上调所致。     

抗DR5抗体对食管鳞癌的细胞毒作用及机制

目的：探讨抗人DR5功能性单克隆抗体mDRA-6对食管鳞癌EC9706和109细胞的细胞毒作用及其作用机制。方法：利用MTT法检测mAb mDRA-6对食管癌细胞的细胞毒作用;在显微镜下观察食管癌细胞死亡的形态变化;以琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测食管癌细胞中的DNA片段化。利用流式细胞术检测食管癌细胞表面DR5表达、细胞凋亡率和线粒体膜电位;利用caspase抑制剂分析mAb mDRA-6的细胞毒作用机制。结果：mAb mDRA-6对食管鳞癌细胞有显著的细胞毒作用,并呈剂量和时间依赖性,但对食管上皮细胞NEC细胞没有毒性。经mAb mDRA-6处理,食管鳞癌细胞出现典型的细胞凋亡特征：细胞膜皱缩,出泡,染色质浓缩,形成凋亡小体以及DNA片段化等。流式细胞术检测结果显示,食管癌细胞表面表达DR5,而食管上皮细胞NEC细胞不表达;经1.2μg/ml的mAb mDRA-6作用24小时后,大多数食管鳞癌EC9706和109细胞的表面均表达磷脂酰丝氨酸。Caspase 8的抑制剂几乎完全抑制mAb mDRA-6诱导的细胞凋亡,Caspase 9抑制剂的则影响小。此外,在mAb mDRA-6诱导的食管癌细胞凋亡的早期,线粒体膜电位不改变,在凋亡的晚期,线粒体膜电位降低。结论：mAb mDRA-6主要通过死亡受体信号传导途径诱导细胞凋亡,对食管鳞癌细胞产生细胞毒作用,其在以TRAIL/DR5系统进行的肿瘤治疗和探讨DR5功能结构域方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

抗人DR5单抗致白血病U937细胞凋亡的作用机制

目的探讨鼠抗人DR5单克隆抗体(mDRA-6)对白血病细胞U937凋亡诱导作用及机制。方法 MTT法、Annexin V-FITC/PI双染流式细胞仪检测mDRA-6对U937细胞的生长抑制及凋亡诱导作用,Western blotting检测caspase8、10、3、9及Cytochome C在U937细胞凋亡过程中的表达及激活情况;选用caspase8、10、3抑制剂预处理U937细胞,观察是否抑制mDRA-6对U937细胞的凋亡诱导作用。结果MTT结果显示:10mg/L的mDRA-6作用U937细胞24h,细胞死亡率为61.09%,呈时间、浓度依赖性;流式细胞仪检测显示mDRA-6作用4h,细胞凋亡率为69.03%;Western blotting结果显示caspase10、3、9及Cytochome C均有活性片断表达,而caspase8无明显激活;caspase10和caspase3抑制剂部分抑制mDRA-6的凋亡诱导作用,caspase8抑制剂作用不明显。结论抗人DR5单克隆抗体mDRA-6通过死亡受体和线粒体途径诱导白血病U937细胞凋亡。     

抗人DR5单克隆抗体(mDRA-6)诱导Jurkat细胞凋亡活性研究

目的：观察抗肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）的死亡受体5（DR5）单克隆抗体——mDRA-6对Jut-kat细胞的凋亡作用。方法：DR5蛋白免疫BALB／c小鼠，融合筛选抗DR5杂交瘤细胞，制备抗人DR5单抗——mDRA-6；光镜下观察mDRA-6作用下Jurkat细胞形态变化；MTT方法计算mDRA-6不同浓度、不同作用时间对Jurkat细胞凋亡率影响。结果：mDRA-6致Jurkat细胞染色质边集、断裂，细胞出芽，凋亡小体形成；MTT法显示mDRA-6具有明显的Jurkat细胞杀伤作用，0.1μg／ml的mDRA-6即可使Jurkat细胞存活率降至77．2％；25．6μg／ml的mDRA-6作用8小时，可使Jurkat细胞存活率降至28．4％；Annexin v及PI双染显示1μg／ml的mDRA-6作用10小时，Jurkat细胞凋亡率达81．82％。结论：抗DR5单抗——mDRA-6具有高效诱导Jurkat细胞凋亡的活性。     

诱导细胞凋亡的抗hDR5单抗的研究

目的 研制能诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的抗人DR5单克隆抗体（McAb）。方法 以可溶性人死亡受体（death receptor，DR）5胞外段免疫小鼠，采用杂交瘤技术制备抗人DR5的McAb；MTT方法筛选分泌有细胞毒活性McAb的杂交瘤细胞；亲和层析方法纯化McAb；夹心ELISA法测定McAb亚型；Western blot和斑点ELISA法检测McAb的抗原表位类型；间接ELISA法检测McAb的特异性；流式细胞仪检测FITC-annexinⅤ／PI双色标记的Jurkat细胞的凋亡率；DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳测定凋亡细胞的DNA片段化。结果 获得1株杂交瘤细胞，其分泌的McAb命名为mDRA-6，为IgG1；其抗原表位类型为构象表位；其特异性识别hDR5，与hFas、hDR4等无交叉反应。mDRA-6对Jurkat细胞具有细胞毒作用；经McAb mDRA-6处理后，Jurkat细胞膜表面高表达丝氨酸磷脂，并导致Jurkat细胞中的DNA片段化。结论 mDRA-6是一个具有诱导细胞凋亡活性的新的抗人DR5功能性抗体，在以TRAIL／DR5系统进行肿瘤治疗和探讨DR5的功能结构域研究方面具有广泛应用前景。     

抗人DR5单克隆功能抗体mDRA-6诱导Jurkat细胞凋亡的Caspase路径机制研究

目的:探讨抗人死亡受体5(DR5)功能性单克隆抗体(mDRA-6)对Jurkat细胞诱导凋亡的Caspase分子机制.方法:琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测mDRA-6作用后Jurkat细胞的DNA ladder;MTT法检测单克隆抗体(mDRA-6)对Jurkat细胞生长抑制作用的剂量.效果关系;Annexin V-FTTC/PI双染流式细胞术定量分析mDRA-6对Jurkat细胞的凋亡作用;观察Caspase-10、9、8、3等抑制剂对mDRA-6诱导细胞凋亡的抑制作用;免疫印迹技术检测凋亡信号蛋白Caspaw-10、9、8、3、Bid(tbid)、Cyto c等活化裂解的情况.结果:琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示DNA呈现明显梯状带型;mDRA-6对Jurkat细胞具有明显的生长抑制作用且呈量-效关系,Annexin V-FTTC/PI双染流式细胞术检测显示,mDRA-6在2.0 μg/ml浓度作用Jurkat细胞0.23、0.5、1、2小时,其凋亡率分别为16.17%、28.25%、69.23%、78.23%;Caspase-8抑制剂能明显抑制mDRA.6诱导的细胞凋亡,抑制率为77.85%,Caspase-3和Cas-pase-9抑制剂的抑制率分别为54.20%、8.74%,而Caspase-lO的抑制剂无抑制作用;免疫印迹技术检测显示Caspase-8、3、9均呈现随时间延长酶原逐渐减少、活化片段增加的现象,Bid激活降解为tbid,Cyto c大量释放,而Caspase-10酶原无明显改变、无活化片段出现.结论:mDRA-6诱导Jurkat细胞凋亡主要是激活了死亡受体信号传导途径上游的Caspase-8引起的,该细胞凋亡机制涉及Caspase-3、Caspase-9及Bid(tbid)、Cyto c等分子,而同样是凋亡的上游信号Caspase-10没有参与此凋亡过程.本研究为mDRA-6的人源化改造及后续的实验研究打下了基础.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.