Association of microalbuminuria with ambulatory arterial stiffness index in patients with type 2 diabets mellitus

Background Microalbuminuria (MAU) and ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) may predict cardiovascular events and death. However,there is little information about the correlation between the two parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) . Therefore,we examined the association of MAU with 24-hour AASI in patients with T2 DM. Methods A total of 189 patients with 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (24h-ABPM) who were hospitalized from January 2011 to January 2017 were selected. 136 patients without hypertension were screened. The subjects were divided into two groups according to urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (u ACR) . MAU group was defined as u ACR of 30-299 mg/g (n=69),NMAU group was defined as u ACR 30 mg/g (n=67) . AASI was calculated as 1 minus the regression slope of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) value vs. systolic blood pressure (SBP) value according to ABPM. The differences of clinical and biochemical indicators between the two groups were determined. The correlation between AASI and MAU was analyzed by unconditional forward stepwise logistic regression. Results Patients with MAU had significantly higher level of diabetic duration,TC,LDL-C,Scr,AASI and lower e GFR than NMAU group (P0.05) . Using MAU as the dependent variable (1 with MAU and 0 without MAU),LDL-C,decreased e GFR,AASI were independent risk factors of MAU in patients with T2 DM. The ROC curve of AASI in predicting the risk of MAU showed when AASI was 0.48,the area under the curve was the largest 0.659 (95 % CI 0.568-0.750,P=0.001) .The sensitivity was 71.0% and the specificity was 56.7%. Conclusions Patients with MAU have higher AASI than patients without MAU. As a new index of arterial stiffness,AASI is associated with MAU,and could independently predict MAU in patients with T2DM.     

Association of renal function with the ambulatory arterial stiffness index and pulse pressure in hypertensive patients

Arterial stiffness exemplified by the ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) and pulse pressure (PP) predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The present cross-sectional study assessed the association of renal function with AASI and 24-h PP in hypertensive inpatients. Subjects included 948 hypertensive inpatients with drug treatment (mean age, 53.3 years; male, 67.1%). The AASI was defined as 1 minus the regression slope of diastolic over systolic blood pressure readings obtained from 24-h recordings. Renal function was evaluated by serum creatinine and urinary albumin excretion was expressed by the urinary albumin-to-urinary creatinine ratio (ACR), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by the modification of diet in renal disease formula and chronic kidney disease-epidemiology collaboration formula. As AASI and 24-h PP increased, serum creatinine concentrations and ACR increased, and eGFR decreased. Multiple linear regression showed that AASI and 24-h PP were associated with eGFR-EPI (B=-12.00, P=0.001 vs. B=-0.14, P=0.002) and ACR (B=0.56, P=0.004 vs. B=0.01, P=0.017) independent of other cardiovascular risk factors. After additional adjustment for 24-h PP, the association of AASI with eGFR-EPI had borderline significance (P=0.053), whereas the significant associations of 24-h PP with serum creatinine and ACR persisted (P=0.009 and P=0.006) after adjusting for confounding factors and AASI. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that each s.d. increase in 24-h PP (that is, 13?mm?Hg) was associated with a higher risk of suffering from microalbuminuria (MA) by 39% (P=0.038) after additional adjustment for AASI. In conclusion, AASI is more closely associated with eGFR compared with 24-h PP in hypertensive inpatients. However, for MA 24-h PP is a better predictor.     

动态动脉硬化指数联合颈动脉超声与冠心病关系的研究

目的 分析动态动脉硬化指数（AASI）联合颈动脉超声与冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（冠心病）的关系。方法 将2019年1月至2020年1月于北京潞河医院经冠状动脉（冠脉）造影确诊的216例冠心病患者作为研究对象,冠脉造影检查血管为单支病变者纳入对照组,多支病变纳入观察组,两组各108例。对比两组患者的血压、AASI、颈动脉狭窄、颈动脉内中膜厚度（IMT）、斑块积分及冠脉评分。结果 两组患者的收缩压及舒张压对比无明显差异（P>0.05）,均在正常血压范围内;AASI存在明显差异（P<0.05）,观察组显著高于对照组;两组患者颈动脉狭窄中度狭窄对比无明显差异（P>0.05）,观察组轻度狭窄明显低于对照组,但重度狭窄及闭塞明显高于对照组（P<0.05）;两组患者的IMT、斑块积分及冠脉评分对比存在明显差异（P<0.05）,且观察组明显高于对照组。结论 AASI联合颈动脉超声检查可为冠心病的动脉硬化及斑块病变程度的评估提供临床参考,多支病变AASI高于单支病变,数值更接近1,多支病变的IMT、斑块积分及冠脉评分均高于单支病变,且多支病变的颈动脉狭窄程度更重。     

老年高血压病患者血压昼夜节律与动态的动脉硬化指数的关系

目的 探讨老年高血压病患者血压昼夜节律与动态动脉硬化指数的关系。方法 根据动态血压检测结果将112例老年高血压病患者分为杓形组(n=37)、非杓形组（n=45）和反杓形组（n=30）,并测定及计算动态动脉硬化指数（AASI）。结果 3组年龄,体质量指数,总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹血糖、病程和全天及白天平均收缩压、舒张压和脉压比较均无显著性差异。3组夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压、AASI比较有显著性差异（P<0.01）。结论 动态血压昼夜节律的改变与动态动脉硬化指数相关。     

高血压合并OSAHS动态动脉硬化指数与呼吸暂停低通气指数的关系

目的探讨高血压合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAHS)患者动态动脉硬化指数(AASI)与呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)的关系。方法选择高血压患者153例,根据AHI值分为实验组(OSAHS组,79例)和对照组(非OSAHS组,74例),收集所有患者年龄、性别、身高、体重、24 h动态血压监测数据、AHI值以及冠心病、高脂血症、2型糖尿病患病情况,计算出AASI值,比较两组AASI值的差别,分析AASI值与AHI值的相关性。结果实验组AASI值高于对照组(0.599±0.118 vs 0.381±0.098),差异有统计学意义(P0.05),实验组AASI值与AHI值呈正相关(r=0.617,P0.01),对照组AASI值与AHI值无相关性。结论高血压合并OSAHS患者动脉硬化程度较单纯高血压患者严重且与OSAHS严重程度呈正相关。     

高血压患者尿酸、总胆固醇与动态动脉硬化指数的关系

目的探讨血清尿酸、血脂等生化指标与动态动脉硬化指数(AASI)之间的关系。方法从2011年1月至6月在阜外医院进行24 h动态血压监测与血清生化指标检测,且均未服用过降压药物的疑诊高血压患者中,纳入280例研究对象。AASI根据24 h动态血压计算,计算方法为1-(24 h舒张压对收缩压的回归系数),采用Pearson相关分析和逐步多因素线性回归分析AASI与生化指标的关系。结果 280例研究对象平均年龄为50.4±13.3岁,其中男性161例,高血压患者138例;Pearson相关分析显示,高血压组中,AASI与血清尿酸(r=0.168,P=0.049)、总胆固醇(r=0.269,P=0.001)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(r=0.223,P=0.009)水平均呈正相关;多因素线性回归分析表明高血压患者AASI与血清尿酸(β=0.219,P=0.007)、总胆固醇(β=0.226,P=0.005)水平均呈正相关。结论高血压患者血清尿酸、总胆固醇与AASI正相关。     

高血压患者动态动脉僵硬指数与血压变异性的关系

目的探讨高血压患者动态动脉僵硬指数(AASI)与血压变异性(BPV)的关系。方法入选2009-03-2011-10中国医科大学附属第一医院就诊的高血压患者119例,所有患者均行24h动态血压监测。AASI定义为1减去24h舒张压和收缩压的回归系数。依据AASI水平,分为4组:AASI<0.30、0.30～<0.41、0.41～<0.52、≥0.52。结果相关性分析显示,AASI分别与年龄(r=0.301,P<0.01)、24h收缩压(r=0.276,P=0.001)、白昼收缩压(r=0.225,P=0.008)、夜间收缩压(r=0.366,P<0.01)、24h脉压(r=0.510,P<0.01)、24h收缩压标准差(r=0.297,P=0.001)呈正相关,而与24h舒张压标准差(r=-0.256,P=0.002)、24h平均心率标准差(r=-0.205,P=0.017)及24h平均动脉压标准差(r=-0.202,P=0.017)呈负相关。多元线性逐步回归分析显示,AASI与24h脉压和24h收缩压标准差呈正相关(β=0.321,β=0.725,均P<0.01),与24h舒张压标准差和24h平均动脉压标准差呈负相关(β=-0.428,β=-0.346,均P<0.01)。结论 AASI与BPV密切相关。     

肥胖伴隐性高血压患者动态动脉硬化指数分析

目的：探讨肥胖患者隐性高血压（MH）与动态动脉硬化指数（AASI）的关系。方法：选择诊所血压（CBP）正常的肥胖患者67例和体重正常的健康体检者29例作为正常对照组,均行24h动态血压检查（ABPM）,按日间血压检测结果,肥胖患者被分为肥胖伴MH（诊所血压正常,动态血压高于正常值）组（MH组,28例）和单纯肥胖组（肥胖组,39例）;并根据ABPM结果计算AASI。结果：ABPM：与正常对照组和肥胖组比较,MH组的24h平均收缩压[（118．8±9．5）mmHg,（120．3±9．2）mmHg比（130．3±10.2）mmHg]、24h舒张压[（75．1±6．3）mmHg,（75．4±7．1）mmHg比（84．4±7．3）mmHg]、日平均收缩压[（121．8±8．6）mmHg,（125．3±8．9）mmHg比（145．6±10．1）mmHg]、日平均舒张压[（77．7±6．5）mmHg,（78．6±6．3）mmHg比（93．5±8．2）mmHg]均明显升高（P〈0．01）;MH组的AASI亦明显升高[（0．42±0．08）,（0．44±0．11）比（0．56±0．12）,P均〈0．01]。结论：肥胖伴隐性高血压患者的动态动脉硬化指数显著高于单纯肥胖者及健康者,提示肥胖伴隐性高血压患者的动脉弹性功能降低。     

Metabolic syndrome and ambulatory arterial stiffness index in non-diabetic patients with primary hypertension

Increased arterial stiffness and the presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) have been shown to predict cardiovascular events in patients with primary hypertension. We investigated the relationship between a recently proposed index of arterial stiffness derived from ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring and MS in 156 untreated, non-diabetic patients with primary hypertension. Ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) was defined as 1 minus the regression slope of diastolic over systolic BP readings obtained from 24-h recordings. A modified National Cholesterol Education Program definition for MS was used, with body mass index replacing waist circumference. The prevalence of MS was 23%. Patients with MS were more frequently male (0.0291) and had increased serum uric acid (P=0.0005), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (P=0.0259), as well as total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (P=0.0374 and P=0.0350, respectively) as compared to those without MS. After adjusting for these confounders, the association between AASI and the presence of MS was statistically significant (P=0.0257). Moreover, the prevalence of increased AASI (upper tertile, that is >or=0.550) was greater in patients with MS (P=0.0156). After adjusting for age and 24-h mean BP, the presence of MS entailed a more than twofold greater risk for increased AASI (0.0280). MS is associated with increased AASI in non-diabetic patients with primary hypertension. These data support the role of this new index of arterial stiffness as a marker of risk and help to explain the high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality that is observed in hypertensive patients with MS.     

A modified ambulatory arterial stiffness index is independently associated with all-cause mortality

Dependence of the ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) on data scattering interferes with its potential clinical relevance. We assessed the correlates and all-cause mortality associations of a modified AASI (s-AASI). AASI was derived from the 24-h diastolic vs. systolic blood pressure linear regression line, whereas s-AASI was derived by symmetric regression (bisecting the line of diastolic vs systolic and systolic vs. diastolic). Of 2918 patients 55% were women; age was 56 +/- 16 years and body mass index was 27.3 +/- 4.5 kg/m(2). Average 24-h ambulatory blood pressure was 138 +/- 16/78 +/- 10 mm Hg. Applying the modified method for calculating AASI yielded a different measure: the negative correlation between AASI and blood pressure dipping (r = -0.304, P < 0.0001) was abolished (r = +0.223, P < 0.0001), s-AASI was more dependent on age (r = 0.266 vs. r = 0.089 for AASI), and prediction of all-cause mortality was enhanced; hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) 1.17 (1.00-1.36) per 1 s.d. increase in s-AASI in the fully adjusted model as compared with 1.15 (0.97-1.36) for AASI.     

Inverse relationship between ambulatory arterial stiffness index and glomerular filtration rate in arterial hypertension

BACKGROUND: Arterial stiffness and mild-to-moderate renal dysfunction are predictors of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Recently, the ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) has been proposed as a surrogate index of arterial stiffness. It has been associated with an enhanced risk of stroke. The aim of our study was to assess the relationship between AASI and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a group of hypertensive patients with no CV complications. METHODS: A total of 143 untreated hypertensive subjects (mean age: 44 +/- 12 years; men 57%), with serum creatinine <1.5 mg/dl, were enrolled. AASI was calculated as one minus the regression slope of diastolic on systolic blood pressure (BP) obtained by individual 24-h BP recordings. GFR was computed from the scintigraphic determination of the technetium-99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid uptake within the kidneys, by the Gates' method. RESULTS: Hypertensive patients with AASI above the median value (n = 71) had lower GFR than those with AASI below the median (n = 72) (98.3 +/- 31 vs. 122.4 +/- 32 ml/min/1.73 m(2); P < 0.001). This difference held even after adjustment for age and gender. The linear regression analysis disclosed a significant inverse correlation between GFR and AASI (r = -0.30; P < 0.001), that was replicated (beta = -0.19; P = 0.02) in a multiple regression model including, as independent variables (besides AASI), age, gender, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, 24-h pulse pressure (PP) and nocturnal reduction in BP. CONCLUSIONS: AASI is inversely related to GFR in arterial hypertension. This may help to explain the increased CV risk associated with mild-to-moderate renal dysfunction.     

动态动脉硬化指数在原发性高血压患者中的初步临床研究

目的探讨原发性高血压患者的动态动脉硬化指数(AASI)在心脑血管疾病及靶器官损害(肾功能不全)中的预测价值。方法选择原发性高血压患者160例,根据AASI结果,将AASI小于中位数的79例患者作为A组,大于或等于中位数的81例患者作为B组。对AASI与心血管疾病、糖尿病、肾功能不全、血脂以及24h脉压(24hPP)和24h平均动脉压(24h MAP)进行比较。结果与A组比较,B组患者合并脑卒中和心血管疾病明显增多,24h PP明显升高,肾小球滤过率明显下降(P0.05,P0.01)。合并脑卒中及心血管疾病患者较不合并患者AASI明显升高(P0.01);合并脑卒中及心血管疾病患者较不合并患者24h PP也明显升高(P0.05);有吸烟史患者较不吸烟患者24h MAP明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。AASI和24h PP与肾小球滤过率呈负相关(r=-0.314,P=0.000;r=-0.156,P=0.049)。结论 AASI可能是原发性高血压患者发生心脑血管疾病及肾功能不全的独立的预测因素。     

Ambulatory arterial stiffness index and renal abnormalities in primary hypertension

OBJECTIVE: Arterial stiffness is a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in the general population as well as in hypertension and end-stage renal disease. We investigated the relationship between a recently proposed ambulatory blood pressure monitoring-derived index of arterial stiffness and early signs of renal damage in patients with primary hypertension. DESIGN AND SETTING: A total of 168 untreated patients with sustained primary hypertension were studied. Ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) was calculated based on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure readings. Albuminuria was measured as the albumin to creatinine ratio. Creatinine clearance was estimated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula, and the interlobar resistive index was evaluated by renal ultrasound and Doppler examination. RESULTS: AASI was positively related to urinary albumin excretion and resistive index, and was negatively related to estimated creatinine clearance and renal volume to the resistive index ratio. Patients with AASI above the median (i.e. > 0.51) showed a higher prevalence of microalbuminuria and a mild reduction in creatinine clearance. Moreover, patients with microalbuminuria or a mild reduction in creatinine clearance had significantly higher AASI values compared with those without, and the greater the renal involvement, the greater the AASI. After adjusting for several potentially confounding variables, we found that each standard deviation increase in AASI (i.e. 0.16) entails an almost twofold greater risk of renal involvement. CONCLUSION: Increased AASI is independently associated with early signs of renal damage in patients with sustained primary hypertension. These results strengthen the usefulness of AASI and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in cardiovascular risk assessment.     

Increased ambulatory arterial stiffness index is associated with target organ damage in primary hypertension

Increased arterial stiffness has been shown to predict cardiovascular mortality in patients with primary hypertension. Asymptomatic organ damage is known to precede cardiovascular events. We investigated the relationship between a recently proposed index of stiffness derived from ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and target organ damage in 188 untreated patients with primary hypertension. Ambulatory arterial stiffness index was defined as 1 minus the regression slope of diastolic over systolic BP readings obtained from 24-hour recordings. Albuminuria was measured as the albumin:creatinine ratio, left ventricular mass index was assessed by echocardiography, and carotid abnormalities were evaluated by ultrasonography. The prevalence of microalbuminuria, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and carotid abnormalities was 12%, 38%, and 19%, respectively. Ambulatory arterial stiffness index was positively related to age, triglycerides, office and 24-hour systolic BP, 24-hour pulse pressure, urinary albumin excretion, and carotid intima-media thickness. Patients with microalbuminuria, carotid abnormalities, or LVH showed higher ambulatory arterial stiffness index as compared with those without it. After adjusting for confounding factors, each SD increase in ambulatory arterial stiffness index entails an &2 times higher risk of microalbuminuria, carotid abnormalities, and LVH and doubles the risk of the occurrence of >or=1 sign of organ damage. Ambulatory arterial stiffness index is associated with organ damage in patients with primary hypertension. These data strengthen the role of this index as a marker of risk and help to explain the high cardiovascular mortality reported in patients with high ambulatory arterial stiffness index.     

Association of stroke with ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) in hypertensive patients

The ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) predicted stroke in hypertensive patients and in the general populations. However, no similar data was available in Chinese. In the present study, we sought confirmation that Chinese hypertensive patients with a history of stroke would have an elevated AASI. We retrospectively analyzed the data of 156 hypertensive outpatients (60.9 % men; mean age, 61.5 years) and 582 inpatients (63.6 % men; 58.6 years) of the Hypertension Department at Ruijin Hospital in Shanghai, China. The AASI was calculated as 1 - the regression slope of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) in individual 24-h ambulatory recordings. With adjustment applied for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), the 24-h mean arterial pressure, and other cardiovascular risk factors, AASI was higher in patients with a history of stroke than in patients without stroke in both outpatient (0.51 ± 0.02 vs. 0.47 ± 0.01; P = 0.050) and inpatient (0.46 ± 0.01 vs. 0.44 ± 0.01; P = 0.031) cohorts. The odds ratio (OR) for a history of stroke associated with a 1-SD increase in AASI was 1.63 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-2.62; P = 0.046) in outpatients, 1.32 (1.01-1.74; P = 0.046) in inpatients, and 1.30 (1.05-1.62; P = 0.018) in two patient cohorts combined (n = 738) after multivariate adjustment including the night-to-day ratio of SBP. Our findings suggest that Chinese hypertensive patients with a history of stroke, compared to those without such history, have stiffer arteries, as exemplified by a higher AASI.