多层螺旋CT尿路造影对上尿路梗阻性疾病的诊断价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT尿路造影（MSCTU）在上尿路梗阻性疾病诊断中的价值。资料与方法 搜集经静脉肾盂造影（IVU）或其他影像学检查提示上尿路梗阻而原因不明的患者58例,均行MSCTU检查,在图像工作站对获得图像进行最大密度投影（MIP）、多平面重建（MPR）及容积再现（vRT）等三维后处理,获得泌尿系立体图像。结果 58例中上尿路结石20例,先天性畸形14例,输尿管癌11例,输尿管炎性狭窄3例,输尿管息肉2例,副肾血管压迫肾盂输尿管交接处2例,邻近器官疾病导致上尿路梗阻2例,以上病例均经手术或输尿管镜检查证实。另有4例无法确诊,诊断准确率为93．10％。结论 MSCTU通过MPR、MIP、VRT技术多角度观察能够更加清晰地显示出导致上尿路梗阻的病变及其形态,在上尿路梗阻病变诊断方面有独特的优势。     

多层螺旋CT尿路造影在尿路梗阻性疾病中的临床应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT尿路造影在泌尿系梗阻性疾病诊断中的应用价值。方法对48例泌尿系统梗阻性疾病者,分别进行多层螺旋CT平扫及多时相期CT增强扫描。对增强后各期图像进行相关处理,以不同的三维重建方式获得CTA、CTU影像。所有病例均经临床及手术证实。结果48例中肾脏及输尿管先天畸形者15例;输尿管阴性结石致肾盂输尿管积水者4例;泌尿系炎症者5例;肾及输尿管、膀胱结核6例;外源性压迫导致肾盂及输尿管积水者8例;泌尿系肿瘤者10例。结论多层螺旋CT泌尿系造影对尿路梗阻性疾病的诊断具有很高的应用价值。     

多层螺旋CT尿路造影诊断泌尿系病变的价值(附40例分析)

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT尿路造影(blsort7)技术对泌尿系病变的临床诊断价值。方法：对40例泌尿系病变患者行CT平扫、肾实质期扫描(80s开始)或直接行肾实质期扫描，根据肾脏积水程度决定延迟扫描时问，无积水者延迟10～15rain，积水者延迟30一120min扫描，将原始资料传送至工作站进行图像后处理，获得尿路立体图像。结果：40例中，肾癌3例，肾盂癌7例，输尿管癌7例，结石5例，炎症6例，先天性发育异常11例，膀胱阴道瘘1例。33例经手术病理，7例经临床证实，术中所见与多层螺旋CT显示的病变部位、形态、大小均一致。结论：多层螺旋CT尿路造影具有扫描速度快、覆盖范围广、图像质量高及薄层扫描的特点，对泌尿系病变的诊断具有重要价值。     

16层螺旋CT尿路三维重建在泌尿系梗阻性疾病诊断中的价值

目的:探讨16层螺旋CT低剂量尿路三维成像在泌尿系梗阻性病变诊断中的价值.方法:参照IVU检查方法,对 91例B超、KUB及IVU未明确病因的泌尿系梗阻性病变病例,行16层螺旋CT扫描,利用后处理技术对扫描资料进行三维重建处理.结果:16层螺旋CT尿路造影清晰显示泌尿系的解剖结构,以及病变和尿路之间的空间关系.91例患者中,泌尿系结石51例,肾盂输尿管重复畸形10例,肾位置异常6例,巨输尿管1例,腔静脉后输尿管3例、输尿管良性狭窄11例,前列腺囊肿伴右肾缺如1例,输尿管结核4例,腹膜后肿瘤压迫输尿管4例,结石和肿瘤病例均经手术或病理证实.CT诊断与临床诊断符合率100%.结论:16层螺旋CT尿路三维成像对显示泌尿系梗阻性病变快捷、安全可靠,可作为诊断泌尿系梗阻性疾病的首选影像学方法之一.     

尿路造影后立即做CT尿路成像诊断输尿管梗阻性病变

目的:在静脉尿路造影(IVU)无法明确输尿管梗阻原因时,评价多层螺旋CT(MSCT)泌尿系成像技术对输尿管梗阻病变的诊断价值。方法:40例经IVU显示为不明原因输尿管梗阻患者即刻接受MSCT平扫,将所得数据资料传至工作站,采用最大强度投影(MIP)、多平面重组(MPR)、曲面重组(CPR)、表面遮盖显示(SSD)或容积重组(VR)等后处理技术,重组泌尿系三维立体图像。结果:40例IVU无法明确输尿管梗阻原因患者中采用MSCT轴面结合三维重组图像能从多个角度清楚地显示尿路全程及其周围组织结构,并显示输尿管梗阻部位的状况,MSCT尿路造影(MSCTU)可很好地弥补IVU检查的不足。结论:与IVU比较,MSCTU图像清晰,对输尿管梗阻性病变有着很高的临床应用价值,可使输尿管病变诊断准确率得到明显提高。     

128层螺旋CT尿路造影对上尿路梗阻性疾病的诊断价值

随着多层螺旋CT尿路造影(multi-slice CT urography,MSCTU)的广泛应用,这一技术日趋成熟,使得通过一次检查就给泌尿系疾病的诊断提供了丰富可靠的诊断依据。本文分析30例上尿路梗阻患者128-slice spiral CTU检查的结果,通过各种重建方法,评价其临床应用价值。     

多层螺旋CT尿路造影在泌尿系统病变诊断中的价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT尿路造影（MSCTU）对泌尿系病变的诊断价值。方法：收集经KUB、IVU检查单侧输尿管显示欠佳或不显影患者38例，健康志愿者4例，行CT平扫、肾脏增强双期扫描及尿路造影，将平扫及尿路造影资料传送至工作站，进行最大强度投影（MIP）、多平面重建（MPR）及容积重建（volume-rendering），获得完整尿路影像。结果：所有病例在14-2s内完成全尿路扫描。24例输尿管结石，重建图像能清晰显示结石位置及上段积水情况；2例肾肿瘤及1例输尿管切开取石术后患者显示输尿管内多发血块；2例术后输尿管粘连及肿胀至输尿管梗阻；1例结肠癌淋巴结转移侵犯输尿管；3例肾盂输尿管重复畸形清晰显示输尿管汇合部位；1例尿瘘可见尿湖位于输尿管中段，肾盂瘘口与之相连；1例先天性巨输尿管和1例腔静脉后输尿管完整显示其形态和走行。结论：多层螺旋CT具有超高速、大范围、薄层扫描能力，应用于尿路造影有其独特优势，可作为临床一种新的辅助诊断手段。     

泌尿系统先天异常的多层螺旋CT尿路成像诊断

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT尿路成像（MSCTU）在诊断泌尿系先天异常方面的特点、成像方法及其临床应用价值。方法 搜集3年间临床资料完整的泌尿系先天异常患者33例，均行MSCTU成像，对全泌尿系扫描，排泄期图像进行最大强度投影（MIP）、多平面重组（MPR）、容积重组（VR）、仿真膀胱镜（VC）检查，获得完整、立体的尿路影像。结果 经MSCTU诊断泌尿系先天异常33例，包括异位肾、马蹄肾、肾盂旋转不良各1例，附加肾、输尿管瓣膜症、腔静脉后输尿管各2例，巨输尿管4例，肾盂输尿管交界处狭窄6例，双肾盂双输尿管9例，膀胱憩室5例。输尿管显示率91％（61／66侧），所有显影输尿管中上段腔内对比剂平均CT值520HU，后处理图像显示泌尿系解剖结构清晰、立体感强，完全能满足诊断。结论 MSCTU对显示泌尿系先天异常的整体解剖形态和细微病理变化能力强，能明显提高诊断率，可作为首选检查方法。     

静脉增强肾皮质期MSCTU对非结石性尿路梗阻的诊断

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT静脉增强肾皮质期尿路成像(MSCTU)对非结石尿路梗阻的病因诊断价值.方法:对72例MSCT平扫结石阴性的梗阻性肾积水患者行肾脏三期扫描即肾皮质期、实质期及肾盂期扫描,将肾皮质期原始图像数据重建后传输至工作站进行图像后处理,获得多种3D重组图像再做出诊断,将诊断结果与临床或手术病理结果进行对照.结果:肾皮质期MSCTU图像结合轴面图像诊断输尿管结核16例,肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄18例,肾输尿管重复畸形1例,原发性输尿管癌15例,邻近部位恶性肿瘤侵犯输尿管7例,输尿管炎症5例(其中2例手术病理证实为输尿管息肉),梗阻性膀胱6例,结石排出后尿路扩张2例,肾输尿管重复畸形合并输尿管囊肿1例,血管压迫1例.均显示梗阻的部位,病变的形态、大小及尿路扩张情况.诊断敏感度100%,诊断符合率97.2%.结论:静脉增强肾皮质期MSCTU图像结合轴面图像对非结石性尿路梗阻疾病能准确定位和定性.     

螺旋CT尿路造影和静脉尿路造影诊断泌尿系梗阻性的临床分析

目的探讨螺旋CT尿路造影(MSCTU)和静脉尿路造影(IVP)技术在泌尿系梗阻性疾病诊断中的效果。方法对40例泌尿系梗阻性疾病患者,均接受螺旋CT尿路造影和静脉尿路造影技术检查。结果 40例患者顺利完成检查,与病理结果比较,螺旋CT尿路造影检出25例泌尿系结石、5例肿瘤、6例尿路狭窄、4例输尿管畸形,诊断符合率为100.00%,静脉尿路造影检出19例泌尿系结石,1例肿瘤,1例尿路狭窄,4例输尿管畸形,诊断符合率为62.50%;螺旋CT尿路造影对梗阻性积水显示准确率100.00%,较对照组的80.00%显著提高,差异存在统计学意义(P0.05)。结论螺旋CT尿路造影诊断效果优于静脉尿路造影技术,从定位、定性不同角度观察病变部位及周边情况。     

Comparison of excretory phase,helical computed tomography with intravenous urography in patients with painless haematuria

AIM: To compare excretory phase, helical computed tomography (CT) with intravenous (IV) urography for evaluation of the urinary tract in patients with painless haematuria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-one out-patients had IV urography followed by helical CT limited to the urinary tract. Both IV urograms and CT images were evaluated for abnormalities of the urinary tract in a blinded, prospective manner. The clinical significance of abnormalities was scored subjectively and receiver operator characteristic curve analysis was performed. RESULTS: In 69 of 91 patients (76%), no cause of haematuria was identified. In 22 of 91 patients (24%), the cause of haematuria was identified as follows: transitional cell cancer of the bladder (n=15), urinary tract stones (n=3), cystitis (n=2), haemorrhagic pyelitis (n=1) and benign ureteral stricture (n=1). With IV urography, there were 15 true-positive, seven false-negative and three false-positive interpretations. With CT, there were 18 true-positive, four false-negative and two false-positive interpretations. There was no significant difference between IV and CT urography for the significance of the positive interpretations (n=0.47). CONCLUSION: Excretory phase CT urography was comparable with IV urography for evaluation of the urinary tract in patients with painless haematuria. However, the study population did not include any upper tract cancers.     

CT尿路造影对上尿路梗阻性疾病的诊断价值

目的 探讨CT尿路造影（CTU） 在上尿路梗阻性疾病中的应用价值.方法 66例临床可疑有上尿路梗阻性疾病患者,分别在常规平扫、动脉期及静脉期扫描后行分泌期扫描,在图像工作站对获得图像进行最大密度投影（MIP）、多平面重建（MPR）及容积再现（VR）等三维后处理,获得泌尿系立体图像.由2名主治医师以上专家进行影像诊断,并追踪病理及治疗结果.结果 所有病例都成功重建出双肾、输尿管及膀胱三维图像,图像能清晰显示泌尿系统整体和局部细微结构.结论 CTU通过MPR、MIP、VR技术多角度清晰显示上尿路梗阻的病变及其形态,可提高诊断水平,更好地满足临床需要,在上尿路梗阻病变诊断方面有独特优势.     

尿路梗阻性病变的MRU应用

目的 探讨磁共振尿路造影(MRU)技术对尿路梗阻性病变的诊断价值。资料与方法 对46例经B超发现尿路扩张患者采用重T2WI单次激发快速自旋回波(SSFSE)序列行MRU检查，其中41例行静脉肾盂造影(IVP)。结果 46例尿路梗阻性病变包括：良性狭窄19例，先天性异常10例，输尿管结核5例，输尿管癌3例，外在性病变4例，输尿管结石4例，膀胱病变1例。MRU均清楚显示尿路影像，能确定有无梗阻，展示梗阻端的形态和特征，对梗阻水平的定位及梗阻原因的定性均有较高的准确性，明显优于IVP检查。结论 MRU是安全、有效的非侵袭性影像检查方法，特别适用于IVP禁忌症和肾功能丧失者。可多方位、多角度成像，结合常规T1WI、T2WI可获得可疑部位的大量信息，以达到明确诊断目的。     

What is left of i.v. urography?

Since its introduction into clinical practice in the early 1930s, intravenous urography (IVU) was the primary imaging technique for the investigation of urinary system disorders for many years, until the advent of digital cross-sectional-imaging techniques gradually started to undermine many of its indications. Intravenous urography has been superseded for some indications such as renovascular arterial hypertension, prostatic dysuria, renal failure, palpable abdominal masses and recurrent urinary tract infection in women. Intravenous urography has been reduced, in the sense that it is no longer a primary examination, for other clinical indications such as renal colic, renal trauma, uroseptic fever, asymptomatic haematuria, medical haematuria, obstructive uropathies and follow-up of various disorders. Intravenous urography is indicated and often mandatory in congenital anomalies of the urinary tract, prior to endourological procedures, possible fistulas, renal transplantation, tuberculosis and ureteral pathology. In conclusion, IVU is still the examination of choice where there is a need to visualize the entire urinary system and to evaluate the state of the papillae and calyces. Computed tomography urography and MR urography are the imaging modalities ready in the near future to replace IVU.     

Helical CT of the urinary organs

Despite of the diagnostic potential of conventional CT (CCT), limitations being inherent in this technology reduce its diagnostic confidence and limit clinical CT applications as 3D imaging. Helical CT (HCT) has far overcome the limitations of CCT and has become the standard CT technology. After a short overview on the technique of HCT and its advantages over CCT, the impact of HCT on the detection of disorders of the urinary organs is discussed. Due to the high quality of 3D reconstructions, vessels are visualized free of artefacts resulting in a dramatic improvement and acceptance of CT angiography, which has become a clinically important examination in the evaluation of obstructive renal artery disease. Fast HCT provides a precise assessment of the three phases of the nephrogram and it is a prerequisite for an improved depiction of abnormal vascular perfusion and impaired tubule transit of contrast material. Helical CT enables an improved characterization of cystic mass lesions reducing the diagnosis of indeterminate masses and thus facilitating a better therapeutic management. The diagnosis of renal cell carcinomas (RCC) has improved due to an increased sensitivity in detecting small RCCs, and an increased specificity in the diagnosis of neoplastic lesions. Improved staging of RCCs is the result of accurate assessment of venous tumour extension. When planning nephron-sparing surgery 3D display of the renal tumour helps to determine the resectability of the mass depicting its relation to major renal vessels and the renal collecting system. In the evaluation of renal trauma HCT provides shorter scanning time and thus fewer artefacts in the examination of traumatized patients who cannot cooperate adequately. Three-dimensional postprocessing modalities allow the assessment of the renal vascular pedicel by CT angiography and improve the demonstration of complex lacerations of the renal parenchyma. In the evaluation of the upper urinary tract unenhanced HCT has become the imaging method of choice in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of acute flank pain since it is highly sensitive and specific in detecting calculus disease. Unenhanced HCT may furthermore demonstrate causes of flank pain unrelated to urolithiasis. Gapless volume scanning and improved resolution in the z-axis during the excretory phase enables improved visualization of the renal collecting systems and ureters, resulting in a better demonstration of intraluminal and extraluminal pathology.     

低场强MR泌尿系水成像对尿路梗阻性疾病的诊断价值

目的:评价低场强磁共振泌尿系水成像(MRU)对尿路梗阻性疾病的诊断价值。方法:对60例尿路梗阻性疾病患者行MRU及常规MR检查,并与B超I、VU及CT检查结果进行比较。其中输尿管癌12例,输尿管结石19例,输尿管炎性狭窄9例,肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻4例,输尿管先天畸形6例,盆腔肿瘤外压性输尿管狭窄9例,神经源性膀胱1例。结果:MRU能清晰显示尿路梗阻部位,定位诊断符合率100%,结合常规MR定性诊断符合率86.7%,优于B超、IVU及CT检查。结论:MRU结合常规MR对尿路梗阻性疾病具有较高的诊断价值,对儿童、老年人、妊娠妇女及IVU禁忌者可作为首选方法。     

磁共振泌尿系造影对尿路梗阻性病变的诊断价值

目的 评估ＭＲ泌尿系造影对尿路梗阻性病变的诊断价值。方法 ３１０例用重Ｔ２ＷＩ快速自旋回波（ＦＳＥ）序列作ＭＲ泌尿系造影,采集资源影后作最大信号强度投影（ＭＩＰ）处理,发现１５７例为梗阻性尿路扩张。结果 １５７例梗阻性尿路扩张包括：输尿管癌２０例,输尿管结石３１例,输尿管良性狭窄３３例,先天性狭窄４８例,外在性病变致梗阻１０例,膀胱病变致梗阻１５例,ＭＲ泌尿系造影均清楚显示尿路影像,能确定有无梗阻     

CT尿路造影在泌尿系统疾病的诊断价值

目的：探讨IVU后CT尿路造影（CTU）在诊断泌尿系统疾病及评估IVU不显影肾的肾功能应用价值。方法：对IVU 120min单侧肾不显影或IVU显示泌尿系统形态结构异常，但不能确诊的60例作IVU后CT扫描。结果：CTU对IVU不显影或不能确诊的疾病做出明确诊断；对IVU不显影的梗阻肾的肾功能做出进一步评估。结论：IVU后CT尿路造影把IVU与CT结合为一体，可作为IVU的一种重要补充检查方法，具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Comparison of computed tomographic urography,magnetic resonance urography and the combination of diffusion weighted imaging in diagnosis of upper urinary tract cancer

Purpose

To evaluate the performance of computed tomographic urography (CTU), static-fluid magnetic resonance urography (static-fluid MRU) and combinations of CTU, static-fluid MRU and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) in the diagnosis of upper urinary tract cancer.

Material and Methods

Between January 2010 and June 2011, patients with suspected UUT cancer underwent CTU, static-fluid MRU and DWI (b = 1000 s/mm ²) within a 1-week period. The diagnostic performances of CTU, static-fluid MRU and combinations of CTU, static-fluid MRU and DWI for upper urinary tract cancer were prospectively evaluated. The ureteroscopic and histopathologic findings were compared with the imaging findings.

Results

Compared to static-fluid MRU alone (sensitivity: 76/75%, reader 1/reader 2), combining DWI with MRI can increase the sensitivity (sensitivity: 84/84%, p = 0.031/p = 0.016) of upper urinary tract cancer diagnosis. CTU had greater sensitivity (95/94%) and accuracy (92/91%) than both static-fluid MRU (sensitivity: p < 0.001/p < 0.001 and accuracy: 83/81%, p = 0.001/p < 0.001) and static-fluid MRU with DWI (sensitivity: p = 0.023/p = 0.039 and accuracy: 87/85%, p = 0.042/p = 0.049) for the diagnosis of upper urinary tract cancers. Compared with CTU alone, CTU with DWI did not significantly increase sensitivity, specificity or accuracy. However, the diagnostic confidence was improved when the combined technique was used (p = 0.031/p = 0.024). Moreover, there was no significant change in sensitivity, specificity, accuracy or diagnostic confidence when static-fluid MRU was used in combination with CTU and DWI.

Conclusion

Although there is a potential role for static-fluid MRU and static-fluid MRU with DWI in urinary tract imaging, CTU is still the better choice for the diagnosis of upper urinary tract cancer. Combining DWI with CTU can help improve confidence in upper urinary tract cancer diagnoses.