跨面神经-带神经血管股薄肌游离移植分期治疗晚期面瘫

目的探讨跨面神经-带神经血管股薄肌游离移植分期治疗晚期面瘫的效果。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2020年12月, 中国医学科学院整形外科医院整形二科应用跨面神经-带神经血管股薄肌游离移植分期治疗晚期面瘫的临床资料。一期行跨面神经移植术, 二期行带神经血管股薄肌游离移植术。术后随访手术效果, 评估患者双侧中下面部对称性变化。应用改良House-Brackmann面神经功能分级评估患者术前、后口角运动程度, 通过Adobe Photoshop 2021测量患者术前、后静态和动态双侧口角连线与面中线的夹角(口角动度客观测量), 并应用配对t检验进行比较, P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。结果共纳入26例晚期面瘫患者, 男10例, 女16例, 年龄(24.8±3.5)岁(16～28岁)。分期手术间隔时间为6～12个月。术后随访(34.9±11.7)个月(1～3年),所有游离移植物均成活, 没有严重并发症, 其中2例患者二期术后1年因患侧面部臃肿行移植肌肉修薄术, 1例患者二期术后1年因股薄肌固定止点位置不佳进行了肌肉止点位置调整术, 1例患者二期术后2年因口角动度不足行咬肌神经跨面神...     

吻合血管神经的(足母)展肌移植修复晚期面瘫

目的:探讨和研究治疗晚期面瘫的手术治疗,总结应用以足底内侧动静脉为蒂的(足母)展肌游离移植一期修复晚期面瘫40例效果和经验.方法:选取(足母)展肌为供肌,以足底内侧动静脉及其延续的胫后动静脉为血管蒂,以支配(足母)展肌神经及其延续的足底内侧神经和胫神经为神经蒂.(足母)展肌移植于患侧面部皮下,肌近断固定于口角,远端固定于耳前颧弓,血管神经蒂通过上唇皮下隧道与健侧面动静脉和面神经颊支吻合.结果:经随访一年以上,23例恢复了面部静态对称和理想的下面部随意和不随意运动;8例恢复了面部静态对称和部分下面部随意和不随意运动;9例仅恢复了面部静态对称.结论:(足母)展肌游离移植一期修复晚期面瘫具有疗效好、手术操作简便、肌肉大小适中、血管神经蒂走行位置恒定紧密伴行、血管神经蒂可切取较长、变跨面神经移植和肌肉移植的两期移植为一期移植等优点;而且,神经是血管化移植.     

腹内斜肌游离肌瓣移植一期治疗晚期面瘫

目的用带血管及多神经蒂腹内斜肌游离肌瓣移植一期治疗晚期面瘫，重建瘫痪肌肉功能。方法尸体解剖研究腹内斜肌22侧，观察形态，厚度，神经支配，血供规律，及肌切除后腹壁缺损的修复方法，在此基础上临床应用带血管及多神经蒂的游离腹内斜肌移植，一期治疗晚期面瘫。结果腹内斜肌的血供来自旋髂深动脉的腹内斜肌支，动脉直径(1.3±0.2)mm，尚有来自第11肋间动脉，直径(1.14±0.3)mm，和肋下动脉，直径(1.5±0.2)mm。旋骼深动脉或其腹内斜肌支或肋下动脉可作为腹内斜肌移植的吻接血管，腹内斜肌的神经支配来自第10，11肋间神经，长(12.7±1.5)cm.，及肋下神经，长(12.9±1.3)cm，可选用第11肋间神经或(和)肋下神经作为吻合神经。临床治疗晚期面瘫14例，随访10个月～6年，其中13例，术后移植肌肉恢复了功能，静态时口及人中歪斜消失，鼻唇沟两侧对称，微笑时两侧面部肌肉活动协调，且有的病例术后瘫痪侧眼睑能够闭合。结论用带血管及多神经蒂的腹内斜肌移植，是一期重建面部瘫痪肌肉功能的新方法，手术方便，肌肉功能较以往肌肉移植的方法恢复完全。     

面神经瘫痪外科治疗301例回顾

1982年2月至1996年6月,共收治各类面瘫病人301例。其中采用神经、肌肉移植修复157例,筋膜悬吊119例,其他25例。包括:①神经、肌肉移植。Ⅰ期带血管神经肌瓣移植,Ⅱ期带血管、神经肌肉移植;②损伤面神经修复,面神经残端肌肉内种植以及舌下一面神经吻接;③动力性或静力性筋膜悬吊;④其他:面部畸形整形及其他肌肉移植等。认为:早期损伤的面神经吻接,舌下一面神经吻接等是早期外伤性面瘫治疗的最佳选择。Ⅰ期节段性断层背阔肌肌瓣移植是晚期面瘫的最佳选择,68例中66例取得了术后动静态平衡。腹内斜肌肌瓣移植是有前途的术式,Ⅱ期胸小肌移植及筋膜悬吊仍是晚期面瘫治疗中可选择的术式。讨论了手术时机的选择和适应证,着重提出带有靶器官的神经移植的生长不是爬行生长,而是逐步的能量积累,由量变到质变的飞跃。     

选择性超长神经血管蒂背阔肌跨面游离移植Ⅰ期治疗晚期面瘫

本文介绍了应用选择性超长神经血管蒂背阔肌跨面游离移植治疗面瘫的方法，它可以Ⅰ期完成过去的跨面神经移植及肌肉移植治疗面瘫的两期手术。１９９２年初至今我科已完成此类手术４例，经３～２０个月的随访，术后３个月出现患侧口角抽动，６～１２个月肌电图检查移植肌肉的动作电位呈干扰像，收缩电压高，静态时表情良好，笑时患侧已有部分表情活动。     

颞肌,颞筋膜及帽状腱膜转位悬吊法治疗晚期面瘫

晚期面瘫是临床较难处理的问题之一，以往治疗圾多种，包括跨面神经吻合加肌肉移植术，阔筋膜悬吊术，肌瓣转移或游离移植术等等。但往往存在手术步骤复杂，移植组织无血运或血运破坏大等问题，而使手术效果不理想。通过对以往手术的总结了为克服缺点发挥处，采用颞骨，颈筋膜及帽状腱膜转位治疗晚期面瘫。     

跨面神经结构胸小肌游离移植修复晚期面瘫畸形

报告家兔横跨面神经移植实验研究及吻合血管神经的胸小肌游离移植治疗晚期面瘫畸形的临床实践，结果表明，横跨面部神经移植用以支配对侧表情肌是可行的，不吻合血管与吻合血管的跨面神经移植结果对比无显著差异性，提示跨面神经移植勿需强调血管吻合，腓肠神经，胸小肌游离移植是治疗晚期面瘫畸形的一种较好方法。     

吻合神经血管的股直肌肌瓣游离移植治疗晚期面瘫的改进

目的：探索吻合神经血管的动力性功能肌肉游离移植治疗晚期面瘫的方法。方法：自1994年以来我们在股直肌肌肉内神经血管解剖研究的基础上，采用带神经和肌肉内肌腱的股直肌肌瓣的吻合神经血管的游离移植治疗晚期面瘫7例。结果：术后患者于静态时双侧口角对称。2例在术后8个月恢复口角自主活动，另5例均在术后10－12个月恢复口角自主活动。结论：带肌肉肌肌腱的股直肌肌瓣的吻合神经血管的游离移植，既有利于劈裂肌肉瓣时避免血管神经损伤，又有利于维持移植肌瓣的正常肌张力以及悬吊下垂的口角。     

跨面神经结合胸小肌游离移植修复晚期面瘫畸形

报告家兔横跨面部神经移植实验研究及吻合血管神经的胸小肌游离移植治疗晚期面瘫畸形的临床实践。结果表明：横跨面部神经移植用以支配对侧表情肌是可行的。不吻合血管与吻合血管的跨面神经移植结果对比无显著差异性，提示跨面神经移植勿需强调血管吻合。腓肠神经、胸小肌游离移植是治疗晚期面瘫畸形的一种较好方法。     

面神经瘫痪外科治疗301例回顾

１９８２年２月至１９９６年６月，共收治各类面瘫病人３０１例。其中采用神经、肌肉移植修复１５７例，筋膜悬吊１１９例，其他２５例。包括：①神经、肌肉移植，Ⅰ期带血管神经肌瓣移植，Ⅱ期带血管、神经肌肉移植；②损伤面神经修复，面神经残端肌肉内种植以及舌下—面神经吻接；③动力性或静力性筋膜悬吊；④其他：面部畸形整形及其他肌肉移植等。认为：早期损伤的面神经吻接，舌下—面神经吻接等是早期外伤性面瘫治疗的最佳选择。Ⅰ期节段性断层背阔肌肌瓣移植是晚期面瘫的最佳选择，６８例中６６例取得了术后动静态平衡。腹内斜肌肌瓣移植是有前途的术式，Ⅱ期胸小肌移植及筋膜悬吊仍是晚期面瘫治疗中可选择的术式。讨论了手术时机的选择和适应证，着重提出带有靶器官的神经移植的生长不是爬行生长，而是逐步的能量积累，由量变到质变的飞跃。     

The vascularized saphenous nerve as cross-face nerve graft

Summary The vascular anatomy of the saphenous nerve was studied by cadaver preparation, Indian ink and micropaque injection. A constant vascularized nerve graft with a good pedicle and suitable length for a cross-face anastomosis was found. The vascularized saphenous nerve was used for the first time as a cross-face graft in 8 patients with facial palsy. The Tinel-sign was followed-up and a biopsy of the nerve graft at the time of the muscle transplantation was carried out to compare the morphological results of the vascularized nerve graft with two free sural nerve grafts which were used in two patients at the same time. The functional results are demonstrated.     

超长神经血管蒂肌瓣跨面游离移植整复晚期面瘫畸形

应用超长神经血管蒂肌瓣,争面游离移植Ⅰ期整复晚期面瘫畸形。自1992年,作者等手术整复晚期面瘫7例,术后随访3月～1年,3个月内肉眼可见肌肉活动,6个月面神经末梢潜伏期明显缩短,波幅增大。6～12个月能主动有力收缩口角。该方法既优于传统的晚期面瘫整复方法即筋膜悬吊术及肌瓣转位术,也异于近10多年来O'Brein,Harii等的Ⅱ期面瘫整复术。     

Facial reanimation after facial nerve injury

Patients with facial paralysis are often seen in neurosurgical practice. Obtaining full facial symmetry and function after facial nerve damage presents the neurosurgeon with a difficult challenge. Various surgical techniques have been developed to deal with this problem. These include primary nerve repair, nerve to nerve anastomosis, nerve grafting, neurovascular pedicle grafts, regional muscle transposition, microvascular muscle transfers, and nerve transfers. Patient selection, timing of surgery, and details of surgical technique are discussed. The results of hypoglossal-facial anastomosis in 24 patients are described.     

Hypoglossal-facial crossover in facial-nerve palsy: pure end-to-sideanastomosis technique.

Hypoglossal-facial crossover is the most popular method of reconstructing the facial nerve in facial palsy resulting from proximal facial-nerve injury near the brainstem. Conventional hypoglossal-facial crossover involves performing a partial hypoglossal-nerve section or incision and an interpositional nerve graft to bridge the gap between the two nerves, which sometimes results in hemiglossal atrophy and its sequelae. Furthermore, the nerve graft may delay recovery and make facial reanimation weak. To solve these problems, we attempted to perform 'pure end-to-side anastomosis' (without section of the hypoglossal nerve) between the hypoglossal and facial nerves in four patients with facial palsy. In two patients (group I) a sural-nerve graft was used to bridge the gap between the two nerves. In the other two patients (group II) the intratemporal facial nerve was mobilised to the neck and one tension-free end-to-side anastomosis was performed. Facial symmetry and tone at rest were restored in all cases. Facial reanimation was achieved in group II after 8 months. Despite the small number of cases, we believe that the technique of hypoglossal-facial crossover with 'pure end-to-side anastomosis' and mobilisation of the intratemporal facial nerve can decrease donor-nerve morbidity in facial-nerve rehabilitation.     

Facial paralysis in oto-mandibular dysplasia. Clinical study and therapeutic implications]

The percentage of facial palsy in the otomandibular dysostosis is great. It varies from 12 to 50% in the literature. The OMENS classification embodies the muscular and facial nerve defects, and appears to represent the most inclusive classification. Few literature reviews have proposed a treatment of the facial palsy in the otomandibularis dysostosis. The authors proposed a treatment protocol depending on the patient's age. The patients before one year of age are treated with the I?igo's technique, which provide reinnervation to the affected muscles through a crossed facial nerve graft. After one-year old, the surgical approach is realised at five to seven years old to permit a physical therapy. The upper lip is reanimated by the lengthening temporalis myoplasty or by free muscle transplantation with nerve graft. The orbital area treatment of the paralyzed side can included a lengthening of the upper eyelid levator muscle, an asymmetric lateral tarsorraphy and a chondromucous graft.     

Histomorphometric studies in patients with facial palsy treated by functional muscle transplantation: new aspects for the surgical concept

Whenever it was possible, muscle and nerve biopsies were performed in patients with irreversible, unilateral facial palsy treated by cross-face nerve grafting and free gracilis muscle transplantation with microneurovascular anastomoses. Planimetric analyses of cross-sections showed the following, to some extent, surprising, results: (1) Independent of the final functional result, approximately the same number of regenerated, thin nerve fibers (100-200) were found in the distal end of the cross-face nerve graft at the time of muscle transplantation. These are approximately 20% of the nerve fibers counted in the branches of the facial nerve at the healthy side used for reinnervation. (2) There is no correlation between the number or diameter of the nerve fibers in the distal end of the cross-face nerve graft and the functional recovery of the transplanted muscle, but there is good correlation between the morphology of the fibers of the muscle graft and the functional result. (3) Different portions of slow-contracting and fast-contracting muscle fibers in the reinnervated muscle grafts showed the strong influence of the quality of the nerve used for the crossover innervation. If a facial nerve branch innervating the slow buccinator muscle was used, the originally fast gracilis muscle was transformed to a slow muscle by this kind of reinnervation. These important findings are the basis of a new view of surgery in the treatment of irreversible facial palsy by functional free-muscle transplantation.     

Flap pedicle vena comitant as a vein graft donor source

A vena comitant segment harvested from a flap's pedicle can be used as an interpositional vein graft in selected microvascular cases. When a vascular pedicle includes paired venae comitantes, one of these can prove suitable for use as a vein graft while still allowing for venous outflow of the flap. An additional operative site and procedure to harvest a vein graft can be avoided if a vena comitant segment can be used. We present eight cases in which pedicle vena comitant segments were used as interpositional vein grafts. In six cases, vena comitant grafts were used to supercharge or augment venous outflow in transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flaps used for breast reconstruction. A vena comitant graft was used to revise the venous anastomosis in one deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap. The arterial anastomosis was revised with a vena comitant graft in a gracilis muscle free flap. Our experience demonstrates the viability and utility of using the flap pedicle's vena comitant as a source of vein graft in selected cases.