经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术应用于儿童胆胰疾病的大样本研究

目的 探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）在儿童胆胰疾病诊治中的疗效与安全性。 方法 回顾性分析2006年7月至2016年6月期间于杭州市第一人民医院消化内科住院接受ERCP诊治的共115例年龄在18岁以下的患儿的临床资料,总结分析其麻醉方式、治疗方法、成功率、术后并发症情况。 结果 115例患儿共接受221例次ERCP操作,其中,诊断为胆总管结石81例次,胆总管囊肿22例次,胆道蛔虫症3例次,慢性胰腺炎66例次,胰腺分裂症45例次,急性胰腺炎43例次。31例次在气管插管全身麻醉下进行,分别完成胆、胰管开口切开,胆、胰管取石,胆、胰管内支架置入,鼻胆管、鼻胰管引流等相关操作。操作成功率为98.6％（218／221）,操作相关并发症的发生率为7.2％（16／221）,包括7例次（3.2％）术后胰腺炎,5例次（2.3％）术后出血,4例次（1.8％）术后胆管炎,并发症均于治疗后缓解。 结论 儿童胆胰疾病中先天性解剖异常较为常见,早期儿童胆胰疾病由经验丰富的内镜医生进行ERCP诊治是有效和安全的。     

ERCP诊治胆胰疾病的临床应用

目的 探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)在胆胰疾病诊治中的应用和减少并发症发生的方法。方法 术前禁食6h，在全麻或镇静下行逆行胰胆管造影，根据检查结果，选择性镜下治疗。结果 诊断性ERCP逐渐转向较多的治疗性ERCP，ERCP在胆胰疾病诊治中的应用范围扩大。结论 治疗性ERCP是胆胰疾病微创治疗的发展趋势。     

ERCP及EST治疗胰胆疾病出血原因分析及处理

目的探讨ERCP及EST治疗胰胆疾病出血原因及对策。方法对405例行ERCP及EST术胰胆疾病患者作回顾性分析。结果术后出血10例,其中乳头切口损伤2例,结石划破胆道2例,抗凝药破坏胃黏膜1例,胆胰肿瘤3例,凝血功能异常2例。这10例患者均有不同程度的腹痛、头晕、心悸、乏力、呕血、黑便或血便以及鼻胆管内有血性液体流出等表现,实验室检查血红蛋白持续下降,经有效干预后症状均得到控制,未发生消化道大出血。结论了解ERCP及EST治疗胰胆疾病出血原因,加强防治,是降低ERCP术后出血的关键。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术在儿童胆胰疾病诊治中的应用价值

目的 探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）用于儿童胆胰疾病诊治的安全性和有效性。方法 收集2007年9月至2016年8月期间南京鼓楼医院行ERCP诊治的年龄≤14岁的胆胰疾病患儿41例,回顾性总结操作完成情况、并发症发生情况及诊治结果。结果 41例患儿共行68例次ERCP,均采用深度镇静方式,其中诊断性ERCP 6例次（8.8％）、治疗性ERCP 62例次（91.2％）。仅1例次胆胰管汇流异常的患儿胆管插管未成功,ERCP操作成功率达98.5％（67／68）。总体并发症发生率为11.8％（8／68）,均见于治疗性ERCP,包括7例次轻症胰腺炎和1例次发热,未出现出血、穿孔、死亡等严重并发症及麻醉相关并发症。32例（78.0％）患儿得到随访,随访时间2个月至6年,患儿生活质量良好,无不良后果。结论 ERCP对于有适应证的胆胰疾病患儿是一种安全、有效的诊疗方法。     

ERCP诊治胆胰疾病的临床应用

目的 探讨ERCP在胆胰疾病诊治中的应用方法及如何减少并发症的发生。方法 术前禁食6h，在全麻或镇静下行逆行胰胆管造影，根据检查结果，选择性镜下治疗。结果 ERCP成功率为87．3％，经内镜治疗的75例患者有1例发生穿孔，2例合并胰腺炎。结论 治疗性ERCP是胆胰疾病微创治疗的发展趋势。     

MRCP和ERCP联合应用诊治胰胆疾病价值探讨

目的 MRCP和ERCP在诊治胰胆疾病时都有局限性，前者对十二指肠及总胆管下端、乳头的病变的诊断不如ERCP，尤其是不能进行治疗干预，而ERCP则受到病人、设备及技术水平的限制，将两者联合应用可起到互补作用，通过48例的实践探讨其提高诊疗水平的价值。方法 将病例分为危重病例及非危重病例两组，并制订诊疗程序，危重组先行急诊ENBD，再行ER-CP和(或)介入治疗，病程中行MRCP，以明确诊断。而非危重组先行MRCP，根据病情行ERCP和(或)介入治疗。结果 MRCP成功率100％，ERCP为93．8％，不成功的3例改行MRCP均成功，两者诊断符合率83．8％。根据制定的程序诊治胆胰疾病住院时间缩短，费用节省。两者联合应用明显地提高胆胰疾病的诊治水平，尤其对乳头癌、下段胆管癌、十二指肠乳头部憩室的诊断更为准确。MRCP明确了诊断后，可以使十二指肠镜的介入治疗一步到位。结论 ERCP在病人、设备、技术等方面的局限性可由MRCP来替代，而MRCP已达到ERCP的单纯诊断水平，MRCP对十二指肠、乳头部病变及不能干预治疗的局限性可由ERCP所互补，两者联合应用诊治胆胰疾病是目前最有效、最先进的手段，如按诊治程序执行可减少漏诊及误诊。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影在胆胰疾病中的应用

近年来,随着内镜技术和介入技术的不断发展,许多新的设备和方法已经应用于临床,使得经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在胆胰疾病中的应用迅速发展。回顾并总结了ERCP在胆胰疾病中的应用,包括ERCP在胃肠道改道术后患者、孕妇患者、胆道良恶性狭窄患者、胰腺假性囊肿患者中的应用,Spy Glass、光动力学疗法、射频消融术的应用,ERCP相关十二指肠穿孔的处理及ERCP术后胰腺炎的预防等。ERCP的发展和应用使得胆胰疾病的诊治不断向前迈进。     

10955例经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术患者临床总结分析

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）对胆胰疾病的诊疗价值。方法回顾性分析1995年1月至2013年7月间完成ERCP诊治的患者10955例,其中男6186例,女4769例,平均年龄（65．57±14．44）岁。总结并分析ERCP诊治病种、发病年龄、年度数量、麻醉方式及插管成功率等指标。结果10955例患者中,诊断性ERCP167例,治疗性ERCP10788例。2002年至2012年ERCP手术例数年平均增长率是19．58％。首次ERCP胆管插管成功率是97．23％,总ERCP胆管插管成功率是99．59％。常见的ERCP诊治疾病包括肝外胆管结石（40．85％）、肝门部胆管癌（10．53％）、化脓性胆管炎（10．44％）、胰头癌（10．04％）、慢性胰腺炎（8．24％）、肝外胆管癌（7．68％）、壶腹周围癌（6．96％）、胆源性胰腺炎（3．94％）、良性乳头狭窄（3．88％）、乳头癌（3．50％）。肝外胆管结石、化脓性胆管炎、良性乳头狭窄高发年龄是40～50岁,慢性胰腺炎高发年龄是50—60岁,胆源性胰腺炎、肝门部胆管癌、肝外胆管癌、胰头癌、壶腹周围癌、乳头癌的高发年龄是70—80岁。2011年至2013年中,98．74％患者行全凭静脉麻醉ERCP。结论ERCP已经成为胆胰疾病诊治的重要手段,适合于肝外胆管结石、化脓性胆管炎、恶性胆管梗阻等疾病,尤其是高龄患者的诊治。全凭静脉麻醉ERCP是安全、有效的。     

儿童经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后并发症分析

目的 研究经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)在儿童胆胰疾病诊治中并发症的发生情况、影响因素及相应处理,以探讨其安全性、有效性。方法 回顾分析2008年1月至2017年12月期间于杭州市第一人民医院消化内科住院接受ERCP诊治的共172例16岁以下患儿的临床资料,对麻醉方式、疾病诊断、治疗方法、术后并发症情况进行研究分析。结果 172例患儿共接受375次ERCP操作,胆道疾病210例次（56.0%）,胰腺疾病245例次（65.3%）。分别完成胆、胰管开口切开,胆、胰管取石,胆、胰管内支架置入,鼻胆管、鼻胰管引流等相关操作。操作成功率为99.5%（373/375）,操作相关并发症的发生率为6.7%（25/375）,包括13例次（3.5%）术后胰腺炎,8例次（2.1%）术后出血,6例次（1.6%）术后胆管炎,并发症均于治疗后缓解。无重症胰腺炎、穿孔、ERCP相关死亡发生。首次ERCP操作及反复多次插管的术后胰腺炎风险更高（P<0.05）,十二指肠乳头切开患儿术后出血风险更高（P<0.05）。结论 儿童ERCP术后并发症发生率与成人相近,并且与治疗方法有关,内镜医师应高度重视并及时处理并发症。由经验丰富的内镜医师选择合适的方法操作时,儿童ERCP仍可被视为安全、有效的。     

173例胰胆管疾病患者内镜逆行胰胆管造影术诊治分析

目的 讨论内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)及内镜治疗对胰胆管疾病的诊断与治疗价值。方法 回顾分析173例胆胰疾病患者应用十二指肠镜进行诊断和治疗的临床效果。结果 ERCP成功率为93．6％，造影发现胆道结石69例，一次性成功取净结石66例，造影发现胆胰肿瘤20例，5例放置内支架引流。ERCP术后胰腺炎2例，十二指肠乳头肌切开(EST)术后出血2例，均经非手术治疗痊愈。结论 ERCP对于胆胰疾病的诊断明确可靠，内镜下治疗可使部分患者免除外科手术。     

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the management of pancreaticobiliary disorders in children

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is not yet fully established in children. The purpose of this study was to assess the use of ERCP in the diagnosis and management of various pancreaticobiliary disorders in children. METHODS: Eighty-four ERCPs were performed over 5.5 years in 72 children with suspected pancreaticobiliary tract disorders with an adult-type duodenoscope. In all cases, indications, procedure time, ERCP findings, complications, patients course and therapeutic intervention (if any) were recorded. RESULTS: The mean (+/- SD) age of these children was 8.8 +/- 3.3 years. Successful cannulation was possible in 70 (97%) cases. Of the 44 cases with suspected biliary tract disease, 14 had a choledochal cyst, 13 had portal biliopathy, two each had CBD stones, primary sclerosing cholangitis and a bile leak, one had biliary ascariasis, eight had a normal cholangiogram, and CBD cannulation failed in two. Eight of the 28 children with suspected pancreatic disorders had chronic pancreatitis, five had pancreatic duct disruption, three had pancreas divisum and the rest had a normal pancreatogram (including all eight children with unexplained abdominal pain). Therapeutic ERCP was performed in 22 children, endoscopic nasobiliary or a nasocystic drain was placed in 16, biliary stenting was conducted in two, pancreatic duct stenting was conducted in three, and minor papilla dilation was conducted in one child. Six children had mild procedure-related complications. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is very useful in the treatment of cholangitis, bile leak, pseudocyst and pancreatic fistulae in children. However, its role in unexplained abdominal pain is doubtful.     

ERCP对肝外胆管癌的诊断价值

目的对手术病理证实的３１例肝外胆管癌进行回顾性分析．方法３１例患者均行胰胆管造影，并和Ｂ超及ＣＴ检查进行对照．结果上段胆管癌１６例，下段胆管癌１３例，中上段胆管癌２例．１例为横纹肌肉瘤，２例为腺瘤癌变，其余均为腺癌．ＥＲＣＰ成功２８例（９０３％），Ｂ超诊断符合率为８０７％，而ＣＴ显示梗阻８５０％，能明确病因者仅７００％．结论ＥＲＣＰ在早期诊断肝外胆管癌方面明显优于Ｂ超及ＣＴ检查，并能清晰地显示胆道系统的全貌，对治疗及手术方案选择有重要价值．     

经内镜诊治肝移植术后胆道远期并发症

目的：探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在诊断和治疗肝移植患者胆道远期并发症中的应用。方法：肝移植术后出现胆道远期并发症患者6例，共行ERCP 12次，根据患者的情况进行扩张、内镜下乳头切开取石、内支架置入等治疗。结果：1例胆总管结石行乳头切开后取石成功，1例胆道狭窄在胆道扩张后胆道梗阻症状解除，4例胆道狭窄合并胆总管结石的狭窄近端结石经乳头切开取出，狭窄远端结石行胆道扩张、内支架置入等治疗后取出。所有患者经治疗后胆红素、碱性磷酸酶等酶学指标均有不同程度的下降，无严重并发症发生。结论：ERCP是诊断和治疗肝移植患者胆道远期并发症安全、有效的手段。     

The role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound in diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an important tool for diagnosis and therapy in acute and recurrent pancreatitis. While treatment of biliary disorders leading to pancreatitis is common practice, over the past several years many specialized centers have been directing traditional biliary techniques such as sphincterotomy and stenting towards the pancreas. A justifiable fear of pancreatitis and other complications has caused many endoscopists to shy away from pancreatic endotherapy, but refinements in technique, extensive experience, and most notably the routine use of pancreatic stenting to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis has opened up the field and allowed for endoscopists in specialized centers around the world to perform diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP of the pancreas safely and effectively. In acute gallstone pancreatitis, the benefit of therapeutic ERCP including biliary sphincterotomy has been proven in randomized controlled trials. There are also data to support the role of ERCP directed at the pancreatic sphincters and ducts in treatment of acute relapsing pancreatitis due to pancreas divisum, sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, smoldering pancreatitis, pancreatic ductal disruptions, and perhaps even in evolving pancreatic necrosis. Many causes of apparently idiopathic pancreatitis can be discovered after an extensive evaluation with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and ERCP with sphincter of Oddi manometry. ERCP often allows treatment of the underlying cause. Because of the inherent risks associated with ERCP, particularly when directed toward the pancreas, the role of ERCP in acute and especially recurrent pancreatitis should be primarily therapeutic with attempts to establish diagnosis whenever possible by less risky techniques including EUS and MRCP. With the added techniques, devices, skill-sets, and experience required, pancreatic endotherapy should preferably be performed in high volume tertiary referral settings. ERCP for diagnosis and treatment of severe or acute relapsing pancreatitis is also best performed using a multidisciplinary approach involving endoscopy, hepatobiliary-pancreatic surgery, and interventional radiology.     

胆胰疾病行治疗性内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术811例临床分析

目的探讨治疗性内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术(ERCP)在胆胰疾病中的应用价值及其并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析上海中医药大学附属普陀医院2001年9月至2006年9月行治疗性ERCP的811例胆胰疾病患者的临床资料。结果562例胆总管结石患者中行乳头切开术(EST)474例,行乳头气囊扩张术(EPBD)88例,结石总清除率为95%;244例恶性胆道梗阻患者中183例行鼻胆管引流(ENBD),61例行胆道内支架引流术(ERBD);5例恶性胆胰管梗阻患者行胆胰管双支架引流术。行胆道内支架引流可使血清胆红素明显下降,胰管支架置入可使上腹部疼痛有一定程度减轻。并发症:乳头切开处出血13例(1.6%),均发生于EST术后;急性胰腺炎43例(5.3%),其中发生于EST术后32例,EPBD术后7例,ENBD术后2例,ERBD术后2例;EST术后发生急性胆囊炎4例(0.5%);全组死亡2例(0.2%)。结论应用十二指肠镜行治疗性ERCP去除胆管结石,控制胆道炎症,解除胆胰管恶性梗阻是一种理想的微创外科方法,熟练的技术与细致的围手术期处理是防治并发症关键。     

Late biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation: diagnostic and therapeutic role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

BACKGROUND: Biliary tract complications are frequent after orthotopic liver transplantation. Late biliary tract complications occurring after T-tube removal mostly include stones and strictures which may be associated with sepsis and worsening of the liver function. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has a role in the diagnosis and therapy of these complications. The aim of our study was to report our experience of endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of late biliary tract complications in liver-transplanted patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-six adult liver-transplanted patients have been followed since 1988. Seventeen patients (12.5%) needed a total of 30 ERCP because of evidence of clinical and/or biochemical cholestasis: eight with biliary stricture; six with biliary stones; one with both stricture and stones; and two with normal ERCP findings. Interventional endoscopic procedures included 14 sphincterotomies, six stone removals, seven biliary balloon dilatations, seven biliary stent placements, 11 biliary stent replacements, seven nasobiliary catheter placements and one mechanical lithotripsy. No complications were seen. In all cases, ERCP was able to identify the location, entity and dimension of the late biliary tract complication, thus allowing a therapeutic strategy to be used. Two patients had medical cholestasis. Forty-seven per cent of patients with late biliary tract complications could definitely be cured by ERCP alone. The ERCP improved the patients' condition to allow subsequent surgery in five patients (33%). CONCLUSIONS: These results confirms that ERCP is a valuable diagnostic tool and should be considered as the first step in the non-surgical management of late biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation.     

110例非医源性胆道出血的临床特征以及ERCP 的应用疗效

目的：探究110例非医源性胆道出血的临床特征以及经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）的应用疗效。方法选取2009年8月至2014年7月非医源性胆道出血患者110例,根据病因分为良性病因患者组19例和恶性病因患者组91例,患者均采用 ERCP 进行治疗,统计分析所有患者的病因、临床特征,分别对比两组患者治疗前后的临床指标。结果胆管癌是非医源性胆道出血的最常见病因,大便潜血阳性是非医源性胆道出血的最常见临床特征。与治疗前相比,良性病因非医源性胆道出血患者 ERCP 治疗后总胆红素、GGT、ALT、WBC、中性粒细胞比例降低,黄疸、腹痛、发热例数减少（P ＜0．05）。与治疗前相比,恶性病因非医源性胆道出血患者 ERCP 治疗后总胆红素、GGT、ALT、中性粒细胞比例降低,黄疸、腹痛、发热例数减少（P ＜0．05）。结论非医源性胆道出血的最常见病因为胆管癌,临床特征包括大便潜血阳性、黑便、便血、呕血。ERCP 为胆道出血有效的、可行的诊断和治疗方法。     

我国慢性胰腺炎的临床特点——附132例分析

本文分析了132例慢性胰腺炎的临床资料,描述了我国慢性胰腺炎的临床特点。与西方国家不同,我国慢性胰腺炎最常见的病因是胆道疾病而不是酒精中毒。脂肪痢和胰腺钙化在我国慢性胰腺炎病人中不很多见。本文还讨论了ERCP,B型超声,CT和PABA试验等项检查在诊断慢性胰腺炎中的价值。     

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in paediatric patients with biliary disorders

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has long been used in children. The usefulness of ERCP in paediatric patients with various biliary disorders, however, has not been well documented. Thirty-two sessions of ERCP performed in 29 paediatric patients ranging in age from 1 month to 15 years were evaluated. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was to confirm diagnosis or to obtain detailed information about their pancreaticobiliary system. Cannulation was successful in all patients. Opacification of the biliary tracts was also successful in all except for three patients with extrahepatic biliary atresia. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was assessed to be successful in making a differential diagnosis of neonatal hepatitis from extrahepatic biliary atresia, and in having a confirmed diagnosis of anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system associated with choledochal cyst. The procedure was also useful for obtaining detailed information on the pancreaticobiliary system in the other children. No accidents occurred during the endoscopic procedures in any of the paediatric patients. When a confirmed diagnosis or detailed information is needed in paediatric patients with biliary disorders, ERCP is a useful and safe technique.