肝细胞癌螺旋CT全肝双期动态扫描动脉期,门脉期影像比较

评价螺旋ＣＴ全肝双期动态扫描动脉期，门脉期对肝细胞癌的诊断价值。材料和方法；搜集４３例经活检，手术，血管造影证实的肝细胞癌全肝双期螺旋ＣＴ扫描资料，逐一对比动脉期，门脉期ＣＴ影像。结果；１．双期扫描动脉期参充分反映肝细胞癌血供特点，瘤灶强化率达８８．４％。２．平扫边缘不清的肿瘤，动脉期瘤大小与平扫基本符合，门脉期多数有综小，动脉期能更直实地反映肿瘤范围。     

肝细胞癌的双时相螺旋CT扫描

目的：描述肝细胞癌的双时相螺旋ＣＴ的特征，评价其应用价值。材料与方法：对４９例肝细胞癌患者进行了双时相螺旋ＣＴ扫描。记录病变增强形态、特征，并与病理和血管造影对照。由两位放射科医生以双盲法观察诊断。结果：７４％的肝细胞癌在动脉期呈高密度，７６％在门静脉期呈低密度。１０例门静脉期等密度的病灶在动脉期均呈高密度。动脉期和门静脉期肝细胞癌的检出率为９１％和８１％。结论：双时相螺旋ＣＴ能显示肝细胞癌的增强特点，并提高病变检出率。可在肝细胞癌的检查中作为常规方法应用。     

肝细胞癌螺旋CT全肝双期动态扫描动脉期、六脉期影像比较

目的：评价螺旋ＣＴ全肝双期动态扫描动脉期、门脉期对肝细胞癌的诊断价值。材料和方法：搜集４３例经活检、手术、血管造影证实的肝细胞癌全肝双期螺旋ＣＴ扫描资料，逐一对比动脉期、门脉期ＣＴｒ影像。结果：①双期扫描动脉期能充分反映肝细胞癌血供特点，瘤灶强化率达８８。４％（３８／４３）。②平扫边缘清楚的肿瘤，双期显示肿瘤边缘部三种形态的包膜。以动脉期显示率最高，③平扫边缘不清的肿瘤，动脉期瘤灶大小与平扫基本符合，门脉期多数有缩小，动脉期能更真实地反映肿瘤范围，④显示肿瘤肝内、外扩散双期优于单期。结论：螺旋ＣＴ全肝双期动态扫描更能全面显示肝细胞癌影像特征并更贴切反映其病理学基础。     

CTHA、CTAP联合应用技术及其临床价值

ＣＴＨＡ(ＣＴＨｅｐａｔｉｃＡｒｔｅｒｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＣＴ肝动脉造影)和ＣＴＡＰ(ＣＴＡｒｔｅｒｉａｌＰｏｒｔｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＣＴ动脉性门脉造影)是ＣＴ和血管造影技术相结合的影像学检查方法,其在检测小肝癌方面的作用与价值已得到肯定。近年来随着螺旋ＣＴ技术的应用及导管技术的改进,使ＣＴＨＡ和ＣＴＡＰ技术的联合应用得到发展和完善。一.ＣＴＡＰ和ＣＴＨＡ原理正常肝脏有双重血供,75%来自门静脉,其余来自肝动脉,而大多数肝恶性肿瘤主要由肝动脉供血。正常肝实质与肝肿瘤之间血流灌注的差异是ＣＴＡＰ和ＣＴＨＡ检测肝恶性肿…     

肝腺瘤性增生的病理和影像诊断

近年来影像诊断技术的发展，提高了肝硬化结节性病变的检出，这些节点病变，包括：腺瘤性增生（ＡＨ）、非典型腺瘤性增生（ＡＡＨ）、高分化化肝细胞瘤（ＨＣＣ）和经典ＨＣＣ，随恶性程度增加，门脉血供不断减少，而动脉血供不断增加，动脉门静脉造影ＣＴ和动脉造影ＣＴ、碘油ＣＴ或ＣＯ２超声血管造影结合，综合评价结节病灶的门静脉和动脉血供，及用ＭＲＩ Ｔ２ＷＩ评价病变的信号强度，对鉴别结节病灶的性质有重要价值。     

肝脏局灶性肿块的血管造影评价

本回顾了血管瘤，腺瘤，局灶性结节增生，再生结节，肝细胞癌，胆管癌，转移癌，ＣＴＡ的血管造影表现，重点讨论了各种不同局灶性肿块的影像学的血管造影表现及鉴别诊断。认为血管造影术能用于设计局部治疗方案。     

肝癌的CT血管造影

目的：介绍三种螺旋ＣＴ肝脏血管造影的方法，评价其对肝癌诊断的作用。材料和方法：用三种螺旋ＣＴ肝脏血管造影的方法对４９例肝癌患者作５１次检查：肝脏动脉造影ＣＴ（ＣＴＡ）、经动脉门静脉造影ＣＴ（ＣＴＡＰ）和经术中植入门静脉的药物输入系统（ＤＤＳ）直接门静脉造影ＣＴ（ＣＴＰ）。结果：这些方法可发现直径３ｍｍ的病灶，明确显示肿瘤的血供情况。结论：ＣＴＡ，ＣＴＡＰ和ＣＴＰ有利于肝脏多发和小肿瘤病灶的检出以及其鉴别诊断，ＣＴＡ和ＣＴＡＰ虽为创伤性检查，因其敏感性很高，可在肝脏肿瘤外科手术前和需明确肿瘤的血供时选用；对植入ＤＤＳ的患者，术后复查宜常规ＣＴＰ检查。     

误诊为肝细胞癌的病例分析(附五例报告)

目的：提高肝细胞癌（ＨＣＣ）的诊断正确率。材料与方法：回顾性分析外科治疗前５例误诊为ＨＣＣ的临床、影像学和实验室检查以及正确诊断、治疗和随访结果等。结果：５例经病理学证实分别为肝细胞腺瘤、胆管囊腺瘤恶性变、孤立性肝转移腺癌、腹膜后恶性纤维组织细胞瘤和外生型胃神经鞘瘤。５例中３例因瘤体巨大富血而未能作手术切除，４例术后曾接受介入治疗或（和）化疗。３例良性肿瘤（包括伴有恶性变１例）３年后仍存活。结论：术前如能辨认肝细胞腺瘤和胆管囊腺瘤ＣＴ和血管造影的特征性表现，是可以与ＨＣＣ鉴别；原发灶不详的孤立性肝转移瘤与ＨＣＣ较难鉴别，但ＣＴ增强显示的瘤周轮状强化以及ＭＲＩ呈现的炸面包圈征和靶征有助于诊断；毗邻肝脏的腹膜后或腹部肿瘤，术前如行血管造影，可作出定位诊断。组织学证实仍有赖于病理学检查。     

三维CT血管造影在诊断颅内动脉瘤中的应用

目的 研究ＣＴ血管造影诊断颅内动脉瘤的原理、方法及临床价值。方法 选择ＤＳＡ证实为颅内动脉瘤患者５５例,行三维ＣＴ血管造影检查,应用强化螺旋ＣＴ扫描后将容积数据输入工作站,通过调整ＣＴ阈值和应用伪彩色技术,重建颅内血管三维图像,全部病例经手术证实。结果 ５５例患者检出率达９８％;三维ＣＴ血管造影可精确显示动脉瘤颈部的解剖关系,可演示模拟手术并吉进行仿真血管内窥镜检查。结论 三维ＣＴ血管造影是一种相     

选择性动脉造影与CT检查在胰腺癌术前分期中的作用

目的 回顾分析６８例确诊胰腺癌患者的术前血管造影和ＣＴ改变,对照手术探查结果,探讨血管造影及ＣＴ检查在胰腺癌术前分期中的意义。方法 ８６例胰腺癌患者,手术探查前均行选择性动脉造影检查和ＣＴ检查,将检查结果与手术探查结果进行分析比较。结果 血管造影及ＣＴ的术前分期与手术探查比较符合率分别为７９．４１％和６０．２９％,两者结合符合率达８８．２３％。结论 选择性动脉造影结合ＣＴ扫描可比较准确地进行胰腺癌     

Fatty metamorphosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: radiologic features in 10 cases

We describe the sonographic, CT and angiographic findings in 10 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma in which extensive fatty metamorphosis occurred within the tumors. Fatty change was diffuse in smaller tumors (less than 3.5 cm) and focal in larger tumors (greater than 3.5 cm). Fatty metamorphosis characteristically caused a low-attenuation area on CT (less than -10 H) and a highly echogenic area on sonography. The sonographic appearance of small hepatocellular carcinomas with fatty metamorphosis was identical to the findings in cavernous hemangioma or focal fatty change of the liver. CT correctly revealed the presence of fat in these hepatocellular carcinomas. In these cases, hepatic arteriography showed no tumor stain; however, CT arteriography (dynamic CT during injection of contrast medium into the hepatic artery) was useful in showing the tumor, its capsule, and its internal septa. In the diagnosis of large hepatocellular carcinoma, the presence of intratumoral fat is not likely to be problematic, but small tumors that are diffusely infiltrated by fat must be distinguished from such benign conditions as focal fatty change, lipoma, and angiomyolipoma.     

Vascular changes in hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation of radiologic and pathologic findings.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to analyze the hemodynamic properties and vascular supply changes in the carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten nodules (nine patients) (one early, three early-advanced, and six advanced cases of hepatocellular carcinoma) less than 3 cm in diameter were selected from 45 patients (50 nodules) who underwent CT arteriography and CT during arterial portography. These images were correlated with histopathologic findings. Ratios of all microscopically counted (normal hepatic and abnormal) arteries, normal hepatic arteries, and portal veins in each nodule to those in the surrounding liver were calculated. RESULTS: Early hepatocellular carcinoma (one early case and early areas in three early-advanced cases) had low attenuation on CT arteriography and isoattenuation on CT during arterial portography. Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (six advanced cases and advanced areas in three early-advanced cases) had high attenuation on CT arteriography and low attenuation on CT during arterial portography. In early hepatocellular carcinoma, the ratios of all arteries, normal hepatic arteries, and portal veins were 1.21 +/- 0.07, 0.60 +/- 0.07, and 0.73 +/- 0.06, respectively. In advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, the ratios were 2.66 +/- 0.26, 0.08 +/- 0.04, and 0.07 +/- 0.03, respectively. CONCLUSION: In early hepatocellular carcinoma, the combination of normal hepatic artery degeneration and preserved portal veins results in low attenuation on CT arteriography and isoattenuation on CT during arterial portography. In advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, the combination of neoplastic (abnormal) arterial development by angiogenesis and obliteration of portal veins results in high attenuation on CT arteriography and low attenuation on CT during arterial portography. These findings are a characteristic difference between early and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.     

Preoperative evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma: combined use of CT with arterial portography and hepatic arteriography

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine the usefulness of combined CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography in the preoperative evaluation of patients with known or suspected hepatocellular carcinoma and to describe the findings on CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography by which hepatocellular carcinomas may be differentiated from pseudolesions. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study included 137 patients who underwent combined CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography for the preoperative evaluation of known or suspected hepatocellular carcinoma. The images were prospectively evaluated to identify focal hepatic lesions and their differential diagnoses (hepatocellular carcinoma versus pseudolesion). We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of our prospective interpretation by comparing the interpretations with the results of histopathology or follow-up imaging. We also retrospectively analyzed imaging features seen on CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography-the size, shape, and location of the lesion within the liver; attenuation of the lesion; and opacification of the peripheral portal vein branches on CT hepatic arteriography. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-nine hepatocellular carcinomas (75 lesions confirmed at histopathology and 74 lesions on follow-up imaging) were found in 120 patients, and 104 pseudolesions (15 lesions confirmed at histopathology and 89 lesions on follow-up imaging) were found in 91 patients. The sensitivity of our prospective interpretations was 98.7%, and the specificity of our prospective interpretations was 90.4%. Our positive and negative predictive values were 93.6% and 97.9%, respectively. We found that hepatocellular carcinomas were larger, more frequently nodular, and more likely to be located intraparenchymally than were the pseudolesions (p < 0.01). Opacification of the peripheral portal vein branches on CT hepatic arteriography was detected in 36 pseudolesions (34.6%) but in none of the hepatocellular carcinomas (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Combining CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography is useful for the preoperative evaluation of patients with known or suspected hepatocellular carcinoma. Familiarity with the imaging features of hepatocellular carcinomas and pseudolesions can help in the accurate differentiation of hepatocellular carcinomas from pseudolesions.     

外生型肝癌的诊断及介入治疗

目的:研究外生型肝癌的诊断及介入治疗的方法。方法:11例外生型肝癌根据临床表现、AFP、CT、肝动脉造影及病理诊断确诊;11例均采用肝动脉灌注化疗及栓塞术,其中2例同时采用无水酒精注射治疗。结果:11例外生型肝癌介入治疗均成功无严重并发症发生。结论:外生型肝癌的诊断主要依靠临床表现、AFP、CT、肝动脉造影及病理进行综合诊断;外生型肝癌的介入治疗是一种有效的治疗方法。     

Effects of prostaglandin E(1) injection through the superior mesenteric artery on the hemodynamics of hepatocellular carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to assess the effects of portal blood flow on contrast enhancement in hepatocellular carcinoma lesions on CT hepatic arteriography. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We examined 43 tumors in 39 patients who simultaneously underwent CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography for examination of liver tumors and then CT hepatic arteriography with prostaglandin E(1) injection via the superior mesenteric artery. All lesions pathologically confirmed to be hepatocellular carcinomas exhibited portal perfusion defects on CT during arterial portography. Changes in CT attenuation, size, and shape of liver tumors visualized on CT hepatic arteriography after intraarterial injection of prostaglandin E(1) were studied. In addition, changes in CT attenuation of the liver parenchyma surrounding the tumor were measured. RESULTS: The CT attenuation increased significantly after injection of prostaglandin E(1) in 91% (39/43) of the lesions (mean increase from 176.4 to 206.6 H; p = 0.0006, paired t test). The size and shape of the enhanced area generally did not change. The CT attenuation of the liver parenchyma surrounding each liver tumor significantly decreased in 58% (25/43) of the hepatocellular carcinoma lesions (mean decrease from 94.8 to 92.0 H; p = 0.0166, paired t test) and lesion conspicuity increased in 91% (39/43) of the tumors. CONCLUSION: Lesion conspicuity on CT hepatic arteriography between hepatocellular carcinoma and the surrounding liver parenchyma increased because of greater portal perfusion after the prostaglandin E(1) injection.     

Impact of multidetector CT hepatic arteriography on the planning of chemoembolization treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: We examined the impact of the increased sensitivity for hypervascular masses of multidetector CT hepatic arteriography on treatment decisions involving selective chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinomas. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty patients were referred for chemoembolization of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Initial selective chemoembolization plans were formulated on the basis of diagnostic biphasic CT or MR imaging. Ultrafast CT hepatic arteriography was performed using a multidetector CT scanner and selective contrast material injection into the hepatic artery. The entire liver was scanned in a single breath-hold of approximately 20 sec with a slice thickness of 1 mm. Lesions and their arterial supplies were identified, and these data were immediately used to formulate a final plan for chemoembolization. RESULTS: Hypervascular masses were detected in 29 patients. In 16 (53%) of the patients, preprocedural CT or MR imaging underestimated the number of lesions. In nine (30%) of these 16 patients, the additional lesions were detected only on CT hepatic arteriography, not on conventional angiography. CT hepatic arteriography findings had a major impact on planning the way in which chemoembolization treatment was performed. In three of the nine patients, the previously undetected lesions were treated with additional superselective chemoembolization. In the other six patients, chemoembolization was performed less selectively than originally planned. CONCLUSION: Primarily because of the high sensitivity of multidetector CT hepatic arteriography in revealing small and multifocal hepatomas, findings of this modality frequently alter treatment plans involving selective administration of chemoembolic material.     

Cone-Beam CT Hepatic Arteriography in Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Angiographic Image Quality and Its Determining Factors

PurposeTo analyze image quality and the factors that determine it for cone-beam computed tomography (CT) hepatic arteriography in chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Materials and MethodsFrom September 2009–December 2010, 399 consecutive patients referred for chemoembolization of HCC were scheduled for cone-beam CT scan. There were 12 patients (3%) excluded because of difficulty with breath-hold. Of the 387 patients who underwent cone-beam CT hepatic arteriography, 100 patients were ultimately included in the study according to inclusion criteria. Maximum intensity projection images were scored for image quality of each segmental hepatic artery. Potential determining factors for image quality were diaphragmatic motion, portal vein enhancement, and hepatic artery-to-parenchyma enhancement ratio. The flow rate of contrast media, x-ray delay, and location of the catheter tip were also evaluated.ResultsIt was possible to trace at least subsegmental hepatic arteries in 625 of 700 segments (89.3%) on cone-beam CT hepatic arteriography. Diaphragmatic motion, prominent portal vein enhancement, and low hepatic artery-to-parenchyma enhancement ratio worsened image quality (P < .001, P = .022, and P = .017). Owing to cardiac motion artifacts, image quality of the left lateral segments (S2 and S3) was poorer compared with the remaining hepatic segments (S4–S8).ConclusionsIn most cases, the quality of cone-beam CT hepatic arteriography images was good enough to trace subsegmental hepatic arteries at a minimum. Respiratory and cardiac motion, portal vein enhancement, and hepatic artery-to-parenchyma enhancement ratio significantly affected the image quality of cone-beam CT hepatic arteriography.     

Sequential hemodynamic change in hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules: CT angiography and pathologic correlation

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to clarify the hemodynamic changes associated with hepatocarcinogenesis using CT angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-six hepatocellular lesions were confirmed at pathology in 49 patients who underwent CT with both hepatic arteriography and arterioportography. These images were compared with lesion-to-liver vascular ratios of cumulative arteries, preexisting hepatic arteries, and portal veins in resected specimens. Lesions were classified in five groups according to intranodular hemodynamics determined by CT hepatic arteriography and CT during arterioportography: group 1, isoattenuating on both procedures; group 2, hypoattenuating on CT hepatic arteriography and isoattenuating on CT during arterioportography; group 3, hypoattenuating on both procedures; group 4, isoattenuating on CT hepatic arteriography and hypoattenuating on CT during arterioportography; and group 5, hyperattenuating on CT hepatic arteriography and hypoattenuating on CT during arterioportography. RESULTS: Among 86 lesions, we identified seven low-grade dysplastic nodules, eight high-grade dysplastic nodules, 14 well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas, 45 moderately differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas, and 12 poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas. The lesions were classified as group 1 (n = 5), group 2 (n = 13), group 3 (n = 6), group 4 (n = 2), or group 5 (n = 60). Intranodular hemodynamics was significantly correlated with pathologic grading (p < 0.001). For correlations between combinations of the groups and pathologic gradings, the order "groups 1-2-3-4-5" was the most significant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: During hepatocarcinogenesis, most hepatocellular nodules show deterioration of arterial blood flow before loss of portal blood flow. Vascular imaging of hepatic nodules may predict malignant abnormality via the early loss of hepatic arterial flow seen before portal flow changes.     

Hepatocellular carcinoma: reduced frequency of typical findings with dynamic contrast-enhanced CT in a non-Asian population.

Four computed tomographic (CT) findings have been described as typical or diagnostic of hepatocellular carcinoma: Primary morphologic findings include tumor encapsulation and fatty metamorphosis and secondary findings include venous invasion and arterioportal shunting. However, virtually all of the articles reporting these findings with significant frequency have been from Japan and thus represent an almost purely Asian population. The authors analyzed a series of 93 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, only eight of whom were Asian. With the exception of venous invasion (48%), the analysis showed that while the four CT features may be typical of hepatocellular carcinoma, three features occurred with low frequency in a non-Asian population: tumor encapsulation, 12%; fatty metamorphosis, 0%; and arterioportal shunting, 4%. In addition, a review of the literature showed that all of the findings have occurred in other hepatic neoplasms, including benign and metastatic tumors.     

Preoperative detection of hepatocellular carcinoma: ferumoxides-enhanced mr imaging versus combined helical CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare ferumoxides-enhanced MR imaging with combined helical CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography for preoperative detection of hepatocellular carcinomas. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with 30 hepatocellular carcinomas underwent ferumoxides-enhanced MR imaging and combined helical CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography. The diagnosis was established by pathologic examination after surgical resection in 18 patients and by biopsy in two. The MR protocol included fast spin-echo with two echo times, T2(*)-weighted fast multiplanar gradient-recalled acquisition in the steady state, proton density-weighted fast multiplanar spoiled gradient-recalled echo, and T1-weighted fast multiplanar spoiled gradient-recalled echo images. The MR images of all sequences and the paired CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography images were independently evaluated by three radiologists on a segment-by-segment basis. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed with receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: The accuracies (A(z) values) of ferumoxides-enhanced MR imaging and combined CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography for all observers were 0.964 and 0.948, respectively. The mean sensitivities of MR imaging and CT were 93% and 91%, respectively. The differences were not statistically significant. The mean specificity of MR imaging (99%) was significantly higher than that of combined CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography (94%). CONCLUSION: Ferumoxides-enhanced MR imaging can be used successfully in place of combined CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography for the preoperative evaluation of patients with hepatocellular carcinomas.