乳腺癌改良根治术同期假体植入重建乳房

目的探讨乳腺癌行改良根治术后，同期硅胶假体植入重建乳房的可行性。方法2005年6月至2006年9月，对20例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者行保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后，同期于胸大、小肌间植入硅胶假体重建乳房，并根据冰冻切片检查结果决定是否保留乳头乳晕复合体。结果20例患者客观评价效果优良和尚好者达95％，主观评价效果优良和尚好者达100％。其中有6例保留乳头乳晕复合体。术后随访3～18个月，所有病例均无局部复发和远处转移，无明显术后并发症。结论保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后用硅胶假体行一期乳房重建，能达到满意的乳房美容效果，是治疗早期乳腺癌安全可行的方法。     

Morbidity of immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) after mastectomy by a subpectorally placed silicone prosthesis: the adverse effect of radiotherapy.

AIMS: This study evaluates the incidence of local complications after immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) following mastectomy with a subpectorally placed silicone prosthesis, with emphasis on the effect of radiation treatment on IBR. METHODS: The medical records of 100 women, who underwent a mastectomy followed by IBR with a subpectorally placed silicone prosthesis at the University Hospital Rotterdam/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, between March 1990 and March 1995, were reviewed. Thirteen prostheses were implanted prior to radiation treatment, and 15 prostheses were implanted after irradiation of the chest wall. RESULTS: Early complications were seen in 15% of the IBR and were more often in irradiated women. At long-term follow-up, the most common complication was capsular contracture (21%). This occurred significantly more around prostheses placed in a previously irradiated area (P<0.0005), or which were irradiated after IBR (P=0.001). Loss of prosthesis was seen in 11 cases, and was significantly (P<0.005) more in irradiated women (n=5; 18%) compared to women who were not irradiated (n=6; 7%). CONCLUSIONS: Complications after IBR with a silicone prosthesis were more common in women who were treated with radiotherapy prior to or after IBR following mastectomy than in women who were not irradiated. In particular, capsular contracture around a prosthesis placed in a previously irradiated area was significantly increased. The use of musculocutaneous flaps, such as the transverse rectus abdominis muscle or latissimus dorsi flap, is preferable for reconstruction of previously irradiated breasts. There is no indication to remove the prosthesis before radiation therapy of the chest wall.     

24例保留乳头乳晕乳腺癌术后即刻乳房重建的临床经验

目的:探讨保留乳头、乳晕及部分乳房皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻采用不同的方法乳房重建的可行性。方法:筛选出病理符合要求的24例早期乳腺癌患者,行保留乳头、乳晕及部分皮肤的改良根治术,根据患者的要求,结合其身体、心理、经济等状况,特别是乳房的大小和需要切除的尺寸,选择适合该患者的手术方式即刻行乳房重建,采用硅胶充填假体置入乳房重建9 例,腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房重建3 例,背阔肌肌皮瓣和硅胶填充假体联合重建12例。术后根据客观标准和主观标准评价重建效果。结果:24例乳腺癌患者术后即刻乳房再造术后外观良好,双侧乳房基本对称。客观评价效果优良和尚好者23例（95.83%）,主观评价优良和尚好者24例（100%）,1 例术后部分乳头坏死、脱落。1 例术后出现血肿,于术后3 个月消失。术后给予常规化疗,随访5～48个月,除1 例患者术后2 年死于原发性肝癌,均无局部复发或远处转移。结论:对于早期乳腺癌行保留乳头、乳晕及部分乳房皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻采用不同方法乳房再造,具有经济、整形效果好、显著减少患者乳房缺失造成的心理影响、提高生存质量等优点。术后不影响乳腺癌的辅助治疗和远期疗效,能同时满足肿瘤治疗和形体美容两个方面的要求,正逐渐被广大乳腺癌患者所接受。      

State of the Art in Breast Reconstruction

In patients undergoing breast reconstruction after partial and total mastectomy, selecting the appropriate timing as well as the best method of reconstruction are essential to optimize the outcome. At M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, the timing of oncoplastic repair after partial mastectomy defects and breast reconstruction after mastectomy tends to dictate the technique for reconstruction. In patients undergoing repair of a partial mastectomy defect, immediate or delayed repair before radiation therapy allows for the use of the remaining breast tissue to perform the repair. Delayed repair after radiation therapy is usually performed with autologous fat grafting or a flap. Immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy is preferable for patients with a low risk of requiring postmastectomy radiation therapy (XRT) (stage I breast cancer, some stage II). In patients who are deemed preoperatively to be at an increased risk of requiring XRT (stage II breast cancer), delayed-immediate breast reconstruction may provide an additional option. Delayed-delayed reconstruction may be a consideration in patients known preoperatively to require XRT (stage III breast cancer), to allow for a skin-preserving delayed reconstruction after XRT. Newer techniques for breast reconstruction after mastectomy include one-stage implant, implant-based reconstruction plus acellular dermal matrix, autologous fat grafting after negative suction applied to chest wall, and perforator-based autologous tissue flaps. Often, the decision to perform a partial or total mastectomy depends upon reconstructive issues, not oncology-related considerations. Whether to repair a partial mastectomy defect or perform a total breast reconstruction after mastectomy is one of the most critical decisions in breast reconstruction.     

Breast reconstruction with alloplastic implants

This article reviews immediate and delayed breast reconstruction with prosthetic implants, and the effect of irradiation therapy. Despite widespread use of breast conserving surgery for early breast cancer, many breast cancer patients still undergo mastectomy. Some of these patients choose breast reconstruction. Over the last 30 years, techniques for breast reconstruction have evolved significantly with new alternative techniques and improved surgical devises. Immediate or delayed breast reconstruction with silicone prosthesis can be an excellent option. Implant reconstruction may be single or two stage procedures. Traditionally, small breasts with minimal ptosis are suited for single-stage reconstruction. Large breasts or inadequate skin require expanders followed by implants. Minimal excision mastectomy and biological spacers are allowing larger breast single stage reconstruction and improved aesthetics for two stage procedures. With recent studies suggesting survival advantage of post-mastectomy irradiation, many candidates for breast reconstruction are receiving radiotherapy, which complicates healing after breast reconstruction.     

Clinical outcome of immediate breast reconstruction using a silicone gel-filled implant after nipple-preserving mastectomy

In order to evaluate the safety of silicone gel-filled implants for breast reconstruction in terms of cancer control, we reviewed 122 patients with postoperative stage I and II breast cancer who were treated by nipple-preserving mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction using a silicone implant, and compared them with 92 controls treated by nipple-preserving mastectomy alone. Twelve complications requiring surgical management occurred in the 122 reconstructions (9.8%). Two implants were replaced, and 10 implants were removed. These 10 cases were excluded from survival analysis. The mean follow-up duration was 78 months in the 112 patients with breast reconstruction, and 55 months in the controls. There were no significant differences in the overall, disease-free, and locoregional disease-free survival rates between the two groups. In the reconstruction group, recurrence occurred in 14 patients. Five of them had locoregional recurrence alone, and are surviving free of disease following local resection. By the last follow-up, there was no incidence of secondary cancer at any site, including the contralateral breast cancer or connective tissue disease in the both group.     

乳腺癌保留乳头乳晕切除即刻乳房重建术后患者生活质量的评价

目的:观察分析保留乳头乳晕乳腺切除术后即刻假体乳房重建术患者的美容效果和生活质量。方法:回顾性分析陕西省人民医院2015年5月至2016年9月收治并行保留乳头乳晕乳腺切除术后即刻假体乳房重建组（20例）与乳腺切除+前哨淋巴结活检术组（20例）的乳腺癌患者临床病理资料，术后就乳房重建的美容效果及随访1年生活质量等数据进行组间比较。结果:两组的平均年龄、TNM分期及文化程度等资料差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；随访1年两组生活质量通过乳腺癌患者生命质量测定量表评价结果表明，重建组在社会/家庭状况、情感状况、功能状况、附加关注方面的得分均高于对照组，重建组显著优于对照组（P＜0.05）；而在生理状况评分方面无明显差异。结论:保留乳头乳晕乳腺切除术后即刻假体乳房重建术较乳腺切除+前哨淋巴结活检手术具有创伤小、效果良好、外形美观、生活质量高等优势，值得临床推广。     

The oncological implications of immediate breast reconstruction.

AIMS: The timing of breast reconstruction following mastectomy has been an area of contention. The purpose of this study was to report the oncologic safety of mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction, primarily with a tissue expander. METHODS: We offered 54 patients (58 reconstructions) an immediate breast reconstruction after a modified radical mastectomy was done for invasive breast cancer. RESULTS: Fifty-eight mastectomies were done for an invasive cancer. Thirteen out of 54 women suffered relapse of their cancer and nine patients died of their disease during the follow-up period. Only in one patient a local recurrence was detected at an early stage and treated without removal of the prosthesis. Disease free survival for all patients was 93% at 5 years. CONCLUSION: Immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy is an oncologically safe approach and represents a clear improvement in the quality of life for patients with breast cancer. Thus this procedure can safely be offered to appropriately selected women.     

Breast reconstruction after mastectomy

The goal of breast reconstruction is to reconstruct breasts which meet the patient's expectations both psychologically and aesthetically, while adhering to the principles of sound oncological management. Breast reconstruction is usually started around 3 to 9 mos after mastectomy. The simplest method of reconstruction uses tissue available after mastectomy and a silicone implant. The recent advances with tissue expansion of the skin of the mastectomy site can permit reconstruction without the use of a flap. The latissimus dorsi flap from the back is a useful source of muscle and skin and the transverse rectus abdominus musculocutaneous flap provides tissue from the lower abdomen enabling breast reconstruction without the use of a silicone implant. Fat and skin from the buttocks may be used in a microsurgical transfer technique. Prophylactic mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction are still controversial, but are options for the woman who is worried about the development of breast cancer. The reconstruction of the nipple and areola is only done after reconstructed breast symmetry is ascertained.     

乳腺癌乳房整形外科应用现状与进展

 乳腺癌术后乳房重建已成为乳腺癌综合治疗不可或缺的一部分,旨在不影响乳腺癌预后的基础上,提高患者生活质量。虽然中国乳腺癌乳房整形外科起步较早,但近几年才逐渐进入快速发展时期,且与发达国家仍存在较大差距。乳腺癌术后乳房重建整形技术主要包括肿瘤保乳整形技术以及全乳切除术后乳房重建,而乳房重建又可分为自体皮瓣重建及植入物重建。同时,脂肪移植、生物材料等重建辅助技术也在快速发展。国内首个较为全面细致的乳房重建指南,乳腺肿瘤整形与乳房重建专家共识将于今年发布,对乳房整形重建问题进行全面探讨和分析。在遵循乳房重建共识和指南的基础上,积极完善专科医生培训体系,建立更广泛深入的学科合作,从而促进我国乳腺癌术后乳房整形与重建技术的发展。       

Subcutaneous mastectomy and immediate reconstruction for prevention of breast cancer for high-risk patients

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor among females in the USA, with one out of eight American females developing breast cancer in their lifetimes. The latest studies show that 212,920 new cases of invasive cancer developed in 2006, which is 2.5 times more common than the incidence of lung cancer, and that 40,970 females will die from this disease each year. Therefore, awareness of this cancer is an important health issue, with more women beginning to assess their risk of breast cancer, either informally or with instruments such as the GAIL model. The availability of genetic testing for BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 has revealed many women who are at significantly increased risk. Many aggressive surveillance programs have been developed using advanced MRI and ultrasound, and reductions in breast cancer risk of 50% or more have been proven using chemoprevention strategies with tamoxifen and raloxifene. However, many women are starting to seriously consider prophylactic mastectomy for near-total reduction of breast cancer risk. At our institution, we have developed a procedure for prophylactic subcutaneous mastectomy via an inframammary incision that spares the nipple and is combined with immediate silicone implant reconstruction with the assistance of Alloderm. In this article we will describe the procedure and some of the important issues surrounding its implementation from our experience.     

Reconstructive options after cancer surgery of the breast

Breast cancer is now treated either by conservative therapy or by mastectomy. In the first case, no reconstruction is usually necessary, although some patients require additional surgery for asymmetry, distortion or even severe damage, by surgery or radiotherapy, of the treated breast. In these cases, reconstructive surgery should be performed very carefully, taking full account of the risk of operating in irradiated tissues. Minor procedures are usually adequate, but major surgery, reconstruction with abdominal flap, is sometimes the only solution to solve difficult postradiotherapy disasters. When a mastectomy is the choice of the patient and the surgeon, immediate reconstruction is now performed more often than before, as expansive prostheses are now available, allowing immediate implantation without endangering the skin flaps. In most cases of mastectomy, however, reconstruction is performed as a secondary procedure, in two stages if possible (volume and symmetry after the first, areola after the second). Most of the reconstructions are done by simple implantation of a prosthesis. When local conditions require a flap, the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous has been the best choice for years, but the lower rectus flap is now taking over, as it gives the advantage of reconstructing a breast with autologous tissue.     

锥光束乳腺CT体积测量在乳腺癌保留乳头乳晕乳房切除术后假体乳房重建手术中的应用

目的 探讨锥光束乳腺CT(cone-bean breast computed tomography,CBBCT)在保留乳头乳晕乳房切除(nipplesparing mastectomy,NSM)术后假体乳房重建手术中的应用价值。方法 选择2020年7月1日至2022年1月31日于广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院乳腺外科接受NSM术后假体乳房重建的52例乳腺癌患者为研究对象,采用Spearman秩相关分析患侧乳腺和对侧乳房CBBCT测量的体积与临床手工线性测量法测量的置入假体体积之间的相关性,建立简单线性回归方程预测CBBCT推算的假体体积,并比较其与置入假体体积的差异。采用Harris美容评分标准评价术后3个月的美容效果。结果 所有患者均完成假体乳房重建术,未出现假体破裂、假体移位等并发症。患侧乳腺CBBCT测量体积、对侧乳房CBBCT测量体积均与置入假体体积相关(r_s=0.73,0.81)。基于对侧乳房CBBCT测量体积构建线性预测模型y=0.001x+4.897(R²=0.7,P<0.001),临床验证显示,模型预测的假体体积与放置假体体积...     

乳腺癌术后可扩张假体与自体组织乳房重建的临床比较

目的:探讨并比较分析保留皮肤乳腺切除术后,应用即刻可扩张假体植入乳房重建与即刻自体组织乳房重建的手术方法、效果及并发症.方法:60例患者行保留皮肤的乳腺改良根治术后乳房重建,其中可扩张假体植入重建43例,即刻自体组织重建17例.根据乳房的体积、形状、与对侧乳房的对称性比较及患者满意度,评价两种手术的效果.结果:随访12个月,可扩张假体乳房重建组到达良好以上为93％,自体组织重建组为86％,两种重建方法治疗效果差异无统计学意义.可扩张假体植入乳房重建安全可靠,手术效果好,并发症少.结论:可扩张假体植入即刻乳房重建扩大了假体植入乳房重建的手术适应证,是一种值得推广的手术方式.     

Quality of Life of Nepalese Women Post Mastectomy

Introduction: Worldwide breast cancer is the common invasive cancer among the females. The quality of life ofwomen after treatment, which is often a mastectomy, is frequently decreased. Objective: To determine the life qualityof Nepalese women post mastectomy. Materials and Methods: One hundred seven women after a mastectomy wereselected and interviewed by using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Quality of LifeQuestionnaire and its Breast Specific Module to assess women’s quality of life. Result: The study findings revealed agood score on global health status/quality of life. The respondents performed well on functional and symptom scales.In the Breast Specific Module, all respondents performed poor regarding sexual function and sexual enjoyment. GlobalHealth Status was found useful among the women involved in service/business/agriculture and the survivors usingbreast prosthesis. In Breast Specific Module, systemic therapy side effects showed strong statistical associations withage, marital status, occupation, education, use of breast prosthesis and co-morbidity. Body image was highly significantwith age, occupation, education, use of breast prosthesis and co-morbidity. Conclusion: Based on the study findings,counseling, and a structured educational programme is recommended to improve the QOL of women after a mastectomy.     

Breast reconstruction: state of the arts

Radical mastectomy is still required in many cases, such as inflammatory breast cancer, multicentric breast cancer, large tumour volume and small breast size. In this setting, immediate breast reconstruction is more and more offered for breast cancer patients. But such plastic surgery is still debated, owing to risks of implant complications when postoperative radiotherapy of chest wall is mandatory in locoregional breast cancer management. Here, the review is focused on different type of immediate breast reconstruction and on risk of implants complications with or without postoperative radiotherapy.     

Wound complications in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy after mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction for breast cancer

A retrospective study was done to evaluate the frequency and severity of wound complications in 112 patients with breast cancer who received adjuvant chemotherapy following mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction. Data on wound complications were available for 120 mastectomies. The rate of complications in 36 mastectomies treated with chemotherapy after mastectomy and immediate reconstruction was compared to that in 84 mastectomies not receiving adjuvant therapy. There were 25 wound complications (20.8%) in the entire group. The rate of wound complications was 27.8% (10 of 36 mastectomies) in the group treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and 17.9% (15 of 84 mastectomies) in the group that did not receive adjuvant therapy (P = 0.13). No patient had a delay in the initiation of adjuvant therapy because of wound complications secondary to immediate reconstruction. Logistic regression analysis found no correlation between age, type of operation, tumor pathology, stage, number of lymph nodes harvested, type of prosthesis or chemotherapy, and wound complications in patients undergoing immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy. The frequency of wound complications was not increased in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy after mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction. The administration of adjuvant chemotherapy does not need to be delayed in patients who have had immediate breast reconstruction following mastectomy for breast cancer. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

神经吻合术与乳腺癌术后即刻 TRAM 皮瓣乳房再造

目的：介绍乳腺癌术后应用下腹横型腹直肌肌皮瓣（TRAM皮瓣）即刻乳房再造的方法，并探讨神经吻合对再造乳房皮肤感觉恢复的疗效。方法：23例乳腺癌患者改良根治术后，Ⅰ期应用单蒂或双蒂横型腹直肌肌皮瓣（TRAM）行乳房再造，单蒂TRAM乳房再造18例，双蒂TRAM乳房再造4例，游离TRAM乳房再造1例，对4例患者进行了神经吻合术，对7例患者进行了血管吻合术。结果：再造手术均取得成功，经过2—72个月随访，无局部复发。行神经吻合的患者再造乳房皮肤感觉较没有行神经吻合者好，患者对再造乳房满意度高。结论：乳腺癌术后Ⅰ期乳房再造能同时满足肿瘤的治疗和形体美容的要求，并且神经吻合术可以一定程度恢复再造乳房皮肤感觉，提高生活质量。     

Oncological aspect of immediate breast reconstruction in mastectomy patients.

In this study, we compared the relapse-free and overall survival of 83 patients who underwent mastectomy with immediate reconstruction (MIBR) using a musculocutaneous flap with or without silicone implant with those of 153 patients with breast cancer who underwent mastectomy without immediate reconstruction. In univariate analysis, the overall and/or relapse-free survival of reconstructed patients with four or more positive axillary lymph nodes or those with menopausal status were significantly inferior compared with those of nonreconstructed patients. In multivariate analysis, however, the immediate breast reconstruction did not appear to have a significant adverse influence on all patients, and on the subgroups stratified by menopausal status or axillary lymph node metastases. Therefore, it was concluded that MIBR using a musculocutaneous flap did not compromise the survival of patients with breast cancer.     

Breast cancer surgery from the viewpoint of quality of life

Recently, cancer therapy has been evaluated not only for the therapeutic results themselves but also in the quality of life of the treated patients. The first category of such efforts in breast cancer surgery is the introduction of conservative surgery, that is, muscle preserving operation, partial mastectomy, subcutaneous mastectomy and so on. The second approach is breast reconstruction after mastectomy, which has been improved with the progress in plastic surgery. Recent problems in the above respects in Japan are discussed.