Incidence, predictors, and clinical significance of troponin-I elevation without creatine kinase elevation following percutaneous coronary interventions

The objectives of this study were to investigate the incidence, predictors, and clinical significance of isolated postprocedural troponin-I elevations in a consecutive series of patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. We observed, in a series of 1,128 patients, that isolated troponin-I elevations without concomitant creatine kinase elevations occurred in 17% of patients after percutaneous coronary intervention, and that even troponin-I elevations 5 times above the upper limit of normal did not predict events after hospital discharge.     

Incidence and management of "no-reflow" following percutaneous coronary interventions

No-reflow is a complex condition associated with inadequate myocardial perfusion of the coronary artery in the absence of epicardial obstruction. It can occur in several settings, including percutaneous coronary intervention, especially in complex thrombotic lesions of native arteries and vein grafts and in primary angioplasty. The causes of no-reflow are not completely understood, and current treatments consist of intracoronary vasodilators, antithrombotic therapies, and mechanical devices (including aspiration thrombectomy catheters and embolic protection devices).     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗1年内上消化道出血分析

目的:探讨冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后1年内,引起上消化道出血(UGH)的主要危险因素.方法:选择行PCI的冠心病患者432例,分析比较1年内发生UGH和未发生UGH患者的临床资料的差异.结果:本组UGH发生率为5.3%(23/432),其中,高龄、急性心肌梗死、既往有消化性溃疡病史、合并慢性支气管炎的患者UGH发生率较高,分别为6.7%、11.5%、9.6%和9.8%,与相应患者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).术中应用血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂的患者UGH发生率(12.5%)高于未应用血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂的患者(2.7%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).围术期使用和术后1年内间断使用质子泵抑制剂的患者UGH发生率(2.2%)与未使用的患者(13.7%)比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:高龄、急性心肌梗死、既往有消化性溃疡病史、合并慢性支气管炎增加PCI后UGH的发生,术中应用Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂进一步增加UGH,制酸药物质子泵抑制剂可减小UGH的风险.     

Incidence and predictors of forearm hematoma during the transradial approach for percutaneous coronary interventions

BackgroundThe transradial approach for percutaneous coronary intervention (TRA-PCI) reduces vascular complications compared with the transfemoral approach (TFA). Although hematoma formation is less frequent with the TRA than TFA, it is not uncommon, and its presentation ranges from mild hematoma to compartment syndrome. Incidence and predictors of hematoma have not been well studied.Methods and resultsThe present study was conducted to prospectively evaluate the incidence and predictors of forearm hematoma after TRA-PCI. The study population consisted of consecutive patients undergoing TRA-PCI. Baseline and procedural characteristics and clinical outcomes were prospectively collected. All patients were observed for forearm/arm hematoma immediately after procedure, after band removal, before discharge, and whenever the patient complained of pain/swelling in the limb. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the predictors for hematoma formation. A total of 520 patients who had successfully completed TRA-PCI were included in the final analysis. The mean age was 55.2 ± 9.5 years, and 24% patients were women. Hematoma occurred in 53 (10.2%) patients. Hematomas were of grade I, II, III, and IV in 22 (4.2%), 9 (1.7%), 18 (3.5%), and 4 (0.8%) patients, respectively. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, age, body mass index, multiple puncture attempt, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blocker use, nonclopidogrel agent use for dual antiplatelet therapy, and multiple catheter exchanges emerged as independent predictors for hematoma formation.ConclusionsForearm hematoma following TRA-PCI occurs in about 10% patients. Most hematomas occur near the puncture area. The independent predictors for hematoma formation are age, body mass index, multiple puncture attempts, intensive antiplatelet therapy, and multiple catheter exchanges.     

Incidence and prognostic impact of gastrointestinal bleeding after percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction

We examined the incidence, presentation, and outcome of patients who developed gastrointestinal bleeding after percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction in the Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction trials. Of the 3,130 patients, 71 (2.3%) developed gastrointestinal bleeding, which was more likely to occur in elderly patients. Gastrointestinal bleeding was independently associated with a prolonged hospital stay and greater in-hospital and 6-month mortality.     

Anemia and blood transfusion: Prognostic implications in patients undergoing contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention

Several studies have shown a direct relationship between anemia and adverse outcomes in the general patient population undergoing surgical cardiac and noncardiac procedures and in patients with heart failure and acute coronary syndromes. More recently, anemia has emerged as an important independent risk factor for adverse acute and long-term outcomes in patients undergoing contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Complicating the relationship between anemia and adverse outcomes following PCI is the recent identification of a possible further adverse relationship between blood transfusion and clinical outcomes. Modification of procedure strategies aimed at reducing blood losses, and the application of available guidelines for blood transfusion could be used as potential strategies for reducing the number and frequency of transfusions and improving outcomes in anemic patients undergoing PCI.     

Prediction of complications following nonemergency percutaneous coronary interventions

Previous models for prediction of complications after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) have included in-hospital mortality and major in-hospital complications. In general, these models have excluded elevated cardiac biomarkers as a complication. We sought to determine whether a risk model could predict complications, including biomarker elevation, in patients undergoing nonemergency PCI. We examined the outcomes of nonemergency PCI performed on patients at Mayo Clinic from 2000 to 2003. The primary end point was in-hospital complications of death, myocardial infarction (MI) (Q-wave MI, or post-PCI creatine kinase-MB elevation >or=3 times the upper limit of normal), emergency coronary artery bypass grafting, or stroke. We used the Hosmer-Lemeshow test to demonstrate the adequacy of the model fit, and the c-index for discriminatory ability of the model. Of 2,894 nonemergency PCIs, the end point was noted in 232 (8%). The final prediction model included vein graft intervention (odds ratio [OR] 2.19), angiographic thrombus (OR 2.12), preprocedure stenosis of a minor (OR 1.98) or major (OR 1.62) side branch, and type C lesion (OR 1.48). The model had modest ability to discriminate between event and nonevent patients (c = 0.641). In the 500 bootstrap samples for internal validation, the c-index was 0.642 +/- 0.020, indicating only fair discriminatory ability. The average number of observed events was 232.0 +/- 14.7 compared with 232.1 +/- 2.5 expected events (average difference -0.06 +/- 14.5). In conclusion, the 5 risk variables associated with an increased risk of complications in patients undergoing elective PCI included vein graft intervention, presence of angiographic thrombus, stenosis of a major or minor side branch, and type C lesion; however, the discriminatory ability of the model derived from the variables was only modest.     

Incidence, predictors, and consequences of coronary dissection following high-speed rotational atherectomy

These results suggest than dissection is a complication of HSRA that can be predicted by a set of 3 readily available clinical and angiographic variables. Dissection has an impact on major procedural complications, mostly the need for coronary bypass, but does not appear to predispose to abrupt vessel closure.     

Incidence and predictors of late total occlusion following coronary stenting

To determine the incidence and predictors of total occlusion in‐stent restenosis, we reviewed three randomized stent vs. stent trials and one stent registry, which provided 955 coronary artery lesions with 6‐month angiographic follow‐up. Fifteen (1.6%) of the 955 stented lesions were totally occluded at 6‐month follow‐up. Most patients with total occlusion presented with recurrent angina at the time of repeat angiography (60.0%) while no patient presented with an acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. The univariate predictors of total occlusion following elective coronary stenting included stenting for restenosis after a previous percutaneous intervention (P = 0.001), longer stent length (P < 0.001), longer lesion length (P < 0.001), smaller reference vessel diameter (P = 0.022), smaller preprocedure minimum lumen diameter (MLD; P = 0.004), and smaller postprocedure MLD (P = 0.036). Stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that stenting for restenotic lesions (P = 0.004), longer stent length (P < 0.001), and smaller preprocedure MLD (P = 0.012) were independent predictors of total occlusion following coronary stenting. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;60:344‐351. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Long-term outcome of percutaneous coronary interventions following failed beta-brachytherapy

BACKGROUND: Recurrent restenosis following vascular brachytherapy (VBT) has been reported in up to one-third of the patients enrolled in clinical trials. The long-term outcome of repeat percutaneous intervention (PCI) after failed beta-brachytherapy is currently unknown. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 97 consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous coronary reintervention after failed beta-brachytherapy at our institution (80.8% of all brachytherapy failures). Long-term incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE, death, myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization) was assessed. RESULTS: The procedure was successful in 90 patients (92.8%). A new stent was implanted in 72% of the procedures (sirolimus-eluting stent in 16.5%). After 3 years, survival was 94.3%, survival-free from myocardial infarction was 86.7% and MACE-free survival was 66.1%. No difference was observed in MACE-free survival between patients originally treated with brachytherapy for recurrent in-stent restenosis and patients receiving irradiation for de novo lesions (68.2% de novo group versus 61.2% ISR group; p=0.6 by log rank test). Overall, a second target lesion revascularization was performed in 27 patients (27.8%) after an average of 11.2 11.2 months; 21 patients (21.6%) had restenosis, and 6 (6.2%) developed late total vessel occlusion (related to acute myocardial infarction in 2 cases). CONCLUSION: Repeat PCI is the most common choice after failed brachytherapy. This strategy appears to be a reasonable therapeutic option for this complex iterative pathology.